Dance in India

Dance in India comprises the varied styles of dances

in the country. As with other aspects of Indian culture, dierent forms of dances originated in dierent
parts of India, developed according to the local traditions and also imbibed elements from other parts of the
country.[1] Sangeet Natak Akademi, the national academy
for performing arts, recognizes eight distinctive traditional dances as Indian classical dances, which might have
origin in religious activities of distant past.

In Hindu mythology, dance is believed to have been conceived by Brahma. Brahma inspired the sage Bharata
Muni to write the Natya Shastra, a treatise on performing arts, from which a codied practice of dance
and drama emerged.[3] He used pathya (words) from
the Rigveda, abhinaya (gestures) from the Yajurveda,
geet (music) from the Samaveda and rasa (emotions)
from the Atharvaveda to form the Natyaveda (body of
knowledge about dance).[4] The best-known of Hindu
deitiesShiva, Kali and Krishnaare typically represented dancing.[5] Shivas cosmic dance, tandava, Kalis
dance of creation and destruction and Krishnas dance
with the gopikas (cow-herd girls)Rasa Lilaare popular motifs in Hindu mythology.[6]

Folk dances are numerous in number and style, and vary

according to the local tradition of the respective state,
ethnic or geographic regions. Contemporary dances include rened and experimental fusions of classical, folk
and Western forms. Dancing traditions of India have inuence not only over the dances in the whole of South
Asia, but on the dancing forms of South East Asia as well.
Dances in Indian lms are often noted for their idiosyncrasies, and hold a signicant presence in popular culture
of the Indian subcontinent.[2]

In ancient India, there were no dedicated auditorium halls

or theaters, and dance was usually a functional activity
dedicated to worship, entertainment or leisure. Dancers
usually performed in temples, on festive occasions and
seasonal harvests. Dance was performed on a regular basis before deities as a form of worship.[7] Even in modern India, deities are invoked through religious folk dance
forms from ancient times.[8] Classical dance forms such
as Bharata Natyam use mudras or hand gestures also to
retell episodes of mythological tales such as the slaying of
Kaliya by Krishna.[9]

Origin of Dance in India

Gradually dancers, particularly from South India, moved

from temples to houses of royal families where they performed exclusively for royalty.[10]
India oers a number of classical Indian dance forms,
each of which can be traced to dierent parts of the
country. Classical and folk dance forms also emerged
from Indian traditions, epics and mythology.[11] There
are many Indian folk dances such as Bhangra, Bihu,
Ghumura Dance, Sambalpuri, Chhau and Garba and special dances observed in regional festivals such as Lohri[12]
and Navratri.[13][14]
The presentation of Indian dance styles in lm, Hindi
Cinema, has exposed the range of dance in India to a
global audience.[15]

2 Classical dance
Main article: Indian classical dance
Classical dance in India has developed a type of dancedrama that is a form of a total theater. The dancer acts out

Shiva as Nataraja is worshipped as the Lord of Dance in Hinduism.

CLASSICAL DANCE

A Mohiniyattam (originated in Kerala) performing

Bharatanatyam Dancer

2.1 Bharatanatyam
Main article: Bharata Natyam

a story almost exclusively through gestures. Most of the

classical dances enact stories from Hindu mythology.[16]
Each form represents the culture and ethos of a particular
region or a group of people.[17]

Dating back to 1000 BCE, Bharatanatyam is a classical

dance from the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, practiced predominantly in modern times by women. The
dance is usually accompanied by classical Carnatic music.[21] Its inspirations come from the sculptures of the
ancient temple of Chidambaram. It was codied and documented as a performing art in the 19th century by four
brothers known as the Thanjavur Quartet whose musical
compositions for dance form the bulk of the Bharatanatya
repertoire even today.[22]

The criteria for being considered as classical is the styles

adherence to the guidelines laid down in Natyashastra,
which explains the Indian art of acting. The Sangeet
Natak Akademi currently confers classical status on
eight Indian classical dance styles: Bharatanatyam
(Tamil Nadu), Kathak (North India), Kathakali (Kerala), 2.2 Kathakali
Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Manipuri (Manipur),
Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Odissi (Odisha), and Sattriya Main article: Kathakali
(Assam).[18][19]
The tradition of dance has been codied in the Natyashastra and a performance is considered accomplished if
it manages to evoke a rasa (emotion) among the audience by invoking a particular bhava(gesture or facial
expression). Classical dance is distinguished from folk
dance because it has been regulated by the rules of the
Natyashastra and all classical dances are performed only
in accordance with them.[20]

Kathakali (katha, story; kali, performance) is a highly

stylized classical dance-drama form which originated
from Kerala in the 17th century.[23] This classical dance
form is particularly noticed for dancers elaborate costume, towering head gear, billowing skirts, and long
silver nails. Recent developments in Kathakali over
the years include improved looks, rened gestures and
added themes besides more ornate singing and precise

2.3

Kathak

Kuchipudi Dancer
Kathakali dancer

drumming. Kathakali is performed regularly at festivals in temples, at cultural shows for connoisseurs and
also at international events, occasionally in fusion dance
experiments.[22][23]

2.3 Kathak
Main article: Kathak
Originating from north Indian states, In ancient Indian
temples Brahmin priests(pandits) used to narrate the stories of gods and goddesses through dance, they were
known as ((kathakar)) and the dance came to be known
as kathak. Kathak traces its origins to the nomadic
bards of ancient northern India, known as Kathaks, or
storytellers.[24] Its form today contains traces of temple
and ritual dances, and the inuence of the bhakti movement.[24] From the 16th century onwards it absorbed certain features of Persian dance and Central Asian dance
which were imported by the royal courts of the Mughal
era. There are three major schools or gharanas of Kathak
from which performers today generally draw their lineage: the gharanas of Benares, Jaipur and Lucknow.

Kathak Dancer

2.4 Kuchipudi
Main article: Kuchipudi

CLASSICAL DANCE

then begins. The dance is accompanied by song which

is typically Carnatic music. The singer is accompanied
by mridangam, violin, ute and the tambura. Ornaments
worn by the artists are generally made of a light weight
wood called Boorugu.[22]

2.5 Odissi
Main article: Odissi

Odissi performance

Odissi, also known as Orissi (Oriya: oi, Devnagari:), is one of the eight classical dance forms
of India. It originates from the state of Odisha, in eastern
India. It is the oldest surviving dance form of India on the
basis of archaeological evidences.[1][2] there are mainly
three books of Odissi.The classic treatise of Indian dance,
Natya Shastra, refers to it as Odra-Magadhi. 1st century
BCE bas-reliefs in the hills of Udaygiri (near Bhubaneshwar) testify to its antiquity. It was suppressed under the
British Raj, but has been reconstructed since India gained
independence. It is particularly distinguished from other
classical Indian dance forms by the importance it places
upon the Tribhangi (literally: three parts break), the independent movement of head, chest and pelvis[3][4] and
upon the basic square stance known as Chauka or Chouka
that symbolizes Lord Jagannath. This dance is characterized by various Bhangas (Stance), which involves stamping of the foot and striking various postures as seen in Indian sculptures. The common Bhangas are Bhanga, Abhanga, Atibhanga and Tribhanga.

2.6 Sattriya
Main article: Sattriya

Sattriya dancer

Dating back to 2nd century BCE it is a classical

dance from the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
Kuchipudi is the name of a village in the Divi Taluka of
Krishna district that borders the Bay of Bengal and also
the surname of the resident Brahmins practicing this traditional dance form, it acquired the present name. The
performance usually begins with some stage rites, after
which each of the character comes on to the stage and
introduces him/herself with a dharavu (a small composition of both song and dance) to introduce the identity,
set the mood, of the character in the drama. The drama

Sattriya, or Sattriya Nritya (Assamese: ), is

one among eight principal classical Indian dance traditions. Where as some of the other traditions have been
revived in the recent past, Sattriya has remained a living
tradition since its creation by the founder of Vaishnavism
in Assam, the great saint Srimanta Sankardeva, in 15th
century Assam. Satriya dance performance at Guwahati
Rabindra Bhawan
Sankardeva created Sattriya Nritya as an accompaniment
to the Ankia Naat (a form of Assamese one-act plays devised by him), which were usually performed in the sattras, as Assams monasteries are called. As the tradition
developed and grew within the sattras, the dance form
came to be called Sattriya Nritya. Today, although Sattriya Nritya has emerged from within the connes of the
sattras to a much wider recognition, the sattras continue
to use the dance form for ritualistic and other purposes for
which it was originally created circa 500 years ago.It also
has recently become one of the Indian Classical Dances.

Folk and tribal dance forms

4 Contemporary dance

Chholiya, the sword dance of Uttarakhand

Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet, a music genre started
by Rabindranath Tagore.

Contemporary dance in India encompasses a wide range

of dance activities currently performed in India. It includes choreography for Indian cinema, modern Indian
ballet and experiments with existing classical and folk
forms of dance by various artists.[28]

Tutsa Dancers from Changlang district

Main article: Folk dance in India

Uday Shankar and Shobana Jeyasingh are accredited

as the pioneers of modern Indian dance. He was not
trained in any classical dance form but developed his
own style based on his study of Rajput and Mughal
paintings.[29] Other well known proponents of modern
dance in India include Ram Gopal, Mrinalini Sarabhai
and Chandralekha. Poet Rabindranath Tagore developed
a dance genre popularly known as Rabindra Nritya
Natyadance-dramas composed by him. These dance
dramas and dances set on Rabindra sangeet (songs
written by Tagore) are popular in Bengali culture.

Folk dances and plays in India retain signicance rural

areas as the expression of the daily work and rituals of
village communities.[25] These dances have their roots in 5 Dance in lms
religious and seasonal festivals that have become a background for such celebrations. They are mostly performed Main articles: Hindi dance songs and Bollywood song
in groups.
and dance
Sanskrit literature of medieval times describes several
forms of group dances such as Hallisaka, Rasaka, Dand
Rasaka and Charchari. The Natya Shastra denes group
dances of women as a preliminary dance performed in
prelude to a drama.[26]

Dance and song sequences have been an integral component of lms across the country. With the introduction
of sound to cinema in the lm Alam Ara in 1931, choreographed dance sequences became ubiquitous in Hindi
[30]
Folk dances can be located according to the regions of and other Indian lms.
their origin. Every state has its own folk dance forms Dance in early Hindi lms was primarily modelled on
like Bedara Vesha, Dollu Kunitha in Karnataka, Garba, classical Indian dance styles and particularly those of hisGagari (dance), Ghodakhund & Dandiya in Gujarat, toric North Indian courtesans (tawaif), or folk dancers.
Kalbelia, Ghoomar, Rasiya in Rajasthan, Neyopa, Bacha Modern lms often blend this earlier style with Western
Nagma in Jammu and Kashmir, Bhangra & Giddha in dance styles (MTV or in Broadway musicals), though it
Punjab, Chholiya dance in Uttarakhand, Bihu dance is not unusual to see western choreography and adapted
in Assam, Sambalpuri Dance in Western Odisha and classical dance numbers side by side in the same lm.
likewise for each state and smaller regions in it.[3][27]
Typically, the hero or heroine performs with a troupe
of supporting dancers. Many song-and-dance routines

REFERENCES

7 Geographic spread
Some traditions of the Indian classical dance are practiced in the whole Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan
and Bangladesh, with which India shares several other
cultural traits. Indian mythologies play signicant part in
dance forms of countries in South East Asia, an example
being the performances based on Ramayana in Javanese
dances.[38]

8 Festivals
A Bollywood dance performance in Bristol

in Indian lms feature dramatic shifts of location and/or

changes of costume between verses of a song. It is popular for a hero and heroine to dance and sing a pas de deux
(a French ballet term, meaning dance of two) in beautiful natural surroundings or architecturally grand settings,
referred to as a picturisation.[31] Indian lms have often
used what are now called "item numbers" where a glamorous female gure performs a cameo. The choreography for such item numbers varies depending on the lms
genre and situation. The lm actress and dancer Helen
was famous for her cabaret numbers.[32] The inuence of
the dance sequences of lms on popular culture is significant, with amateur dancers often copying such dancing
moves during celebratory events and performances, such
as during wedding parties or other urbanized festivals.
Often in movies, the actors don't sing the songs themselves that they dance too, but have another artist sing in
the background. For an actor to sing in the song is unlikely but not rare. The dances in Bollywood can range
from slow dancing, to a more upbeat hip hop style dance.
The dancing itself is a fusion of all dance forms. It could
be Indian classical, Indian folk dance, belly dancing, jazz,
hip hop and everything else you can imagine.[33]

Sangeet Natak Akademi organizes dance festivals around

India.[39]

9 References
[1] McCormick, Charlie T.; White, Kim Kennedy (13 December 2010). Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. ABC-CLIO. p. 705. ISBN
978-1-59884-241-8. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[2] McFee, Graham (1994). The concept of dance education.
Routledge. pp. 127128. ISBN 978-0-415-08376-8. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[3] Devi, Ragini (1990). Dance dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 234. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0.
[4] Sinha, Aakriti (2006). Lets know dances of India (1st
ed.). New Delhi: Star Publications. ISBN 978-81-7650097-5.
[5] (Narayan p.10)
[6] Constance, John; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of
Hinduism (Illustrated ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 552.
ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
[7] India Heritage, A living portrait of India. History of
Classical Dances. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
[8] Folk dances of Bihar - Bihargatha. Bihargatha.in. Retrieved 2012-02-24.

Dance education

[9] Sangeet natak, Volume 39. University of Michigan:

Sangeet Natak Akademi. 2005.
[10] Leela Samson, Jagdish Joshi. History And Myths of In-

Traditionally, dance as a profession or a hobby was disdian Classical Dances. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
couraged among upper classes and higher castes in India.
It was looked upon as a lowly activity and women from [11] Sinha, Aakriti (2006). Lets know dances of India (1st
ed.). New Delhi: Star Publications. ISBN 978-81-7650reputed households were prohibited from practising any
[34]
097-5.
dance form. Hence, in forms like Bhavai and Gotipua,
[35]
men would take up the roles of female characters.
[12] Kapoor, Sukhbir Singh (March 1989). Sikh festivals.
Rourke Enterprises. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-86592-984-5.
Rukmini Devi Arundale revived the classical dance form
Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Bharata Natyam and in its modern avatar, it became an
[36]
Shiamak [13] Singh, Kumar Suresh; Lal, Rajendra Behari; Anthroacceptable subject of training for women.
Davar, a noted Indian choreographer, started the Shiapological Survey of India (2003). Gujarat. Popular
mak Davar Institute for Performing Arts in 1985 and it
Prakashan. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-7991-104-4. Retrieved
28 February 2012.
has over 25,000 members.[37]

[14] BBC Religions - Hinduism - Navratri.

[15] Gopal, Sangita; Moorti, Sujata (2008). Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance (Illustrated ed.).
U of Minnesota Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8166-45794. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
[16] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor
South Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas
to Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopdia Britannica (India).
p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
[17] Chander, Prakash (1 January 2003). India: past &
present. APH Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-7648455-8. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[18] Indian Classical Dance. One India. 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
[19] Narayan, Shovana (2005). Indian classical dances: ekam
sat vipraah bahudaa vadanti. Shubhi Publications. p. 5.
ISBN 9781845571696.
[20] Culture of India. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2010. p.
352. ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1.
[21] A Dance Recital of Bharatanatya. SPICMACAY chapter, Cornell university. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
[22] Sinha, Aakriti (1 January 2006). Lets know dances of
India. Star Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7650-0975. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

[32] Meyer, Michael (2009). Word & image in colonial and

postcolonial literatures and cultures. Rodopi. p. 379.
ISBN 978-90-420-2743-5.
[33] (Campbell, 2007)
[34] Manorma Sharma (1 January 2007). Musical heritage of
India. APH Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-81-313-00466. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[35] Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1992). History of Indian
theatre. Abhinav Publications. p. 175. ISBN 978-817017-278-9. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[36] Sharma, Arvind; editors, Katherine K. Young, (1998).
Feminism and world religions. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4023-0.
[37] Gokulsing, edited by K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal
(2009). Popular culture in a globalised India. London:
Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47666-9.
[38] Studies in Indo-Asian art and culture, Volume 3. International Academy of Indian Culture. 1974. p. 131. |rst1=
missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
[39] Shah, Purnima (2000). National dance festivals in India:
public culture, social memory and identity. University of
Wisconsin--Madison. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

10 Notes

[23] Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1984). The Kathakali complex: actor,

performance & structure. Abhinav Publications. pp. 3
11. ISBN 978-81-7017-187-4. Retrieved 28 February
2012.

Massey, Reginald (2004). Indias Dances: Their

History, Technique, and Repertoire, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, India.

[24] Massey, Reginald (1999). Indias kathak dance, past

present, future. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp.
1533. ISBN 978-81-7017-374-8.

Narayan, Shovanna (2005). The Sterling Book

:Indian Classical Dance, New Dawn Press Group,
New Delhi, India.

[25] Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students Britannica India, Volume

2. Popular Prakashan. p. 392. ISBN 9780852297605.

Revealing the Art of Natyasastra by Narayanan

Chittoor Namboodiripad ISBN 9788121512183

[26] Devi, Ragini (1990). Dance dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 181. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[27] Gupta, Shobhna (2005). Dances of India. Har-Anand
Publications. ISBN 9788124108666.
[28] Banerji, Projesh (October 1983). Indian ballet dancing.
Abhinav Publications. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-391-027169. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
[29] Educational Britannica Educational (1 July 2010). The
Culture of India. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 284.
ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[30] Shreshthova, Sangita (2008). Between cinema and performance: Globalizing Bollywood dance. ProQuest. p. 372.
ISBN 978-0-549-90081-8.
[31] Gopal, Sangita (2008). Global Bollywood: travels of
Hindi song and dance. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816645787.

11 External links
Archival footage of a discussion on Classical South
Indian Dance and Western Audiences at Jacobs Pillow Dance Festival on August 9, 2008.

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Dance in India Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20in%20India?oldid=651328329 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Charles

Matthews, Warofdreams, Wmahan, Tsemii, Venu62, Kwamikagami, BrokenSegue, Wiki-uk, Andrewpmk, Pranathi, Dwaipayanc,
Gryndor, Paul foord, Gurch, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Wavelength, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Grafen, Seemagoel, Chopper Dave, Allens,
Katieh5584, SmackBot, Jagged 85, JonHarder, Bharatanatyam scholar, Aeln, Wizardman, Amartyabag, Apalaria, Yogesh Khandke,
MarcAurel, Dr.K., Skinsmoke, 11K, JForget, Badrish, AshLin, Neelix, Slazenger, Gogo Dodo, AroundTheGlobe, Nick Number, AntiVandalBot, Ekabhishek, Kajasudhakarababu, Jayajaya, Padmanabhan1, STBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Gnanapiti, Dbiel, AKA MBG,
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