INVESTIGATIONS IN DENTISTRY

DONE BY
R.AYSHA SULTHANA
CRRI

INVESTIGATIONS

Diagnosis and identification of disease

Confirmation of clinical diagnosis
Adequate information to perform treatment
Lab data to distinguish different diagnosis
SPECIFICITY
SENSITIVITY

Various investigations
Frequently used

Occassionally used

Rarely used

CBC : Hb, Hct,

hemogram, WBC,
Differential WBC
BLEEDING STUDIES : PT,
PTT, BT , platelet count

TEST FOR DISTURBANCE

OF BONE : Ca, P
Alkaline phosphatase
ERYTHROCYTE
SEDIMENTATION RATE
URINALYSIS
SYPHILIS SCREENING

Creatinine
phosphokinase,
SGOT,SGPT, Lactic
dehydrogenase
Bilirubin
Reticulocyte count
Creatinine
Blood urea nitrogen
Acid phosphatase

PERIPHERAL BLOOD
SMEAR
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR

SPECIMEN FOR ANALYSIS

HEMATOLOGICAL
BIOCHEMICAL
IMMUNOLOGICAL
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL
MICROBIAL
RADIOLOGICAL

LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

Biochemistry
Urinalysis
Salivary chemistry
Histopathology, cytology, immunofluorescent
studies
Serology and immunochemistry
Radiology

BLOOD CHEMISTRY TEST

Estimation of electrolytes
Renal function
Liver function
Thyroid function
Metabolic bone test
Other tests

ESTIMATION OF ELECTROLYTES
SODIUM : loss of sodium results in decreased
extracellular volume
Circulation ,renal function, central nervous
system
Normal : 136-145 mEq/l
Inc : dehydration, cns trauma,glycosuria, diabetes
insipidus,corticosteroid excess
Dec : hyperglycemia , adrenal insufficiency, renal
insufficiency, burns.

 CHLORIDE : Normal values 95-108 mEq/l

Important in maintenance of acid base
balance
POTASSIUM : Neuromuscular irritability
Decrease or increase shows impaired muscle
contraction
Normal : 3.5 -5.2 mEq/l

 BICARBONATE : Carbonic acid buffer

maintenance of ph in body fluids
Normal : 24 to 30 mEq/l

RENAL FUNCTION TEST

BLOOD UREA NITROGEN
In adults : 8-18 mg%
Symptom : >50 mg/dl
10-20 mg/dl

 Creatinine : 0.5-1.6 mg% or 1.5 mg/dl

symptom : >4mg /dl
Bilirubin : 0.1 to 1.2 mg/100ml
5.1-17.0 mmol/L
SGOT (Aspartate aminotransferase )
6-25 IU/L
SGPT (Alanine aminotranferase )
3-26 IU/L

LIVER FUNCTION TESTS

Serum bilirubin
Urine urobilinogen
Serum albumin globulin
Serum alkaline phosphatase
ASL and ALT

 SERUM BILIRUBIN : Normal values : 0.1 to

1.2mg/100 ml
Increased values : hemolytic anemia, biliary
obstruction, hepatitis,malignant hepatic
disease

SGOT AND SGPT

Secreted large amounts in liver,heart, kidney
and skeletal muscles
SGOT 6-25 IU/L
SGPT 3-26 IU/L
SGOT is a sensitive indicator of myocardial
necrosis
SGOT and SGPT rise in hepatitis and other liver
diseases, associated liver necrosis

SCREENING FOR HEPATITIS B & C

Detection of hepatitis b surface antigen HbsAg
by Direct Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assay (ELISA )
Hepatitis A SGOT, SGPT
Hepatitis B SGOT ,SGPT, LDH
Hepatits C SGOPT ,SGPT

SERUM ALBUMIN & GLOBULIN

Important in coagulation,transport hormones
and act on antibodies
Albumin- synthesized in liver
Normal values : 3.2 to 5.6g/100 ml
Globulin- plasma cells
Normal values : 2.3 to 3.5g/100 ml
Total proteins : 6 to 7.8g/100ml
A:G 1.5 :1 or 2.5:1

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Normal values : 30 to 115 U/L