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Abstract
Each service company that offers pulsed neutron logs includes
measurements based on the gamma rays from inelastic
scattering. The gamma rays that originate from the highenergy neutrons that undergo inelastic scattering necessarily
originate near the source. The number of these gamma rays
that reach detectors relatively far from the source reflects the
gamma ray scattering by and thus the density of the material
between the scattered neutrons and the detector. Because there
are many factors other than density that influence the number
of gamma rays detected, service companies offer
measurements based on inelastic scattering as empirical traces
that are used in combination with measurements based on
neutron scattering. Such combinations are useful primarily to
recognize gas and distinguish gas from low porosity. One
company offers a trace that represents density from the gamma
rays due to inelastic scattering, but the process of deriving the
density involves the very empirical step of subtracting
different portions of the gamma rays attributed to factors other
than inelastic scattering until a satisfactory approximation to
density is achieved.
This paper presents a method for predicting the gamma
rays from thermal neutrons to be subtracted from the total
gamma rays measured during the neutron pulse and a
comparison of the density-like trace so derived with open-hole
density logs recorded in Cabinda, Angola, Africa.
The method presented for predicting gamma rays due to
capture is based on representing the decay of gamma rays after
the neutron burst by two exponential decays. The fraction of
gamma rays due to thermal neutrons is different at different
times during the pulse, but the overall effect is predicted from
the amplitudes and decay times that fit the data used to
represent sigma. While this removes variations in the fraction
of capture gamma rays subtracted to create a density-like trace,
the relationship between the amplitude of the trace and density
is still determined empirically.
The comparison with open-hole logs makes use of the fact
that many of the logs run were run to distinguish brine from oil
through casing. This enables comparison of the densities
derived from cased-hole logs to those recorded from open-hole
logs under conditions where the open-hole logs still represent
the reservoir. Some of the log data studied were from intervals
where gas saturations changed between the open- and casedhole logs, and these afford a chance to compare changes in
density with changes in neutron porosities.
Example
comparison are presented and limitations discussed.
Introduction
Through-casing measurement of density using logs designed
for open-hole density measurements has been investigated for
many years1-3 and is still a goal of some research effort.
Special tools designed to measure density through casing have
been proposed4-5. Methods have been previously proposed to
calculate density from data recorded by Pulsed Neutron
Capture (PNC) logs6-7. This paper discusses an improved
method to calculate a density-related trace from PNC data.
While densities calculated from a tool designed primarily to
make different measurements will probably never be as
accurate as those from a specialized tool, the fact that they
come from data taken for other purposes makes them
economically attractive.
We will first review the methods used currently to
approximate density and density-related traces from PNC logs.
We will then propose what we consider to be an improved
method for the calculation of density from the count rates
recorded and supplied by service companies. Unfortunately,
calculations on count rates are necessary to the application as
we propose it. We will show examples from intervals in which
density traces calculated from PNC logs can be judged by
comparison with open-hole logs. We maintain that these
examples show that the density measurement through casing
can be as accurate as neutron measurements through casing
under some circumstances. In the same examples, we will
SPE 56647
SPE 56647
(1)
,..(2)
SPE 56647
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Nomenclature
b = density, g/cm3
= neutron decay time, s
N = Neutron population,, cm-3
g = gamma rate, s-1
R = Rate of creation of neutrons, cm-3s-1
t = time, s
TB = Time of neutron burst, s
Subscripts
L = Long
S = Short
References
1. Bishop,J.M.: Utilization of Density Logs to Delineate
Desaturated Zones and Estimate Porosity in Cased
Holes, paper SPE 3185 presented at the 41st Annual
California meeting of the SPE, Oct. 28-30, 1970.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
SPE 56647
10000
Counts / microsecond
1000
Near
detector
10
0.1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time , microseconds
Fig. 1 Count rates after the neutron burst reflect the decay
of thermal neutrons. During the burst, count rates reflect
the combination of thermal neutrons and inelastic
scattering
10000000
1000000
Counts/microsecond
100000
Near
10000
Far
1000
100
10
TB
Far
detector
100
gT =
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Time , microseconds
SPE 56647
Run 2
10200
Run 1
10400
7100
10600
10800
Ratio
1.95
0.69
RHOB
CRIN
2.95
0.81
1.95
9.5
RHOB
RIN
2.95
12.5 6
CALIPER
16
CRIN
7
0.64
SIG BH
RIN
7200
2 8
RATIO
CRIN 0.90 0.64
CRIN
RIN
CRIN
0.70
CRIN
0.83
Fig. 5
Density-Neutron-like trace from PNC log (left).
Comparison of RN curve with CRIN curve (center), and
repeatability of CRIN (right)
RIC
RATIO
6600
NPHI
RHOB
Ratio
CRIN
NPHI
RIN
7100
20
0.90
RHOB Ratio
CRIN
6700
NEAR
FAR
6800
RHOB
CRIN
7200
200
100000
40000
SIG BH
NEAR
FAR
0
0
0
5
8
8
RIC
RIN
RATIO
-15
20
3
1.45
0.64
RHOB
CRIN
3.45
0.90
Fig. 4
The calibrated ratio of inelastics (CRIN) trace
shows the features of the open-hole density and identifies
gas much better than do the other traces presented on the
log.
1.95 RHOB
0.39 CRIN
2.95
0.59
0.36 CRIN
7
RATIO
0.61
2
Fig. 6
Cased-hole density-neutron overlay defines gas
better than neutron ratio. Left track (track 1) shows open
hole neutron-density logs from 1970. Track 2 shows open
hole neutron and neutron-like trace from 1998 PNC log.
Track 3 shows open hole density and density-like trace
from 1998 PNC log. Track 4 shows overlay of traces from
1998 PNC log
CRIN Main
Caliper
8
IN
18
0.64
Bit Size
IN
0.72
CRIN Repeat
0.64
18
0.72
RHOB
G/C3
2.95
CRIN Shut-in
0.64
0.72
1.95
CCL
RATIO
7
1.5
CPS
NPHI
0.45
V/V
-0.15
CRIN
GVPK
SCREEN
PERFS
CAL
SPE 56647
DEPTH
FEET
0.83 P N C D E N S I T Y
4700
0.93
GVPK
100
7100
BIT
NPHI
4800
RATIO
RHOB
CRIN
4900
7150
Fig. 7
CRIN in 9-5/8 casing in a rugose 12-1/4" hole
provides some useful information but is much less accurate
than logs made in more ideal conditions.
7200
7250
Fig. 8
The PNC-density trace compares well a standard
gravel pack log.