Escolar Documentos
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Cultura Documentos
4, October 2010
419
1. Introduction
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system is
one of the most promising technologies for current and
future wireless communications. It is a form of multicarrier modulation technologies where data bits are
encoded to multiple sub-carriers, while being sent
simultaneously [1]. Each sub-carrier in an Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is
modulated in amplitude and phase by the data bits.
Modulation techniques typically used are binary phase
shift keying, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK),
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 16-QAM,
64-QAM etc., The process of combining different subcarriers to form a composite time-domain signal is
achieved using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and
Inverse FFT (IFFT) operations [25].
The main problem in the design of a
communications system over a wireless link is to deal
with multi-path fading, which causes a significant
degradation in terms of both the reliability of the link
and the data rate [20]. Multi-path fading channels have
a severe effect on the performance of wireless
communication systems even those systems that
exhibits efficient bandwidth, like OFDM [12]. There is
always a need for developments in the realization of
these systems as well as efficient channel estimation
and equalization methods to enable these systems to
420
The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 2010
d (k ) = (d 0 d1 d 2 ...... d n )
(1)
where, k and n are the time index and the vector length
respectively.
Input
Data
S/P
FRAT
Mapper
Pilot
Symbols
P/S
Add Guard
Interval
1-D
IFFT
FRAT
Demapper
Channel
P/S
AWGN
OFDM Transmitter
1-D Serial OFDM Signal
1-D
FFT
Channel
Compens.
Remove
Guard
S/P
Channel
Estimator
OFDM Receiver
m =0 n=0
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
2
3
4
5
6
7
f
1
f
2
f
3
F
=f
opt
4
f5
f6
f
7
8
f
9
14
16
f
17
f
18
f
19
f
20
f
21
10
f
f
11
12
f
f
f
f
13
10
19
f
28
f
30
f
39
f
48
15
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
9
17
25
f
33
f
41
f
49
30
f
31
f
32
f
33
f
34
f
35
24
25
26
27
28
f
16
f
31
f
46
f
12
f
27
f
42
43
f
f
37
44
f
f
38
45
f
f
39
46
f
f
40
47
f
f
41
48
f
f
42
49
f
29
23
22
f
f
15
1
f
21
34
f
f
f
14
20
f
26
f
11 32
f
f
f
36 24 38
f
f
f
43 37 44
22
29
36
47
f
13
f
18
f
23
f
35
f
40
f
45
f
(3)
(4)
A Novel Radon-Wavelet Based OFDM System Design and Performance under Different Channel Conditions
1
p
R =
N 1
F opt e
(5)
k=0
ri , j +1 , 0 i p,0 j p
(6)
r
r
KK r
2
,
1
2
,
2
2
,
3
2
,
p
+
1
M
M KK
M
R =
M
M
M
K
K
M
r
KK r
p 1, p + 1
p 1,1 p 1, 2
r
r
r
KK r
p, p + 1
p ,1 p , 2 p ,3
(8)
(9)
s(k ) =
p ( p + 1) / 2
r(k)
a j (k ) =
h (m 2 k ) a (m )
(11)
g (m 2 k ) b (m )
(12)
j +1
b j (k ) =
j +1
(7)
r + jr
r
+ jr K K r
+ jr
2 ,2 2,3
2 ,4
2, p
2 ,p + 1
2 ,1
M M M
KK M
M
R =
KK M
M
M M M
+ jr
KK
r
+ jr
p 1,2
p 1, p
p 1, p + 1
p 1,1
r + jr
KK
r
+ jr
p,2
p, p
p, p + 1
p,1
421
p ( p + 1) / 2
(10)
k = 0
(13)
0
Tr =
g (0 )
0
M
h (1 )
0
M
0
g (1 )
0
M
0
h (0 )
M
0
0
g (0 )
M
0
h (1 )
M
0
0
g (1 )
M
0
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
h (0 )
M
g (0 )
h (1 )
g (1 )
(14)
422
The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 2010
a j ,k
a j +1,k
a j 1,k
b j 1,k
b j ,k
h(0)
0
h(2)
Tr = g(0)
0
M
0
g(2)
L
L
L
L
L
0
g(3)
L
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
M
M
M
0
0 h(0) h(1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
M
M
M
0
0
0
0
(15)
M
M
M
M
0
0
0
0
Tr =
h(1) h(0) 0
0
0
h(1) h(0)
0
M
M
M
M
0
0
0
0
h(0)
0
h(2)
Tr =h(3)
0
M
0
h(1)
h(1)
h(0)
L L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L h(0)
L
L L M
L L
L L h(1)
L 0
L M
h(3)
L 0
h(0)
L 0
L M
h(0) 0
L 0
h(3)
0
0
M
h(1)
0
0
M
h(0)
h(2)
0 h(0)
0 h(1)
Ti =
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
0
h(0)
h(1)
h(2)
h(3)
0
0
0
Ti =
0
M
0
0
0
0
h(0)
h(1)
h(2)
h(3)
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
0
h(0)
h(1)
h(2)
h(3)
M
0
0
L
L
0
0
h(1)
h(0)
L
L
L
0
0
0
0
0
L
h(1)
h(0)
L
M
0
0
M
h(0)
h(1)
L
0
0
L
0
0
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
0
0
0
0
0
L
0
L
0
L
0
M
M
0 h(1)
0 h(0)
L
L
0
0
L h(2) h(3)
0
0
L h(3) h(2) 0
0
L 0 h(1) h(3)
0
L 0 h(0) h(2) 0
L 0
0
h(1) h(3)
L 0
0 h(0) h(2)
L 0
0
0
h(1)
L 0
0
0 h(0)
M
M
M
M
M
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
h(0)
h(1)
0 h(2) h(0)
0 h(3) h(1)
0
h(1)
0 h(0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
h(3)
h(2) 0
h(1) h(3)
h(0) h(2)
(19)
h (0 ) + h (1 ) = 1
2
(16)
(18)
(20)
2
2
(21)
h (0 ) + h (1) + h (2 ) + h (3 ) =
h (0 ) + h (1) + h (2 ) + h (3 ) = 1
h (0 ) h (2 ) + h (1) h (3 ) = 0
(22)
(
h (1) = (1 + cos + sin ) (2
h (2 ) = (1 + cos sin ) (2
h (3) = (1 cos sin ) (2
)
2)
2)
2)
(23)
A Novel Radon-Wavelet Based OFDM System Design and Performance under Different Channel Conditions
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
(24)
0
0
0
0
0
0
h (0 ) h (1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
h(0 ) h(1)
Tr =
h (1) h (0 ) 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
h(1) h(0 ) 0
0
0
0
0
0
h (1) h (0 ) 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
h (1) h(0 )
0
h(2)
h(3)
0
0
h(0)
h(2)
h(0)
h(3)
h(1)
0
h(2)
h(0)
h(1)
h(1) h(0)
h(3)
0
0
h(3)
h(1)
0
0
h(0)
h(2)
h
0
0
0
0
0 h(0) 0
0
0
h(1)
0
0
0
h(1)
0
0
0
h(0 )
0
0
Ti =
0
0 h(0) 0
0
0
h(1)
0
h(1) 0
0
0
0
h(0)
0
0
0
0
0 h(0)
0
0
0
h(1)
0
0
h(1)
0
0
0
h(0)
0
(27)
h (2 ) h (0 )
0
0
h (1)
h (3 )
0
0
h
(
3
)
h
(
1
)
0
0
h
(
0
)
h
(
2
)
0
0
Ti =
0
h (2 ) h (0 )
0
0
h (1)
h (3 )
0
h (3 ) h (1)
0
0
h (0 ) h (2 )
0
0
0
0
h (2 ) h (0 )
0
0
h (1)
h (3 )
0
0
0
h (0 ) h (2 )
h (3 ) h (1)
0
(28)
0
0
(
)
(
h
2
h
3)
Tr =
h(3) h(2)
0
0
0
0
h(1) h(0)
423
(26)
I/P
Data
Serial
to
parallel
(S/P)
(S/P)
FRAT
Signal
Mapper
Transmitter
Zero
Padding
(ZP)
IDWT
Training
Insertion
Multipath
Rayleigh Fading
Channel
Channel
Estimator
(S/P)
h(t)
AWGN
Receiver
O/P
Data
(P/S)
IFRT
Channel
compensation
Remove
Zero
Pading
DWT
Training
Separation
(S/P)
The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 2010
DWT-OFDM Modulator
I/P to
OFDM
Modulator
Zero Pad
IDWT
O/P from
OFDM
Modulator
DWT-OFDM DeModulator
O/P from
OFDM
Demodulator
Zero pad
removal
DWT
I/P to
OFDM
Demodulator
10
10
FFT- OFDM
FRAT - OFDM
DWT - OFDM
Radon-DWT - OFDM
-1
-2
BER
424
10
10
-3
-4
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SNR
c
sec 300 10 8 m sec
f d = 3 (1m ) v
fd = fc
1m
3600 sec
simulations for 4Hz Doppler frequency are shown in
Figure 6. From Figure 6 it can be seen that to have
BER = 10-5, FFT-OFDM requires 33dB, FRAT-OFDM
requires 30.5dB, DWT-OFDM requires 25dB, and
FRAT-DWT based OFDM requires 20.5dB. So
proposed system offers 12.5 dB SNR-improvement
A Novel Radon-Wavelet Based OFDM System Design and Performance under Different Channel Conditions
425
10
10
FFT- OFDM
FRAT - OFDM
DWT - OFDM
Radon-DWT - OFDM
-1
-2
BER
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SNR
10
-1
10
-2
10
BER
10
FFT- OFDM
FRAT - OFDM
DWT - OFDM
Radon-DWT - OFDM
-1
10
-3
10
FFT- OFDM
FRAT - OFDM
DWT - OFDM
Radon-DWT - OFDM
-4
10
-2
BER
10
-3
10
15
10
20
25
30
35
40
S NR
-4
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SNR
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
FFT- OFDM
FRAT - OFDM
DWT - OFDM
Radon-DWT - OFDM
-4
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SNR
426
The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 2010
[3]
10
4Hz
80Hz
-1
10
[4]
410Hz
415Hz
500Hz
-2
BER
10
[5]
-3
10
-4
[6]
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SNR
[7]
6. Conclusions
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
References
[1]
[2]
[15]
[16]
A Novel Radon-Wavelet Based OFDM System Design and Performance under Different Channel Conditions
427