CHAPTER 2 Basic Chemistry

BASIC CHEM REVIEW

Differentiate between matter and energy

matter is anything that takes up space and has mass

energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion

Potential energy
stored energy

Kinetic energy

energy in action/motion

4 major energy forms

1.

chemical energy

2.

electrical energy

3.

mechanical energy

4.

electromagnetic energy

Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
eg: ATP

Electrical energyenergy that is carried by charged particles

eg: nerve impulses

Mechanical energyenergy directly involved in moving matter

Electromagnetic energy travels in waves
Chemical Element

a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus

Four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
Atom The basic unit of matter. Has a nucleus at its center and contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Mass (amu) of Subatomic Particles
Proton: 1
Electron: 0.0005
Neutron: 1

Atomic number

The number of protons same as electrons

Atomic mass
A weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element

What is atomic weight?

The atomic weight of an element reflects the number of grams per mole (g/mol) of the element.

Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons

Radioisotopenucleus of unstable isotope

Molecule Two or more atoms joined in a chemical bond(Atoms joined with other atoms)
ex: Complex Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic Acidive

What Is the Difference between a Molecule

and a Compound?

MOLECULE = SAME ELEMENT

COMPOUND = DIFFERENT ELEMENT
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms of an element chemically join together.
If the types of atoms are different from each other, a compound is formed. Not all molecules are compounds.

Octet Rule
States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to aquire the stable electron configuration of a noble gas.

Hydrogen Bond

Bonds between molecules.

o
Hydrogen atom is bonded covalently to an electronegative atom and is also attracted to another electronegative atom

ColloidsHeterogenous mixtures that have large particles that reflect light and settle out of the mixture.

SolutionsHomogenous mixture; solutes dissolved in a solvent

Solutions have particles which are so small, that they do not reflect light or settle out.

SuspensionsHETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES that separate into layers over time

Example of colloidsgelatin; cytosol
Example of suspension?mixture of sand and water; blood
Polar vs Nonpolar compoundsare both covalent bonds
Polar (Hydrophilic) = poles are far apart, and different, will dissolve in water; electron sharing is not equal`
Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) = oil/water, lipophilic; equal electron sharing
(electrons are unevenly shared)

Synthesis Reaction
Chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form one more complex substance.

For example:
A + B --> AB
Amino acids into proteins

Decomposition Reaction
The breakdown of a compound into two or more components.
Ex: glycogen molecules breakdown to simpler sugars

Exchange reactionAB+CD----> AC+BD

ex: ATP transferring phosphate

Redox Reaction (Reduction-Oxidation Reaction)

A chemical reaction involving thE transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.
EX: Food fuels converted into ATP

Why are chemical reactions in the body often irreversible?

Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system.

Describe factors that affect chemical reaction rates

Temperature: affects kinetic energy
Concentration: reactions process rapidly when reactors are in high numbers
Particle size: smaller particles move faster
Catalysts: substances that increase reactions

Why is water important to the process of homeostasis?

1.

High heat capacity

2.

High heat vaporization

3.

Polar solvent

4.

Reactivity

5.

Cushioning

Why is salt important in homeostasis?Maintaining proper ionic balance.

pH unitsmeasure concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids

The greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, the more _________ a solution is. Acidic
The greater the concentration of hydroxyl ions, the more _________ a solution is. Basic
On the PH scale if it is below 7 it is:Acidic
Above 7 on the pH scale isbasic

What is an atom composed of?

Nucleus positive charged center

Electrons negative charged particles that surround the nucleus
During metabolic reactions, electrons can be transferred from the atoms of one molecule to the atoms of another molecule

How to calculate1. atomic number2. atomic weight (atomic mass)

1 = # of protons in the nucleus
2 = the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

covalent bonds - atoms share one of more pairs of electrons (strongest)

ionic bonds - between two oppositely charged ions
hydrogen bonds - form between hydrogen atom of one molecule and the more electronegative atom in a polar bond of another compound

What is an example of an ionic bond?

Na + Cl (salt) chemical identities of sodium and chlorine are lost. electrons are transferred from sodium to chlorine.

What is an example of a covalent bond? Water (H20)

What is an example of a hydrogen bond?The attraction between the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of an adjacent
molecule.

Define:Carbohydrates
-Sugars and starches
-Contain C, H, and O
-Three Classes
-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Polysaccharides
-Major source of cellular food

Define:Lipids

Fats and Oils

Function as long term energy storage
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Triglycerides, Sterioids

Define: amino acids.

the building blocks of proteins; small molecules that bond together to make a protein.

Define: Nucleic Acids

Composed of smaller units called nucleotides. Contain the instructions and codes for building proteins. DNA and RNA are examples of
Nucleic Acids.

Monosaccharide(with example)

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars.

Ex: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

What is a disaccharide? Give an example.

When two simple sugars are bonded together( 2 monosaccharides); glucose and galactose makes lactose.

What is a Polysaccharide? Give example.

A chain of multiple monosaccarides.
Ex.cellulose, glycogen, and chitin

Where do you find carbohydrates in your diet?

-bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, vegetables, fruits, milk, sugars, diary, yogurt

Where in cell can you find carbohydrates?

Mitochondria would turn it into energy. Vacuoles, store energy. Cell membrane and wall

What are Cellulose and Starch, and how are they similar?

Cellulose: a substance that is the main component of plant cell walls, cannot be digested by humans and is made up of glucose monomers.
Starch: functions as a carbohydrate store for humans, can be digested by humans and is necessary to the human diet. Made up of glucose
monomers.
How are they similar? both made of glucose monomers, both common carbohydrates.

How are cellulose, starch and glycogen different?They differ in how the glucose chains are linked together.
Define: TriglyceridesPrimary form of lipid in the diet. Formed of three fatty acids on a glycerol backbone.
Define: steroidsA lipid structure is 4 fused carbon rings. Examples cholesterol, sex hormones.
Define: phospholipidsA glycerol + a phosphate group +2 fatty acids, primary components of cell membranes.
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?It contains an amino group (NH2) an acid group (COOH) and a side chain (R)
What are the four levels of protein structure
Primary - sequence of amino acids linked together (linear)
Secondary - helix or pleated sheet, chain of amino acids folds back on itself to to hydrogen bonding
Tertiary - three dimensional share
Quaternary - relationships among multiple polypeptide

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary - sequence of amino acids linked together (linear)

Secondary - helix or pleated sheet, chain of amino acids folds back on itself to to hydrogen bonding
Tertiary - three dimensional share
Quaternary - relationships among multiple polypeptide

BIOCHEMISTRY

Define BIOCHEMISTRYThe study of chemical composition and reaction in living matter.

Why is water in living organisms?

Most abundance inorganic compound.

60-80% of living cells

Properties of water

High heat CAPACITY

POLAR solvent

High heat VAPORIZATION

REACTivity

CUSHIONING

What are salts?Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water.

Common salts in the body:

Sodium chloride

Potassium chloride

Calcium phosphates

Calcium carbonate

What are considered electrolytes?Acids and bases

What type of compound is known as a proton donor? Acids
What makes a compound a proton acceptor? Bases
Acids do what with H+ cations?release
Bases do what with H+ cationstake up/bind with
What happens when an acid or base is added to water? They ionize and dissociate.
What do buffers do?Resist abrupt and large swings in pH in the blood.
Buffers release H+ ions if..pH rises
Buffer binds H+ ions if...pH falls
Buffer system in the blood:Carbonic acid bicarbonate system
Carbon is...Electroneutral, covalently bonded.
Examples of organic compounds in our body:Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
How are bonds formed?Dehydration synthesis
Bonds are broken by:Hydrolysis
Polymers are built by...monomers
Facts about carbs:

Sugar and starches

Monosaccharides

Dissaccarides

Polysacchardies

Polymers

Three classes of sugars

Monosacc-one sugar
Disacc-two sugars
Polysacc-many sugars

Facts about LIPIDS insoluble in water, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eisocanoids

Triglycerides (neutral fats)

Lipids that are composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Fats when solid

Oils when liquid

What are the main functions of Triglycerides? Energy storage, Insulation, Protection
Types of fatty acids

saturated

trans fats (unhealthy)

omega-3 (heart healthy(

unsaturated

Phospholipids

Modified triglycerides
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Polar head
Makes up cell membrane thus making life possible

Steroids

Lipids that have carbon skeletons with 4 fused rings oh- group attached to one end
ex. cholesterol, testosterone & progesterone

Proteins
Polymers of amino acids (20) types

Structural Levels of Proteins

Primary (1') Secondary (2') Tertiary (3') Quaternary (4')

Protein:
Secondary Structures

Alpha helix - coil

Beta pleated sheets - folded formed from H+ bonds BETWEEN polypeptide backbone

Fibrous proteins

STRUCTURAL; consist of long, fiber-like shapes

-alpha keratins: structure and support

Globular proteins

FUNCTIONAL protein molecules composed of one or more polypeptide chains that take on a rounded, spherical shape

Protein denaturation

tertiary structure, or protein folding is destroyed by

changes in pH

ionic concentration

Apoenzyme - protein portion

Proteins that act like catalysts and help speed up chemical reactions.

temperature
active sites are destroyed

Enzymes act like and are made up of 2 parts:

Cofactor - metal ion

What Enzymes do, how is it named and works on what basis?

1. name of substrate + "ase" 2. cause reaction but not chemically involved 3. lower activation energy

4. work on a "lock-key" structural basis

Nucleic Acids

Description: A group of long linear macromolecules, DNA or RNA, that carry genetic information that are composed of nucleotides.

Polymers of nucelotides

Monomers of nucleic acids nucleotides

DNA

double helix in nucleus

provides instructions for protein synthesis

replaces before cell divisions ensuring genetic continuity.

deoxyribose

What are the four nitrogen bases that DNA is composed of?

Guanine,

Cytosine,

Thymine

Adenine,

Nitrogen Bases found in RNA Adenine* Uracil*

Guanine

Cytosine*

ATP

absorbs chemical energy in glucose

made in the mitochondrion of the cell

phosphorylation - energy coupling

Structure of ATP
ATP is composed of:

ribose (a sugar)

and three phosphate groups

adenine (a nitrogenous base)

3 places for nucleophile to attack