Synchronous

Generator

Name

Index No

Group

P.D.M. Chandrasekara
110072F
03

Submission Date :
2014/07/18
Instructed By
Mr. L.P.M.I. Sampath

OBSERVATION SHEET
Name

: P.D.M. Chandrasekara

Index No

: 110072F

Field

: EE

Group

: G-03

Date

: 2014/07/04

Instructed By

: Mr. L.P.M.I. Sampath

1) Open Circuit Test

Open circuit voltage (V)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
270

Field current (A)

0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.39
0.52
0.60

2) Short Circuit Test

Short circuit current (A)

Field current (A)

0.00

0.01

0.04

0.07

0.10

0.13

0.15

3) Load Test
Inductive Load Test

Load voltage (V)

10

Load current (A)

5.6

20
30

5.2
4.9

40

4.5

50
60

4.1
3.8

70
80

3.4
3.0

90
100

2.5
2.1

106

1.9

Resistive Load Test

Load

Load voltage (V)

Load current (A)

Load 0
Load 1

120
119

0.00
0.22

Load 2
Load 3

119
118

0.44
0.64

Load 4

117

0.84

4) Synchronisation
Name plate data
Synchronous Generator
Phase

Voltage

A
50 Hz
Speed
240 V

Current

6.6 A

Speed

1500rpm

Frequency

DC motor
220 V
15 A
1500rpm

Open circuit characteristics

Open circuit voltage (V)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
270

Field current (A)

0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.39
0.52
0.60

Short circuit characteristics

Short circuit current (A)

Field current (A)

0.00

0.01

0.04

0.07

0.10

0.13

0.15

Open Circuit and Short Circuit Characteristics

280
Open Circuit Characteristics

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

260

240
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

220

200
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

180

160

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

Logarithmic
(Open Circuit Characteristics)
140

Open Circuit Voltage (V)/ Short Circuit Current (A)

120

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

100
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

80

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

60
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)
40

20
Short Cuircuit Characteristics

Linear (Short Cuircuit Characteristics)

6
345
0 012
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Field Current (A)

Calculations
1) Synchronous reactance, Xs

where VOC

Calculation
VO/C
IS/C
XS

X S=

V oc
I sc

Open circuit voltage

ISC
- Short circuit current
-

for field current 0.1 A,

=
116 V
(from graph)
=
4A
(from graph)
=
120 / 4
=
29

Similarly, calculate synchronous reactance for given field currents .

Field Current
(A)

Open circuit

Short circuit

Synchronous

voltage
(V)

current
(A)

reactance
()

0.10

116

29

0.20

178

22.25

0.30

220

12

18.33

0.40

248

15

16.53

0.50

265

19

13.94

0.60

275

22

12.5

0.70

284

26

10.92

02. Synchronous Reactance (XS) vs. Field Current (If)

Field Current (A)

Synchronous reactance ()

0.10

29

0.20

22.25

0.30

18.33

0.40

16.53

0.50

13.94

0.60

12.5

0.70

10.92

Synchronous Reactance Vs Field Current

32

30

28

26

24

22

Synchronous Reactance ()
20

18

16

14

12

10
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Field Current (A)

0.6

0.7

0.8

2)
Short Circuit Ratio( SCR)=

Field Current for Rated OpenCircuit Voltage

Field Current for Rated Short Circuit Current

From the name plate data,

Rated Voltage

240 V

Rated Current

6.6 A

from the open and short circuit characteristics,

Field current for rated open circuit voltage

= 0.375 A

Field current for rated short circuit current

= 0.14 A

Short Circuit Ratio ( SCR )=

0.375
=2. 678
0.14

Saturated synchronous reactance (XS(sat)) in per unit,

X S(sat) =

1
1
=
=0. 3733 pu
SCR 2.678

Saturated synchronous reactance (XS (sat)) in ohms,

(Using open and short circuit characteristics curves)

X S(sat) =

V t 240
=
=17.14
I a 14
'

3.

Load Voltage vs. Load Current for Inductive Load (Cos =

0)

Load Current (A)

Load Voltage (V)

5.6

10

5.2

20

4.9

30

4.5

40

4.1

50

3.8

60

3.4

70

3.0

80

2.5

90

2.1

100

1.9

106

Load Voltage Vs Load Current for Inductive Load

110

100

90

80

70

60

Load Voltage (V)

50

40

30

20

10

0
1.5

2.5

3.5

Load Current (A)

4.5

5.5

Load Voltage vs. Load Current for Resistive Load (Cos =

1)

Load Current (A)

Load Voltage (V)

Load 0

0.00

120

Load 1

0.22

119

Load 2

0.44

119

Load 3

0.64

118

Load 4

0.84

117

Load Voltage Vs Load Current for Resistive Load

120.5

120

119.5

119

118.5

Load Voltage (V)

118

117.5

117

116.5

116

115.5
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Load Current (A)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

03.
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0

calculation for load current 1 A

E =
240 V
XS =
17.14

When Cos = 0
= 900
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0
E 2) = 0
V = 257.14
When

= - 900
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 V = 222.86

Cos = 1
= 0
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0
V
= 239.39

When Cos = 0.9

= 25.840
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0
E 2) = 0
V = 246.97

Load
Current
(A)

= - 25.840
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 V = 232.03

Terminal Voltages (V)

=90

=25.84

=0

=25.84

=90

222.86

232.03

239.39

246.97

257.14

205.72

223.07

237.54

252.95

274.28

171.44

202.05

230

261.81

308.56

137.16

176.61

216.85

266.26

342.84

102.88

146.97

196.97

265.61

377.12

10

68.6

109.15

167.99

258.56

411.4

12

34.32

63.10

123.68

242.34

445.68

Terminal Voltage Vs Load Current

Load
Current
(A)

Terminal Voltages (V)

=90

=25.84

=0

=25.84

=90

222.86

232.03

239.39

246.97

257.14

205.72

223.07

237.54

252.95

274.28

171.44

202.05

230

261.81

308.56

137.16

176.61

216.85

266.26

342.84

102.88

146.97

196.97

265.61

377.12

10

68.6

109.15

167.99

258.56

411.4

12

34.32

63.10

123.68

242.34

445.68

Terminal Voltage Vs Load Current

500

450

400

350

300

Terminal Voltage (V)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0

10

12

Load Current (A)

0.0 Lagging

Linear (0.0 Lagging)

0.9 Lagging

Polynomial (0.9 Lagging)

Polynomial (1)

0.9 Leading

Polynomial (0.9 Leading)

0.0 Leading

Linear (0.0 Leading)

14

Discussion
1.

Importance
performance.

of

the

SCR

with

respect

to

the

generator

The ratio of the field current for rated open circuit Voltage and field current
for rated short circuit current give SCR. In addition, SCR is given by inverse
of per unit saturated synchronous reactance. Therefore, if we know SCR
value we can have an idea about the Xs.
The synchronous reactance is higher when the SCR is low. So it becomes
comparatively very high value than armature resistance. This results in a
significant phase angle (lagging) between the induced Voltage and the
armature current.
As the value of SCR gets higher and higher, the Synchronous reactance
reduces considerably causing a good voltage regulation at the output
terminals.
In the cases of parallel operation of generators, Synchronous reactance is
essential in determining the circulating current within the two generators. As
Xs is a function of SCR we can have an idea about the circulating current by
knowing the SCR.

2. Comment on the variation of synchronous reactance with field

current.
When we examine the graph of Synchronous Reactance vs. Field
Current Graph, It can be seen that the graph can be divided in to two parts a
linear region and a non linear region. First, the synchronous reactance
linearly reduced and then it started to reduce in non-linear fashion.
Linear region is due to the fact that Xs reduces when rotor frequency is
reduced. In this region machine has not been saturated. But this X s is not only
the winding reactance it also includes the armature reaction to the field
produced. This is high at low values of field current and it reduces afterwards.
This is the reason for the non linear behavior

3. Synchronous generator
transformer. Explain.

has

characteristic

of

current

Lets take that the rotor of the Synchronous generator represents the primary winding and
stator represents the secondary winding. Then the field current is the primary current and the
armature current is the secondary current.

Now as the armature current is much higher than the field current, this looks like a step up
current transformer.
In a current transformer when the secondary is short circuited, that short circuit
current is proportional to the primary current.
From the graph of Ia Vs If it is visible that short circuited armature current is
proportional to field current. Therefore in that sense also the synchronous
generator is acting as a current transformer.
When a load is connected to the secondary of a current transformer, its primary
current depends on the load.
In the same way, field current of a synchronous generator is also depend on the
load while it is connected to the armature.
4. Comment on the variation of the terminal voltage with load
current for various power factor loads.
When there are loads with lagging power factor terminal voltage tends to
reduce rapidly, but that reduction is close to being linear.
With resistive loads terminal voltage reduces slower but the non linear manner
of the curve is more visible than the inductive loads.
When capacitive loads are used terminal voltage tends to get higher than the
original Voltage.
Value of Xs is essential in finding the terminal Voltage.