Staphylococcus

aureus

Streptococcus
pyogenes

Streptococcus
pneumoniae

Streptococcus
viridans

Stain

Gram +ve

Gram +ve

Gram +ve

Gram +ve

Shape

Coccus

Coccus

Coccus

Coccus

Arrangement

Clusters

Chains

Chains/Pairs

Chains

Catalase +ve
Coagulase +ve
-hemolytic
Ferments Mannitol

Catalase ve
-hemolytic
Bacitracin sensitive

Catalase -ve
-hemolytic
Optochin sensitive
Latex Agglutination
Lancelet-shape
Quellung +ve

Catalase ve
-hemolytic
Optochin resistant
Quellung -ve

Skin, Nose

Skin, Oropharynx

URT, Oropharynx

URT, Oropharynx

Disease

Acute Endocarditis
Food Poisoning

Acute Pharyngitis
Scarlet Fever
Rheumatic Fever
Necrotizing Faciitis
A. Glomerulonephritis

Pneumonia
Meningitis
Otitis
Sinusitis

SB Endocarditis
Dental Caries

Transmission

Contact, Airborne,
Food

Cuts (skin), Contact

Airborne

Airborne droplets

Dental surgery

Growth Medium

Nutrient Agar

Blood Agar

Blood Agar

Chocolate Agar
Blood Agar

Colonies

Golden-Yellow

Pin-Point

Draughtsman

Green Coloration

Hyaluronic Acid
Capsule
Pili
M Protein
Strep. Pyogenic
Exotoxin (STSS)
Exotoxin B
(Necrotizing faciitis)

Peptidoglycan +
Teichoic acid: +
inflammation
Pneumolysin:
X-phagocytosis,
hemolysis
IgA Protease:
colonize URT

Penicillin
Erythromycin
Vancomycin

Species

Image

Characteristic

Normal

Virulence Factor

Cell Wall:
Capsule
Protein A
Exotoxin: TSST
Enzymes:
Coagulase
Catalase
Hyaluronidase
Protease

Treatment

Cloxacillin, Methicillin
MRSA: Vancomycin +
Gentamycin

Penicillin G
Erythromycin

Others

+MRSA (Nosocomial)

+ Subacute Bact.
Endocarditis

Penicillin

Species

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Neisseria meningitidis

Stain

Gram -ve

Gram ve

Shape

Coccus (diplococcus), kidney/bean

Coccus (diplococcus)

Pairs

Pairs

Oxidase +ve
Glucose fermenting

Oxidase +ve
Glucose + Maltose Fermenting
Latex agglutination test (CSF)

Oral cavity, nose, pharynx, rectum

Nasopharynx, URT

Gonorrhoea
Urethritis
Pharyngitis
Proctitis
Ophthalmia neonatorum

Meningitis

Sexual contact
Vaginal delivery to newborne

Airborne droplets

Arrangement

Image

Characteristic

Sites

Disease

Transmission

Growth Medium
Colonies

Virulence Factor

Treatment

Others

Thayer-Martin Agar
(Blood Chocolate Agar with Antibiotics)
Small, Grey, Glistening

Large

Pili: attachment
Endotoxin (lipo-oligosaccharide)
IgA Protease
-lactamase

Capsule: X phagocytosis
(Differentiate from gonococcal)
Endotoxin (lipo-oligosaccharide)
IgA Protease
Pili: attachment

Ceftriaxone
Azithromycin (macrolides)

Rifampin (chemoprophylaxis)

Vaccine (Serogroups A, C, Y + W135)

Escherichia coli

Klebsiella
pneumoniae

Salmonella typhi

Shigella

Stain

Gram -ve

Gram -ve

Gram -ve

Gram ve

Shape

Bacillus

Bacillus

Bacillus

Bacillus

Lactose fermenter
Oxidase ve
Catalase +ve
Urease: -ve
H2S: -ve
IMViC: + + - -

Lactose fermenter
Oxidase ve
Catalase +ve
Urease +ve
H2S ve
IMViC: - - + +

Non-Lactose
Oxidase ve
Catalase +ve
Urease -ve
H2S +ve

Non-Lactose
Oxidase ve
Catalase +ve
Urease -ve
H2S ve

GIT, Water

Large Intestine, Soil,

Water

GIT

GIT

Pneumonia
UTI

Enteric (Thyphoid)
Fever
Enterocolitis
(Dysentry)

Enterocolitis
(Dysentry)
Shigellosis

Fecal-Oral Route

Fecal-Oral Route

Mac Conkey Agar

TSI Agar
CLED Agar

Blood Agar
Mac Conkey
TSI, CLED, XLD
Selenite F &
Tetrathinate Broth

Mac Conkey
TSI Agar
CLED Agar
XLD Agar

Mac Conkey: Pink

TSI: Yellow slant
CLED: Yellow
Citrate: Blue (+ve)

Mac Conkey: Pale

TSI: Red slant +
Yellow butt (+H2S)
CLED: Blue Green
XLD: Red + Black
Center

Mac Conkey: Pale

TSI: Red slant +
Yellow butt (No Gas)
CLED: Blue Green
XLD: Red

Vi Polysacc. Capsule
Endotoxin

Invasion
Endotoxin
Shiga Toxin

Chloramphenicol
Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin
Trimethoprim

Species

Arrangement

Characteristic

Found in:

Disease

UTI
ETEC: Travelers
Diarrhoea
EIEC: Dysentry
EHEC: HUS
EP,EAEC: Diarrhoea

Transmission

Fecal-Oral Route

Growth Medium

Mac Conkey Agar

TSI Agar
CLED Agar

Colonies

Mac Conkey: Pink

TSI: Yellow slant +
butt lift (+H+)
CLED: Yellow

Virulence Factor

Capsule, Pili
Endotoxin (LPS)
Enterotoxin

Treatment

Gentamycin
Co-trimoxazole

Others

E-P.A.H.I.T-EC

Cephalosporin
Aminoglycosides

(Highly resistant)

Fluid & Electrolyte

Replacement
*identification mainly by
biochemical test

Proteus mirabilis

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa

Vibrio cholera

Haemophilus
influenzae

Stain

Gram ve

Gram ve

Gram ve

Gram ve

Shape

Bacillus

Bacillus

Bacillus

Pleomorphic
Coccobacilli

Motile
Glucose fermenter
Oxidase ve
Catalase +ve

Motile
Oxidase +ve
Catalase +ve
Fruity aroma
+aeruginosin

Motile
Oxidase +ve
Hanging drop
(scintillating mvmnt)
Lactose, Mannose,
Sucrose fermenter
H2S ve
Slide agglutination

Growth require X
(hemin) + V (NAD)
Quellung +ve
Latex Agg. Test
Antigen detection

GIT

GIT, URT

URT

UTI (+stones)

UTI (catheters)
Opp. Pneumonia
Corneal Infection

Diarrhoea
(Rice Water Stool)

Capsulated:
Meningitis (Children)
Uncapsulated:
Epiglottitis,
Pneumonia

Contact

Contaminated Water,
Seafood

Airborne

Growth Medium

Mac Conkey agar

TSI Agar
CLED Agar

Mac Conkey Agar

TSI Agar

Mac Conkey
TSI Agar
TCBS Agar

Blood Chocolate
Levinthal & Fields
Enriched Media

Colonies

Swarming
Mac Conkey: Pale
TSI: Red Slant +
Yellow Butt
CLED: Blue/Green

Fruity Aroma
Ordinary Agar:
Mucoid Colony +
Green Pigmentation
Mac Conkey: Pale
TSI: Metallic Sheen

Ord. Agar: Glistening

Mac Conkey: Pale
TSI: Yellow slant +
butt
TCBS: Yellow (sucrose
fermenter)

satellitism
Capsulated: large,
mucoid, translucent
Uncapsulated: Small,
Rough

Capsule
Urea
Motile

Exotoxin A
Endotoxin
Glycocalyx: X-Ab
Haemolysin, Pili

Enterotoxin (+cAMP)

Capsule, Pili
IgA Protease
Endotoxin
(No Exotoxin)

Treatment

Aminoglycoside
Trimpethoprim +
Sulfamethoxazole

Gentamycin

Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol
Ceftriaxone

Others

+swarming motility

Species

Arrangement

Characteristic

Normal

Disease

Transmission

Virulence Factor

Ampicillin Resistant

Species

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Stain

Ziehl-Neelsen Stain (Acid-Fast)

Poor stain (No Cell Wall)

Shape

Bacillus

Pleomorphic Rod

Catalase +ve
Produce Niacin
Thin rod with beaded appearance

Smallest bacteria
No Cell Wall
3-Layer cell membrane
+ cholesterol
+ve Coombs test
Complement fixation test
Cold-agglutination test

Normal

Disease

Tuberculosis
Disseminated Tuberculosis
(Kidney, Liver, Brain)

Meningitis
Primary atypical pneumonia

Airborne droplets

Airborne droplets

Lowenstein-Jensen (egg yolks + dyes)

Glycerin broth

Complex Culture Media

L.J.: Granular, Buff color, Waxy colonies

Glycerin Broth: Thin, Veil-Like Film on
Surface

Fried-Egg Appearance

Cord factor
Exported repetitive protein

Tapered tip: attachment

+IgM autoAb against RBC: Cold-Agglutinin

Isoniazid, Rifampicin

Tetracycline, Erythromycin

Screening: Tuberculin skin test (PPD)

Chemoprophylaxis: Isoniazid
Vaccine: BCG (attenuated M. bovis)

+Leukocytosis, Raised ESR

Arrangement

Characteristic

Transmission

Growth Medium

Colonies

Virulence Factor

Treatment

Others

Dermatophytes (Tinea)
Species
Dimorphic

Morphology

Habitat
Transmission
Growth Medium

Tricophyton (T. mentagrophytes)

Microsporum (M. canis)

No

No

Septate, hyaline hyphae, conidiophores, + septate hyphae, microconidia, and

microconidia,
macroconidia,
and macroconidia. Conidiophores are hyphaearthroconidia are observed. Conidiophores like.
are poorly differentiated from the hyphae.
Microconidia: unicellular, abundant, oval,
Miroconidia: small, unicellular, abundant smooth, hyaline and thin-walled.
round in shape. Numerous, single or
arranged in clusters.
Macroconidia: hyaline, rough, thick-walled,
typically fusiform (spindle in shape) and
Macroconidia: large, multicellular, thick- multicellular (2-15 cells). They often have an
walled and cigar-shaped.
annular frill.

Human, Animal, Soil

Human, Animal (M. canis), Soil

Direct contact

Direct contact

Subourauds Dextrose Agar (SDA)

Flat, white-cream colour, granular to

powdery colony

Glabrous, downy, wooly or powdery.

Diameter: 1 to 9 cm
The color: white to beige or yellow to
cinnamon. (From the reverse, it may be
yellow to red-brown).

Colony

Lab Diagnosis

Disease

Treatment

Scraping skin / nails / hair

Tinea capitis : scalp

Tinea barbae : beard
Tinea corporis: body
Tinea cruris: groin
Tinea pedis: feet (atheletes foot)
Tinea unguium: nails
Miconidazole
Amphotericin B

Opportunistic Mycoses
Species
Dimorphic

Candida (C. albicans)

Aspergillus (A. fumigates/A. niger)

No

No

Gram +ve oval yeast

Single budding
Distinct Wall
+Pseudohyphae
Blastoconidia: grape-like clusters
(bigger vs cocci)

Septae hyphae: V-shaped branches

Conidiophores: short stalk, pear-shaped,
swollen rounded ends
Conidia: rough and round, form radiating
chains (brush-like)

Morphology

Habitat
Transmission
Growth Medium

Normal flora Oral cavity, female genital

Decaying vegetation

Endogenous

Airborne conidia

SDA, Nutrient Agar, Blood Agar

SDA

white to cream, soft

smooth to wrinkled

Blue-green colonies
Powdery felt like

Vaginal smear
Germ tube formation in serum broth

Morphology: Lactophenol Cotton Blue

Serology: ELISA

Colony

Lab Diagnosis

Opportunistic Infection (Cancer, diabetes, immunosupressed AIDS)

Disease

Treatment

Candidiasis, Oral trush, vulvovaginitis

Rt. Sided Endocarditis, Enterocolitis

Fungal sinusitis, Aspergilloma,

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

Ketoconazole, Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B

Opportunistic Mycoses
Species
Dimorphic

Cryptococcus (C. neoformans)

Penicillum (P. marneffei)

No

Yes
septate hyphae + branched conidiophores

Globose yeast cell

Gram +ve, Oval
Polysaccharide capsule
Ring Shape with budding

Phialides: spore-producing cells at tip of

canidiophores form broom-like clusters
(penicilli)
Conidia: round, unicellular at the tips of the
phialides

Morphology

Habitat
Transmission
Growth Medium

Soil with Bird Droppings

Soil, Decaying Vegetation

Inhalation. (Non-Communicable)

Inhalation

Sabourauds Dextrose (SDA)

Sabourauds Dextrose (SDA)

Cream to beige colonony

Mucoid due to capsule

Greenish-White Colony
Cotton-like texture
rosette form

CSF Sample: Indian Ink Stain

SABHI Agar Slant
Serology, Latex Agg. Test

Culture
Fluorescent (IFA)

Colony

Lab Diagnosis

Opportunistic Infection (Cancer, diabetes, immunosupressed AIDS)

Disease

Treatment

Pneumonia
Meningitis

Penicilliosis

Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B
hardys