Audit Seminar

RCREEE
A N ME
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RCREEE Energy Audit in Building

Training Course Program
Tunis, Ist - 5th June 2010
Energy audit of air-conditioning and

cooling systems
by
JS
tmTW
Adel Mourtada
Content
- Refrigeration cycP
- AC/Refrigeration Systems and
Components
-Type of refrigeration
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r-
-Assessment of refrigeration and AC
-Energy Efficiency Measures

-Energy Audit of HVAC System in
Commercial Suiluing Utilities
Adel Mourtada
TXV
r*
*
Chiller
K-
Low Side
Suction Line
J}
High Side
XL
Typical
Refrigeration
Cycle
Ci
Compressor
mm
Condenser
**H3B
Receiver
J
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Thermodynamic Cycle
4
.
SATURATED V A A OR
IWX
tu
oc
II /
3
UJ
C
'X
\i
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O
U 0
i3
"
T5
*<S,
3
8
WET VAPOR
SATURATED LIQUID
xm
VOLUME
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- Refrigeration cycle
- AC/Refrigeration Systems anON
3]
rp
t
- Assessment of refrigeration and AC

- Energy Efficiency Measures
- Energy Audit of HVAC System in
Commercial Building Utilities
Adel Mourtada
Components
T? TXV
r
y Refrigerant
Evaporator/C
hiller
Compressor
Condenser
a
L. I
PCT'
0
\
X*
Receiver
* Thermostatic
expansion
valve (TXV)
Adel Mourtada
T\
Low Side
High Side
Chiller
Suction Line
J
I
J
r-
Compressor
MM
Condenser
&
Re ceiver
Compressors
|
UL
fa
There is a large variety of

compressors. Some of variations
are:
r*
IS
The compressor manufacturer
\ lrx
f Xf,
Piston, vane, or scroll type
s
J*
f*1
.Jft*-fi
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The piston and cylinder
,n
arrangement
How the compressor is mounted
Ji'l
Style and position of ports

Type and number of drive belts
It *
71
K731
Compressor displacement
t, 1
fyl
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wm
**
r
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r
* *
*'
(L
W.
fr
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It
*
f
D
* *
Fixed or variable displacement
Adel Mourtada
Evaporator Types
1
1
JLirifiP
Plate evaporators, top, are

a series of stamped
aluminum plates that are
joined together. Tube and
fin evaporators, bottom,
have tubes for the
refrigerant that are joined
to the fins.
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Refrigerant
Desirable properties:
High latent heat of vaporization - max cooling
Non-toxicity (no health hazard)
Desirable saturation temp (for operating pressure)
Chemical stability (non-flammable/non-explosive)
Ease of leak detection

Low cost
Readily available
I,
>-
Commonly named "FREON" (R-114, etc.)
Adel Mourtada
Condenser Types
Condensers A and C are

round tube, serpentine
condensers.
VA
A
r
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V
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fr
**
CE
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fl
i
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fl
Condenser B is an
oval/flat tube, serpentine
condenser.
i
.
{AI
Condenser D is an
oval/flat tube, parallel
flow condenser.
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Adel Mourtada
Flat tube condensers are

more efficient.
10
Expansion Devices
The expansion device separates the high

side from the low side and provides a
restriction for the compressor to pump
against.
There are two styles of expansion
mji
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devices:
- The TXV can open or close to change
flow. It is controlled by the superheat
spring, thermal bulb that senses
evaporator outlet temperature, and
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t)
pr
-
>
m.
evaporator pressure
The OT is a tubular, plastic device with a

small metal tube inside. The color of the
OT is used to determine the diameter of
the tube. Most OT have a fixed diameter
orifice.
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< c
MpcMiuEur
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11
I
AC Systems
AC options / combinations:
Da
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Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine)
Split air conditioners

Fan coil units in a larger system
Air handling units in a larger system
ffl
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12
Refrigeration systems
Small capacity modular units of direct

expansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
* Centralized chilled water plants with
TTiJ9I
chilled water as a secondary coolant (>50

TR)
0
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Adel Mourtada
13
I
Refrigeration at large Commercial
Buildings
5
* Bank of units off-site with common

Chilled water pumps
Da
Condenser water pumps

Cooling towers
0
II
More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g.

* Comfort air conditioning (20-25 C)
Chilled water system (5-10 C)
(HI
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14
i*
-AC/Refrigeration Systems and

Components
Qjype of refrigeration
- Assessment of refrigeration and AC

i] :
-Energy Audit of HVAC System in

r?t>
- -S
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15
Type of refrigeration
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Refrigeration systems
*
Vapour Compression
Refrigeration (VCR): uses
mechanical energy
* Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
(VAR): uses thermal energy
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16
if
M
,
S ,
Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Choice of compressor, design of
condenser and evaporator determined
by:
Refrigerant
Required cooling
s
tTl
ftr*
*
(/
s.
Load
*
Ease of maintenance
Physical space requirements
Availability of utilities (water, power)
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17
What's Solar Cooling?
The core idea is to use the solar energy directly to
produce chilled water.

The high temperature required by absorption
chillers is provided by solar troughs.
The system doesn't require "High Technology"
materials (like in PV systems] and has peak
production in the moment of peak demand.
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Heat
water
If
Transfer Fluid
iftiS
Wfr Ji
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18
tJ
System combined to sub-floor exchanger
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1
Floor system
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Controllers
1> I'
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Collector
tmrW
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11 11
Cooling tower
Storage tank
-*A
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ipuiHi
Auxiliary
m
i
<
*
Atsoiption
heat pump
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19
Evaporative Cooling
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Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet

bulb temperature
Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost
Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture

Sprinkling
Water
f
L
Hot Air
"
Cold
Air
N.
-F
i#
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20
I-'
L
*
Main Features of Cooling Towers
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Anatomy of a Cooling Tower
;
*
A
Su
dritt
eliminator
air handling unrt
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4,
*
.irflowl
X
t
Vlter
air to
heated
refrigerant
> 4 * >:'
cccd
building
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viater
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CDC
Adel Mourtada
21
Components of a cooling tower
* Frame and casing: support exterior
enclosures
i
mm
Fill: facilitate heat transfer by

maximizing water / air contact
Splash fill
* Film fill
* Cold water basin: receives water at
bottom of tower
k.
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22
L
J-
1
t
*
SMMBI
5
Components of a cooling tower
Drift eliminators: capture droplets in
air stream
Air inlet: entry point of air

* Louvers: equalize air flow into the fill
and retain water within tower
l+
"T
Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill

* Fans: deliver air flow in the tower
CNs
j
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23
)
j
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
MF '1
11
Ja
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Pfr
* Large fans to force air through
circulated water
* Water falls over fill surfaces:
maximum heat transfer
Cooling rates depend on many

parameters
* Large range of capacities
1%.
Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell tower
...
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24
I!
Forced Draft Cooling Towers

Air blown through tower
\\\\
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wfmmmmmmh
m
m m
n\
m
rT\
Hot water
by centrifugal fan at air

inlet
Advantages: suited for
Fill
high air resistance & fans

are relatively quiet
Centrllugal
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Cold water
Disadvantages:
recirculation due to high
air-entry and low air-exit
velocities
25
i*

Components
-Assessment of refrigeration and A
i] :

- -S
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26
HT!
Assessment of Refrigeration
* Cooling effect: Tons of Refrigeration
1 TR = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected
TR is assessed as:
TR = Q x-Cp x- (Ti - To) / 3024
Q=
Cp
Ti To -
k
Adel Mourtada
mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr

is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg C
inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0C
outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C
27
p
Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR)

* Indicator of refrigeration systems
*
s
rJ
Sc
I
performance
* kW/TR of centralized chilled water
system is sum of
* Compressor kW/TR
Chilled water pump kW/TR

Condenser water pump kW/TR
Cooling tower fan kW/TR
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28
i
Coefficient of Performance (COPCarnot)

Standard measure of refrigeration efficiency
Depends on evaporator temperature Te and
condensing temperature Tc:
IUS
COPCarnot
Te / (Tc Te)
COP calculated for type of compressor:
...
i#
.
.
.
COP =
Cooling effect (kW)

Power input to compressor (kW)
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29
I
5
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Assessment of Air Conditioning

Measure
Airflow Q (m3/s) at Fan Coif Units (FCU) or Air
Handling Units (AHU): anemometer
Air density p (kg/m3)
Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature: psychrometer
Enthalpy (kCal/kg) of inlet air (hjn) and outlet air

(Hout): psychrometric charts
Calculate TR
TR =
J ' L-
-p
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Qx p
(K ~Kut)
3024
30
s
ta.
LL
1'
Assessment of Air Conditioning
Indicative TR load profile
* Small office
cabins: 0.1 TR/m2
Medium size office (10 - 30 people
occupancy) with central A/C: 0.06

TR/m2
* Large multistoried office
complexes
with central A/C: 0.04 TR/m2
ph
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31
F FrffiHS ' '

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Considerations for Assessment

* Accuracy of measurements
Inlet/outlet temp of chilled and condenser
water
Flow of chilled and condenser water
5T
__
IT
* Integrated
Part Load Value (IPLV)
kW/TR for 100% load but most equipment

operate between 50-75% of full load
IPLV calculates kW/TR with partial loads
Four points in cycle: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%
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Assessment of Cooling Towers

ta.
Measured Parameters
Wet bulb temperature of air
Dry bulb temperature of air

Cooling tower inlet water temperature
Cooling tower outlet water temperature
Exhaust air temperature
-i
**
Electrical readings of pump and fan

motors
Water flow rate
1 M
-
Air flow rate
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33
Central Plant metrics

I
WJi
Chiller efficiency - kW/ton
Cooling tower efficiency - kW/ton

Condenser water pump efficiency - kW/ton
J
Chilled water pump efficiency - kW/ton
* (.
*-
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i*
a
0
Components

Efficiency Measures
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35
In
ir
B
t
/
...
Energy Efficiency Measures

1. Optimize process heat exchange
2. Maintain heat exchanger surfaces
3. Multi-staging systems
4. Matching capacity to system load

5. Capacity control of compressors
. r>
6. Multi-level refrigeration for plant needs
7. Chilled water storage

N
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U
8. System design features

9. Optimize cooling tower
F!
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36
iftysE*
*2**! 1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange
* High compressor safety margins:
*
energy loss
1. Proper sizing heat transfer areas of

heat exchangers and evaporators
Heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant side:
'M
I T LP
i
1400 - 2800 Watt/m 2K
Heat transfer area refrigerant side: >0.5 m2/TR
2. Optimum driving force (difference Te and

Tc): 1C raise in Te = 3% power savings
F!
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37
rai!
irVI
B
wm;
1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange

Evaporator
Temperature (C)
Refrigeration
Capacity(tons)
Specific Power
Consumption (kW/TR)
Increase
kW/TR (%)
5.0
67.58
0.81
0.0
56.07
0.94
16.0
-5.0
45.98
1.08
33.0
-10-0
37-20
1-25
54-0
-20-0
23-12
1-67
106-0
Condenser temperature 40 C
r\
'Q1
V)
Kb
increase
kW/TR (%)
Condensing
Temperature (C)
Refrigeration
Capacity (tons)
Specific Power
Consumption (kW/TR)
26.7
31.5
1.17
35.0
21.4
1.27
8.5
40-0
20-0
1-41
20-5
compressor using R-22 refrigerant. Evaporator temperature.-10 C
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38
11
1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange
hx *
Selection of condensers
*
Options:
Air cooled condensers
i
ftr* N
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--
ra
Air-cooled with water spray condensers

Shell & tube condensers with water-cooling
*
Water-cooled shell & tube condenser

Lower discharge pressure
* Higher TR
Lower power consumption
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39
2. Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces

*
Poor maintenance = increased power

consumption
Maintain condensers and evaporators
a
I
Separation of lubricating oil and refrigerant
Timely defrosting of coils

*
ST I
T1
Increased velocity of secondary coolant
* Maintain cooling towers

*
0.55 C reduction in returning water from cooling

tower = 3.0 % reduced power
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40
rai;
ir
rf
2. Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces

Effect of poor maintenance on
compressor power consumption
Increase
Specific
Power
kW/TR
(%)
Consumption
(kW/TR)
Te
Tc
(C)
<C)
Refrigeration
Capacity (TR)
Normal
7.2
40.5
17.0
0.69
Dirty condenser
7.2
46.1
15.6
0.84
20.4
Dirty evaporator
1.7
40.5
13.8
0.82
18.3
Dirty condenser
and evaporator
1.7
46.1
12.7
0.96
38.7
Condition
1
I TL
i
F!
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41

*
3. Multi-Staging Systems
Suited for
* Low temp applications with high compression
* Wide temperature range
Two types for all compressor types

* Compound
KLA
* Cascade
0
V
:v
TgtUi
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42

3. Multi-Stage Systems
a. Compound
Two low compression ratios = 1 high

First stage compressor meets cooling load
Second stage compressor meets load
evaporator and flash gas
r?
rf?
MQ
Single refrigerant
b. Cascade
*
Preferred for -46 oC to -101oC
Two systems with different refrigerants
>
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43

irtr
4. Matching Capacity to Load System

i
HE*
* Most applications have varying loads

*
COP increases
but lower efficiency
>
IJ
Consequence of part-load operation
r>
* Match refrigeration capacity to load
requires knowledge of
Compressor performance
Variations in ambient conditions
Cooling ioad
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44
% r._

5. Capacity Control of Compressors
* Cylinder unloading, vanes, valves
* Reciprocating compressors:
Step-by-Step through
cylinder unloading:
* Centrifugal compressors: continuous
modulation
through vane control
Screw compressors: sliding valves
f
KT*
t
* Speed control
Reciprocating compressors: ensure
lubrication system is not affected
Centrifugal compressors: >50% of capacity
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45

5. Capacity Control of Compressors
rf
rz
Temperature monitoring
Reciprocating compressors: return water (if
varying loads), water leaving chiller
(constant loads)
Centrifugal compressors: outgoing water

temperature
i
KT*
t
Screw compressors: outgoing water

temperature
Part load applications: screw

compressors more efficient
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46
mMT
KV
6. Multi-Level Refrigeration
Bank of compressors at central plant
Monitor cooling and chiller load: 1 chiller full
load more efficient than 2 chillers at part-load
!
W
I1
Distribution system: individual chillers feed all

branch lines; Isolation valves; Valves to isolate
sections
Load individual compressors to full capacity
before operating second compressor
Provide smaller capacity chiller to meet peak
demands
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47
6. Multi-Level Refrigeration
Packaged units (instead of central plant)

Diverse applications with wide temp range
and long distance
J
* Benefits: economical, flexible and reliable
* Disadvantage: central plants use less power
35 v
Flow control
Reduced flow
'
Operation at normal flow with shut-off periods
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48
7. Chilled Water Storage

* Chilled water storage facility with
insulation
* Suited only if temp variations are
acceptable
n r>
;
SP
'
Economical because
Chillers operate during low peak demand
hours: reduced peak demand charges
Chillers operate at nighttime: reduced tariffs
and improved COP
[F
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49
f
/

8. System Design Features
FRP impellers, film fills, PVC drift eliminators

Softened water for condensers
Economic insulation thickness

Roof coatings and false ceilings
Energy efficient heat recovery devices

Variable air volume systems
Sun film application for heat reflection
Optimizing lighting loads
0
m ss
H.
_i-
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50

I
9. System Design Features
- Selecting a cooling tower

-Fills
i
i *
- Pumps and water distribution

- Fans and motors
l
J
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51

r ft?
' "m
Selecting a cooling tower

Capacity
*
i
PCT'
Heat dissipation (kCal/hour)
* Circulated flow rate (m3/hr)
Other factors
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52
>

Range
Range determined by process, not by system
Approach
fell
Closer to the wet bulb temperature
Bigger size cooling tower
More expensive
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53
ft
>"1

Heat Load
* Determined by process
LM
IC
14
rs
Ui
Required cooling is controlled by the

k
desired operating temperature

* High heat load = large size and cost
of cooling tower
i-
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54
V 1
t
!
n
Bfif

Wet bulb temperature - considerations:
Water is cooled to temp higher than wet bulb
temp
Conditions at tower site
rs
f
Not to exceed 5% of design wet bulb temp
! v
Is wet bulb temp specified as ambient (preferred)

or inlet
S7
K'
Can tower deal with increased wet bulb temp
'
Cold water to exchange heat
it
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55
Brin
%
Relationship range, flow and heat load

Range increases with increased
i
T
. r>
M
Amount circulated water (flow)

Heat load
Causes of range increase
If
mx
3]
Inlet water temperature increases
Exit water temperature decreases

Consequence = larger tower
XT':
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56

1
Relationship Approach and Wet bulb

temperature
If approach stays the same (e.g. 4.45 oC)
Higher wet bulb temperature (26.67 oC)
i
t
= more heat picked up (15.5 kCal/kg air)

= smaller tower needed
Lower wet bulb temperature (21.11 oC)
= less heat picked up (12.1 kCal/kg air)

= larger tower needed
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57

1
iff
H*
ys
r. r>
ST
Fill media
*
Hot water distributed over fill media

and cools down through evaporation
Fill media impacts electricity use

* Efficiently designed fill media reduces pumping
costs
* Fill media influences heat exchange: surface
area, duration of contact, turbulence
F!
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58
Pumps and water distribution
PP!
ir
i
IT
Pumps: see pumps session
* Optimize cooling water treatment

Increase cycles of concentration (COC) by
cooling water treatment helps reduce make
i
ft* N
'L v
O'
up water
Indirect electricity savings
Install drift eliminators

Reduce drift loss from 0.02% to only 0.003 0.001%
I9
--
ra
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59
Cooling Tower Fans

EMOflM
5
!
W
I1
Fans must overcome system

resistance, pressure loss: impacts
electricity use
* Fan efficiency depends on blade
profile
Replace metallic fans with FBR blades (2030% savings)
Use blades with aerodynamic profile (85-92%

fan efficiency)
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60
il
1
1
JF
Benefits of Variable Flow
f
I
* Lowest Energy consumption
Low Differential Pressure

Easier Operation
Reduced & Timely Maintenance
Greatest Diversity
Fewer or smaller chillers possible
*,
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61
Why Variable Flow?

1
Power varies with Cube of New Flow

Ratio.
New Energy = New Flow / Old Flow (!4), Cubed
= 1/8
- Most reliable operation.
-
pr
4
*.L
>
Therefore, Energy Savings = 7/8 of the

original energy (less any losses from
new equipment)!
'
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62
V 1
t
!
n
wo* 5
Fill media
Comparing 3 fill media: film fill more
efficient
Splash Fill
Possible UG Ratio
Lt?
'
S7
ia
1.1 -1.5
Effective Heat Exchange 30-45

m2/m3
Area
Film Fill
Low Clog
Film Fill
1.5 -2.0
1.4- 1.8
150 m2/m3
85- 100m2/m3
- 1.8 m
Fill Height Required
5-10 m
1.2 -1.5 m
1.5
Pumping Head
Requirement
9- 12m
5- 8 m
6-9 m
Quantity of Air Required
High
Much Low
Low
'
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63
VPF system configurations

Manifolded pumps
.
fr
Redundancy
- Reduced energy
- VFD on aii pumps
r,i IT
r:
ft1 E*
P * JJ
L
&
Allows "overpumping"
for "Low AT
Syndrome"
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64
Keep it Simple
1
F
\
pranau
Well designed control system is

mandatory.
r, r*
Minimize manual operation.

Develop clearly written operating
procedure and backup
failure mode.
Continual training of
the operators.
-r
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65
i*

Components
i] :
-Energy Audit of HVAC SysternirP

-Commercial Building Utilities
- -S
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66
Typical Cooling Load Profile
&
ill
!
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Se
JL
61
Adel Mourtada
67
Energy Saving, Possibilities
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Generate Hof Watexjo
:/: : ;$QT through:; i - :
waste neat recovery : : sj" ! :,
I from Chiller
V
"
:_T
Gth'oogi wasfeTica
'
'
rr:
;PPf'
'rrrrr
. . . : . ...
::
'
Reduce Maximum
i Electrical Demand and
hence corresponding
Up;;;
;..J.
5323233T
\[\\-X
*I/
68
Adel Mourtada
68
Interior Window Films
If acceptable by
$
building
iij
T,
management,
1
1
Mtih
m
I
w
i
**
window films may be

a useful option.
Choose film tailored
for climate.
Tl
I
i i
fK
i] :
L:
ft
Li
Pay Back Period 2 years
T .
69
Adel Mourtada
69
Programmable Thermostats or BMS
Thu
n'
ifuu
ILI
Ar
~)nF
Vi 1|J '
IU
HMI
A1
They work when

you use them.
:nm
Jl
j
HMw
P2jp
Li
Q
WhfteT
Rockjers
l>
Adel Mourtada
70
VAV Fans Control
ta.
Static Pressure Reset on VAV Systems.
i*
Provides significant fan energy savings

since system is often at part load
Reduces fan noise

"Variable air volume (VAV ) terminal units
shall be programmed to operate at the
minimum airflow when the zone
temperature is within the set
deadband."
s.
t
Adel Mourtada
71
Heat recovery from Chiller
-5
Chiller Mode
MS
conditione
d Space
700 kW (200
TR) cooling
load
140 kW
,r>
Air-
-A
Electrical
Input
--
P
h
+>+
t--*-
0
JF
f
T *r
+ +.-S
'
About 8-12% of heat can be recovered in Chiller mode (Le, 65-100 kW

heat) through desuperheater (Free of Cost )
"0.1 Carbon credit per hour
" 720 Carbon Credits/ Year (24hrs K 30 Q Days}
840 kW heat
Rejected
through
CT/aircooled
condenser
72
Adel Mourtada
72
Partial Heat Recovery

1 Jf
IQ rr
1
Additional
refrigerant
fluid tank.
Expansion
valve
55C
12X
rr
Chilled water
7C
7
Adel Mourtada
* *
Desuperheater
Gas
I
I
Compressors
<7* N
50C
Desuperheated
Gas
Liquid I
I1
Aircooled or
water cooled
condenser
Recovery
Eva porator
Partial heat recovery

(Desuperheater) does not require
any additional electrical input. It
recovers (8-12%) of waste heat
free of cost.
Hot Water Economics
1
/
'W
V
ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL SAVINGS:
pFr.,
r.
Hot water capacity : 10000 Lts/day

Diesel cost : 0.70$ per liter ; Diesel NCV :10100 Kcai/Liter ;
Boiler efficiency : 85%
Saving by Heat Recovery system over diesel fired boiler
7000 US$/year
BL
74
Adel Mourtada
74
Thermal Energy Storage System

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75
Adel Mourtada
...
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Dtaiosgc
=
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2 *O. 7
? I'.<-
fl.
ni'-
IUUI
f
i JOUG
lllllilt
Cbqt
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c
Jf IflOuO !
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'4:i Vt -M-ILI-lMl MliltllMMMIil.:!
HiMK
ax
r
Traditional
Peak shaving
1.2m -
L.LHU -
T:
I ULU -
ftl-
Solution.!a
>
?*>
jiii
1 2
5 4
:a
in 1 1 12 VW-i
OlUff
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\/
iafrriTpefiod
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miu ,1
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:f J iv(.;n iu 11 iZnvms mit i* 19 arzi iitfjv

H*un
&
Lf Ml
am
4m
a-H
I 2 3 -I i
7 rf
In 1 1 I j m-l I j Id 1
Eli'ii 11
iiuuy
Chiller switched off during high pay gg

tariff period
period 4 years
Ji 2 1 23
Total storage during off

peak hours
ALMEE
r\
MID-ENIC
ALMEE
Description of the project
_Zgharta - North Lebanon
TW
rM *
::: Sj
mil
200 m ALT, 95 Km from Beirut

1 Building
7 stories Hospital 1000 m3 floor
110 beds , surgery X Ray. etc.
Built in 1996.
operating since 1997
I
w
-w I
p-
gtz
EC0FVS
On
ALMEE
No Description
1 Roof thermal
Pay bac
Years
KW
/0 0
Save
% of
Saved
Total
KWh
Amount
Euros
Bill
20,500
1.2 %
3.-200 C
1.3%
16,000
120,000
9.1%
13,750
9.5%
25,000
1.3
N/A
23,125 C
11,7%
13,800
0.6
45,075 C
22,5%
54,800
1.22
Investment
total Euros
insulation
2
Changing conventional
fluorescent ballast to
electronic ballast and
installing harmonic filter
Installation of BMS/DSM 160,000

( of fuel)
retrofit system to
manage KW demand
allowing operation on
one 500 KVA Generator
Total
300,500
9/
f
rfi*ur.il
%
Thank you for your attention

p
PtN
;'l
Adel Mourtada
79
Annex
- Instruments Required
- Cost Effectives Measures
Adel Mourtada
BO
L
** -
*'
l/= SJ
ilh
/*>
mm
r
i
0
\
u, PS
siS
&
Instruments Required
Power Analyzer: Used for measuring electrical
parameters of motors such as kW, kVA, pf, V, A
and Hz
Temperature Indicator & Probe
Pressure Gauge: To measure operating
pressure and pressure drop in the system
Stroboscope: To measure the speed of the
driven equipment and motor
Ultra sonic flow meter or online flow meter
Sling hygrometer or digital hygrometer
Anemometer
In addition to the above calibrated online
instruments can be used
PH meter
Adel Mourtada
81
Measurements & Observation

Energy consumption pattern of pumps and cooling
tower fans
1
Motor electrical parameters (kw, kVA, Pf, A, V, Hz,

THD) for pumps and cooling tower fans
< Pump operating parameters to be
measured/monitored for each pump are: Discharge, - Head (suction & discharge) - Valve
position Temperature - Load variation, Power
parameters of pumps - Pumps operating hours and
operating schedule
> Pressure drop in the system (between discharge
and user point)
> Pressure drop and temperatures across the users
(heat exchangers, condensers, etc)
> Cooling water flow rate to users - Pump /Motor
speed
> Actual pressure at the user end
> User area pressure of operation and requirement
-
LJ
fcr> N
11
i-.
Adel Mourtada
82
Exploration of Energy Conservation Possibilities

*> Water pumping and cooling tower
tffTjt!
Liab'
fcr>
Improvement of systems and drives

Use of energy efficient pumps
Correcting inaccuracies of the Pump sizing / Trimming of
impellers
Use of high efficiency motors
Integration of variable speed drives into pumps: The
integration of adjustable speed drives (VFD) into compressors
could lead to energy efficiency improvements, depending on
load characteristics
High Performance Lubricants: The low temperature fluidity
and high temperature stability of high performance lubricants
can increase energy efficiency by reducing frictional losses
Improvements in condenser performance
Improvement in cooling tower performance
Application potential for energy efficient fans for cooling tower
fans
Measuring and tracking system performance
Adel Mourtada
83

q
Measuring water use and energy consumption is

essential in determining whether changes in
maintenance practices or investment in
equipment could be cost effective
In this case it is advised to monitor the water
flow rate and condenser parameters, cooling

tower parameters periodically i.e. at least once
in a three months and energy consumption on
daily basis. This will help in identifying the -
PCT'
- Deviations in water flow rates

- Heat duty of condenser and cooling towers
- Measures to up keep the performance
Adel Mourtada
84
h
mji

System Effect Factors
Equipment cannot perform at its optimum capacity if
fans, pumps, and blowers have poor inlet and outlet
conditions
Correction of system effect factors (SEFs) can have
ML:
i,i
a significant effect on performance and energy

savings
Elimination of cavitation: Flow, pressure, and
efficiency are reduced in pumps operating under
cavitation. Performance can be restored to
manufacturers specifications through modifications.
This usually invo ves inlet alterations and may
involve elevation of a supply tank
Adel Mourtada
85
Internal Running Clearances: The internal running
rLJ
fcr>
11
clearances between rotating and non-rotating

elements strongly influence the turbo machines
ability to meet rated performance. Proper set-up
reduces the amount of leakage (re-circulation) from
the discharge to the suction side of the impeller
Reducing work load of pumping: Reducing of
obstructions in the suction / delivery pipes thereby
reduction in frictional losses. This includes removal of
unnecessary valves of the system due to changes.
Even system and layout changes may help in this
including increased pipe diameter. Replacement of
components deteriorated due to wear and tear during
operation, modifications in piping system
i-.
Adel Mourtada
86
Sources:
Energy Equipments UNEP/SIDA/Gerlap,
HVAC System Design, Mark Hydeman, P.E., FASHRAE

Taylor Engineering, LLC.
-
Building Automatic System Bradley Chapman, DWEYER
Solar Cooling, Eco buildings, SARA.
Ventilation for buildings Energy performance of buildings Guidelines for

inspection of air-conditioning systems- EN 15240, Intelligence Energy.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines, Brahm Segal, Power Correction System.
Results of HVAC system monitoring of tertiary buildings in Italy, M. Masoero,

C. Silvi, J. Toniolo , Politecnico di Torino, HarmonAC
-
fCT* X
Saving Energy Municipal Buildings and More, Ben J. Sliwinski Building

Research Council School of Architecture, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. Kreider Curtis Rabl, Mac gGaw Hill.
-
Cleanrooms Energy Benchmarking, Lawrence Berkley laboratory.
Adel Mourtada
87

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RCREEE

RCREEE Energy Audit in Building

Energy audit of air-conditioning and

-Assessment of refrigeration and AC

-Energy Efficiency Measures

- Assessment of refrigeration and AC

There is a large variety of

The compressor manufacturer

Piston, vane, or scroll type

The piston and cylinder

How the compressor is mounted

Style and position of ports

Fixed or variable displacement

Plate evaporators, top, are

Ease of leak detection

Commonly named "FREON" (R-114, etc.)

Condensers A and C are

Flat tube condensers are

The expansion device separates the high

The OT is a tubular, plastic device with a

Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine)

Split air conditioners

Small capacity modular units of direct

chilled water as a secondary coolant (>50

* Bank of units off-site with common

Condenser water pumps

More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g.

-AC/Refrigeration Systems and

- Assessment of refrigeration and AC

-Energy Audit of HVAC System in

* Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

(VAR): uses thermal energy

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Physical space requirements

Availability of utilities (water, power)

What's Solar Cooling?

The core idea is to use the solar energy directly to

produce chilled water.

Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet

Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost

Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture

Anatomy of a Cooling Tower

air handling unrt

Fill: facilitate heat transfer by

* Cold water basin: receives water at

Air inlet: entry point of air

and retain water within tower

Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill

Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers

* Large fans to force air through

maximum heat transfer

Cooling rates depend on many

Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell tower

Forced Draft Cooling Towers

by centrifugal fan at air

Advantages: suited for

high air resistance & fans

-AC/Refrigeration Systems and

- Energy Audit of HVAC System in

mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr

Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR)

Chilled water pump kW/TR

Coefficient of Performance (COPCarnot)