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Modems
Modem Basics
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Modem Basics
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Communication
Serial/Parallel Conversion
These chips convert an 8-bit-wide parallel data path to a 1-bitwide serial path.
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Communication (contd.)
Chip
Description
INS8250
16450
It was the first UART reliably operated at 9600 bps and higher.
16550
16550A
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Communication (contd.)
The UART converts 8 bit wide parallel data path to 1bit wide
serial path.
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Communication (contd.)
All systems are equipped with UART devices fast enough for
the current range of modems and other
telecommunications devices.
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Communication (contd.)
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Communication (contd.)
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Communication (contd.)
Digital Communication
Asynchronous Communication
Synchronous Communication
Asynchronous Communication
It consists of a start bit and stop bit at the end of each packet.
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Communication (contd.)
Synchronous Communication
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Synchronous Communication
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Parity
It uses the parity bit to verify whether the data is intact or has
been corrupted.
Even parity
If the number of 1s in the data part of the packet is odd, the parity
bit is set to 1again making the total number of bits even.
The receiving port counts the data bits and compares its answer to
the parity bit.
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Parity (contd.)
If the two fail to match, an error is reported, and a request to
retransmit the packet is passed to the sending computer.
Odd parity
It works the same as even parity, except that the total number of bits
must be odd.
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Hardware
Internal Modems
USB Modems
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Definition
CTS
Clear To Send
DCD
DSR
DTR
RI
Ring Indicator
RTS
Request To Send
RTSRD
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RS-232 Cables
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Direction
Protective
Ground
Transmitted
Data
TD
DTEDCE
Received Data
RD
DCEDTE
Request To
Send
RTS
DTEDCE
Clear To Send
CTS
DCEDTE
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DSR
DCEDTE
Signal Ground
(Common)
Data Carrier
Detected
DCD
DCEDTE
Data Terminal
Ready
DTR
DTEDCE
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Description
Signal 25-Pin
Cable
Direction
Ring Indicator
RI
DCEDTE
Data Signal
Rate Detector
DSRD
DCEDTE
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Modem consists of two wires (ring and tip) that are used in
a standard telephone jack.
Half-duplex. The RJ-11 has only two wires, which make up one
line. Therefore, only one signal can be sent or received at a
time.
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Multifunction Modems
If the phone rings and the modem does not detect either a
data or fax tone, it switches modes and streams a recorded
message.
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Modem Installation
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External Modem
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Modem Speeds
Baud Rate
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Bps
V.21
300
V.22
1200
V.22bis
2400
V.23
V.29
9600
V.32
V.32bis
14,400
V.32fast
28,800
V.34
28,800
V.42bis
38,400
V.90
56,600
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Fax Speeds
Group 3
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Group 4
It has the highest resolution and speeds for use with digital
telephone circuits, ISDN, or leased lines.
CCITT Term
Bps
V.21 Channel 2
300
V.27 Turbo
4800
V.29
9600
V.17
14,400
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ASCII
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Xmodem
Ymodem
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Zmodem
Kermit
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Handshaking
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Handshaking (contd.)
RTS and CTS signal is used by the DCE to send or receive data.
It uses the wires in the serial connection between the modem and
the computer.
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Modem Standards
Bell Standards
CCITT Standards
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MNP Standards
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Baud
Bps
Type
V.42
2400
2400 and up
Error correction
MNP 1-4
2400
2400 and up
Error correction
V.42bis
2400
9600/38.4K
Data compression
MNP 5
N/A
N/A
Both
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Modem Commands
Function
AT
ATE1
ATE0
ATH
ATM1
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Command
Function
ATM0
Turns the speaker off
ATX
Resets the modem to a predefined state
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Troubleshooting
Possible Cause
Possible Solution
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Troubleshooting (contd.)
Possible Cause
Possible Solution
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Web Sites
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Browsers
Electronic Mail
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FTP
TCP/IP
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IP Address
ISPs
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URLs
To access a Web site, the user must enter the designated URL.
Domain
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DNS
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DNS Server
Using Ping
The following table shows the switches for the ping command.
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Switch
Function
-a
-t
-l
<size>
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