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Telecommunications: Modems and

the Internet

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

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Modems

Modem Basics

It is a peripheral device that enables computers to


communicate with each other over conventional telephone
lines or cable lines, or even without wires.

Modem does the job of modulation and demodulation.

Modulation is the process of superimposing a code (voice or


other information) on top of the signal.

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Modem Basics

Demodulation is the process of removing the fixed signal


and have the superimposed code remain.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) devices offer


a high-speed digital alternative to modems.

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Communication

Serial/Parallel Conversion

All personal computers use National Semiconductor to run


serial ports known as UARTs (universal asynchronous receivertransmitters).

These chips convert an 8-bit-wide parallel data path to a 1-bitwide serial path.

The following table lists several of the UART:

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Communication (contd.)
Chip

Description

INS8250

In the IBM PC, the INS8250 operated at speeds up to 56 kilobits


per second (Kbps).

16450

It was the first UART reliably operated at 9600 bps and higher.

16550

It allows use of more than one direct memory access (DMA)


channel to achieve improved throughput over the 16450.

16550A

It is an improved version of the 16550. It has the FIFO buffers. It


is the UART used till today.

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Communication (contd.)

Since modems communicate over telephone lines they have


to convert analog signals to digital signals & vice versa.

Modems have to convert the parallel data coming from the


computer into serial data to be transmitted on the
telephone line.

The UART converts 8 bit wide parallel data path to 1bit wide
serial path.

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Communication (contd.)

All systems are equipped with UART devices fast enough for
the current range of modems and other
telecommunications devices.

The determination of the UART chip using System


Information utilities or Control Panel.

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Communication (contd.)

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Communication (contd.)

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Communication (contd.)

Digital Communication

They are two forms of digital communication.

Asynchronous Communication

Synchronous Communication

Asynchronous Communication

It is that kind of transmission that does not link the two


devices with a common data clock.

It consists of a start bit and stop bit at the end of each packet.

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Communication (contd.)

Synchronous Communication

It sends data blocks at strictly timed intervals that are


monitored at both ends.

Modems operating at speeds up to 56 Kbps are synchronous


devices.

Communications Protocols are used to transmit data between


systems.

The following is a summary of how these protocols work:

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Synchronous Communication

The modem sends a series of standardized bytescalled


sync bytesto the device it is to communicate with.

The modem on the other end receives the sync bytes.

The receiving modem perceives that it is receiving sync


byte data and synchronizes with the incoming data.

After sending the sync bytes, the sending modem adds a


start-of-text (STX) character.

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Synchronous Communication (contd.)

The data bytes are sent.

The data in synchronous transmission is processed in packets or


in blocks of fixed length, depending on the protocol used.

Each packet ends with an end-of-text (ETX) character and two


error-checking characters called CRC (cyclical redundancy check)
characters or BCCs (block check characters).

The receiver then responds with an ACK (acknowledgment


character) if the data is good, or an NAK (negative
acknowledgment) if transmission errors have occurred.

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Parity

It is used for error detection.

It uses the parity bit to verify whether the data is intact or has
been corrupted.

There are two types of parity:

Even parity

If the number of 1s in the data part of the packet is odd, the parity
bit is set to 1again making the total number of bits even.

The receiving port counts the data bits and compares its answer to
the parity bit.

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Parity (contd.)
If the two fail to match, an error is reported, and a request to
retransmit the packet is passed to the sending computer.
Odd parity
It works the same as even parity, except that the total number of bits
must be odd.

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Hardware

Internal Modems

USB Modems

External Analog Modems

ISDN Terminal Adapters

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The RS-232 Port

The EIA (Electronic Industries Association) developed the


RS-232 standard for low-speed data communication.

It defines a series of signals that are sent between two


telecommunications devices to indicate line and
transmission status.

The following table shows the most common signals:

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The RS-232 Port


Signal

Definition

CTS

Clear To Send

DCD

Data Carrier Detected

DSR

Data Set Ready

DTR

Data Terminal Ready

RI

Ring Indicator

RTS

Request To Send

RTSRD

Request To Send/Receive Data

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RS-232 Cables

It uses either 25-pin or 9-pin connectors.

The end attaching to a modem or TA has a 25-pin


connector, whereas the PC has a 9-pin connector.

The following table presents the layout and signals for


both:

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RS-232 Cables (contd.)


Description

Pin Outs on 9Pin Cable

Signal 25Pin Cable

Direction

Protective
Ground

Transmitted
Data

TD

DTEDCE

Received Data

RD

DCEDTE

Request To
Send

RTS

DTEDCE

Clear To Send

CTS

DCEDTE

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RS-232 Cables (contd.)


Description

Pin Outs on 9Pin Cable

Signal 25-Pin Direction


Cable

Data Set Ready 6

DSR

DCEDTE

Signal Ground
(Common)

Data Carrier
Detected

DCD

DCEDTE

Data Terminal
Ready

DTR

DTEDCE

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RS-232 Cables (contd.)

Description

Pin Outs on 9Pin Cable

Signal 25-Pin
Cable

Direction

Ring Indicator

RI

DCEDTE

Data Signal
Rate Detector

DSRD

DCEDTE

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Telephone-Line Basics for Modems

Modem consists of two wires (ring and tip) that are used in
a standard telephone jack.

There are two versions of the telephone jack:

Half-duplex. The RJ-11 has only two wires, which make up one
line. Therefore, only one signal can be sent or received at a
time.

Full-duplex. The RJ-12 uses four wires to make up two lines; it


can be used to simultaneously send and receive.

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Multifunction Modems

Multifunction modems are those which apart from sending


and receiving can perform several other functions such as:

Some modems store faxes, both incoming and outgoing, for


reference or online reading which is called a Fax Modem.

In addition to the basic data out/data in modem is voice mail.

If the phone rings and the modem does not detect either a
data or fax tone, it switches modes and streams a recorded
message.

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Modem Installation

Internal Modem Expansion Card

Configure IRQ and I/O settings for nonPlug and Play


compliant systems: Set the modem to an unused COM port
and IRQ.

Install the board into the expansion bus slot.

Install the necessary drivers for the modem.

Configure the dial-up connection for the modem.

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Modem Installation (contd.)

External Modem

Connect to a COM port. Choose either COM1 or COM2.

Plug in the cabling.

Connect the modem to its power source and to the computer.

Connect a telephone line (RJ-11) from the wall jack to the


modem.

Install the necessary drivers for the modem

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Modem Speeds

Baud Rate

It is the number of voltage or frequency changes that can be


made in one second.

Bits per Second

It is the rate at which data is transmitted.

It is expressed in the unit bps (bits per second).

The following table lists the standard rates designated by the


CCITT.

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Modem Speeds (contd.)


CCITT Term

Bps

V.21

300

V.22

1200

V.22bis

2400

V.23

1200 bps in one direction and 75 bps in the other

V.29

9600

V.32

4800 and 9600

V.32bis

14,400

V.32fast

28,800

V.34

28,800

V.42bis

38,400

V.90

56,600

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Modem Speeds (contd.)

Fax Speeds

The fax transmission adopts the international standard which


is divided into four groups:

Group1 and Group2

Group1 transmits a single page in six minutes.

Group 2 transmits a single page in three minutes.

Group 3

A group3 based modem can be used for data and fax


communication.

The following lists the various speeds that a group3 supports.

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Modem Speeds (contd.)

Group 4

It has the highest resolution and speeds for use with digital
telephone circuits, ISDN, or leased lines.
CCITT Term

Bps

V.21 Channel 2

300

V.27 Turbo

4800

V.29

9600

V.17

14,400

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Information Transfer Protocols

Protocols ensure that proper communication devices takes


place.

The computers on both the sides must use the same


protocol.

There are five basic protocols used by the modem.

ASCII

It uses the standard ASCII character set. It has no error-checking


or compression features.
It is simple, uncomplicated, and is used with simple characterbased data.

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Information Transfer Protocols (contd.)

Xmodem

Xmodem includes error detection, which makes it more


suitable for transferring program files.

It transfers 128-byte blocks of data and one checksum


(error-checking) character.

Ymodem

Ymodem transfers data in 1024-byte blocks. It has the


same features as in Xmodem.

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Information Transfer Protocols (contd.)

Zmodem

It has all the features found in Xmodem and Ymodem


protocols.

It has feature such as crash recovery, automatic


downloading, and a streaming file transfer method

Kermit

It was the first of the synchronous protocols for uploading


and downloading data to and from a mainframe computer.

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Handshaking

Connections between a sending device (sometimes referred


to as DCE) and a receiving device (DTE) are called
handshaking signals.

Each sending and receiving device is in sync with the other.

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Handshaking (contd.)

There are two types of flow control:

Hardware flow control

RTS and CTS signal is used by the DCE to send or receive data.

It uses the wires in the serial connection between the modem and
the computer.

Software flow control

It uses special characters known as XON and XOFF to know that


the DCE is starting to send data or that the data transmission is
finished.

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Modem Standards

There are two standards for Modem:

Bell Standards

It was the standard given by the Bell Telephone.

It is not in use now.

CCITT Standards

It is also known as Vdot standards.

It gave detailed requirements for the use of various modem


speeds, incorporation of data-compression schemes, and error
correction.

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Modem Standards (contd.)

MNP Standards

It is abbreviated as the Microcom Networking Protocol


given by the Microcom company.

It gave a series of error correction methods

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Modem Standards (contd.)

Error-Detection and Data-Compression Protocols

CCITT standards include error-detection and data-compression


protocols. The following table shows the standards that include
error detection.
Standard

Baud

Bps

Type

V.42

2400

2400 and up

Error correction

MNP 1-4

2400

2400 and up

Error correction

V.42bis

2400

9600/38.4K

Data compression

MNP 5

N/A

N/A

Both

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Modem Commands

Hayes developed the AT command set.


It is used as diagnostic tools.
The following table lists some of the more useful AT
commands.
Command

Function

AT

If the response is OK, modem is plugged in and turned on.

ATE1

Echoes the command on the screen

ATE0

Turns off the echo to the screen

ATH

Takes the telephone off the hook

ATM1

Turns the speaker on for the dial tone

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Modem Commands (contd.)

Command
Function

ATM0
Turns the speaker off

ATX
Resets the modem to a predefined state

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Troubleshooting

The following table lists some of the guidelines to


troubleshoot the problem.

Possible Cause

Possible Solution

New hardware was added to the computer


and now the modem doesn't work.

Check for IRQ and I/O conflicts.

New software was added to the computer and


now the modem doesn't work.

Check for IRQ and I/O conflicts.

The software says there is no modem.

Make sure the software is checking


the correct port.

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Troubleshooting (contd.)

Possible Cause

Possible Solution

Modem works sporadically.

Try another modem type.


Check the phone lines.

Modem does not hang up the phone


line.

A power surge (often caused by a


lightning strike) can cause this
problem.

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The Internet and Web Browsers

Internet is the most extensive WAN (wide area network)

Internet is really a collection of services.

Web Sites

It is a network of host sites that can be accessed for


information.

It contains hyperlinked web pages which are the derivative of


SGML (Standard Generalized Markup language.)

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The Internet and Web Browsers (contd.)

Browsers

It is the application used for the navigating the hyperlinked


pages. It is used for accessing remote files, downloading
programs.

Electronic Mail

It allows users to send and receive messages (and files).

Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express are the e-mail client


software used for sending and receiving mails.

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The Internet and Web Browsers (contd.)

FTP

It is a special application used for uploading and downloading


files to and from the Internet.

TCP/IP

It is the language (network protocol) used by computers to


talk to each other over the Net.

It is the common protocol used for communication.

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The Internet and Web Browsers (contd.)

IP Address

It is a unique 32-bit address.

It is expressed in decimal values of 4 bytes, separated with periods.

Each position can have up to 256 values, from 0 to 255.

It designates the location of its assigned device (usually an NIC) on


the network.

ISPs

It is used for connection between dial-up (modem) users and the


Internet.

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The Internet and Web Browsers (contd.)

URLs

It is the Web's address system.

To access a Web site, the user must enter the designated URL.

It begins with the character sequence http://.

The example of a URL is http://cms.com.

Domain

It is a site with common purpose.

For example .com for Commercial organizations and .edu for


Educational institutions.

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The Internet and Web Browsers (contd.)

DNS

It is the hierarchical naming system used for identifying


domain names on the Internet and on private TCP/IP
networks.

It maps DNS domain names to IP addresses, and vice versa.

It allows users, computers, and applications to query the DNS


to access remote systems by their domain names rather than
by IP addresses.

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The Internet and Web Browsers (contd.)

DNS Server

It is the computer that matches the names and computer addresses.

Using Ping

It tests the connection between devices using the TCP/IP protocol.

It sends a request to a specific IP address and reports whether the


target is present and how long it takes to get a reply

The following table shows the switches for the ping command.

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The Internet and Web Browsers (contd.)

Switch

Function

-a

Resolves addresses to host names.

-t

Pings the specified address until stopped.

-i <TTL> Specifies the Time to Live for outgoing packets

-l
<size>

Sends packets to the size set in the brackets.

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