Ch. 5, #95. Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, is used as a fixer in black-and-white photography.

Assume you have a bottle of sodium thiosulfate and want to determine its purity. The
thiosulfate ion can be oxidized with iodine (I2) as follows:
I2 (aq)

2 S2O 3 (aq)

2I- (aq)

S4O 6

(aq)

If you use 40.21 mL of 0.246 M iodine solution to completely react a 3.232-g sample of
impure sodium thiosulfate, what is the percent purity of the sodium thiosulfate.
First, realize that the sodium thiosulfate is a solid. The minute you put any kind of
aqueous solution onto it, it becomes part of that aqueous solution. So the eq. above
applies. The 2 Na+ would appear the same on both side s of the eq., so we can forget
about them. The problem tells you that 40.21 mL of 0.246 M iodine is what it takes to
react with all of the real Na2S2O3 in the sample of sodium thiosulfate.
Compute how many moles this is:
40.21 x 10-3 L x 0.246 mole/L = 9.89 x 10-3 moles = 0.00989 moles.
Note that 0.00989 moles if iodine reacts with twice as many moles of Na2S2O3.
This means that 0.00989 mole I2 matches ______________ Na2S2O3.
Compute how many moles of Na2S2O3 would be in 3.232 g if the Na2S2O3 were pure!
3.232 g
0.02043moles
158.2 g / mol

But out of 0.02043 moles only 0.01978 moles were really Na2S2O3.
Compute percent purity:
0.01978moles

Mole percent: 0.02043molesjunky __________ % pure

Weight percent:

3.129 g
_______________ % pure
3.232 gjunky

Ch.5, #129. For drunk driving, breath test went by this reaction, all in water:
3CH3CH2OH + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4

3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 11H2O

Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.

To start, make a list of what is ionized and how it exists on both sides. Strike through
anything that is exactly the same.
On left:
On right:
3CH3CH2OH
4K+
2
2(Cr2O 7 )
8H+
8HSO
4

3CH3COOH
4K+
6(SO 24 )
4Cr3+
2(SO 24 )
11H2O

Net equation is without those things that are exactly the same on both sides:
2

3CH3CH2OH + 2(Cr2O 7

) + 8H+ + 8HSO
4

2
3CH3COOH + 4Cr3+ + 6(SO 2
4 ) + 2(SO 4 ) + 11H2O

Identify what must have been oxidized and what must have been reduced by looking at
changes and using oxidation state rules:
3CH3CH2OH

3CH3COOH

2(Cr2O 72 )

4Cr3+

What oxidation numbers are changing for this reaction? C and Cr change oxidation numbers.
Which substance is oxidized?______________________
Which substance is reduced?_______________________
Which is the oxidizing agent?______________________
Which is the reducing agent?_______________________
Ch.7,#11. Electromagnetic radiation that is low in energy consists of waves that have ______

(long, or short) wavelengths and ____________ (high, or low) frequencies.

Note that low frequency means long wavelength. Recall that the speed of all electromagnetic radiation (including light) in a vacuum is 2.998 x 108m/s. You can use 3 x 108m/s.
It is true that
c ,
where is frequency in cycles /s
and is length of one cycle (called wavelength) in meters.
The product is m/s. Obviously to keep c constant, the value of must go up, if the value of
goes down, and vice versa..

Give an example of radiation from the low-energy end of the spectrum._________________.

Hint: lower frequency means lower energy, E.
It is true that
E h , where h is Plancks constant, 6.626 x 10-34 Js.

So if is decreased, then E decreases.

Ch.7, #15. IBM scientists have developed a prototype computer chip that operates at 350
GHz ( 1 GHz = 109 Hz).
a) What is its wavelength in meters?
Use c , where is frequency in cycles /s and is length of one cycle (called
wavelength) in meters.
c
3 x10 8 m / s
300 x10 6 m / s

350 x10 9 cycles / s 350 x10 9 cycles / s

0.86 x _______ m / cycle 8.6 x ______ m

In nanometers? Note that 1 m = 109 nm

8.6 x 10-4 m = 8.6 x 10-4 x 109 nm = 8.6 x 105 nm!!!!!

b) What is its energy in Joules?

E h (6.626 x10 34 J s )(350 x10 9 / s )
(6.626 x10 34 )(3.50 x1011 ) J
23.2 x10 23 J
_____ x10 22 J

Ch.7, #25. When someone uses a sunscreen, what kind of radiation will be blocked?
Ultraviolet light. What is the nickname?_________________

How does a sunscreen protect your skin from this type of radiation?
There is a chemical, a molecule in the cream that absorbs the harmful radiation.