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Magnetic-Field Measurements Near

Two-Pole-Type Distribution Substations
Achilleas N. Proios, Student Member, IEEE, Constantinos D. Halevidis, Student Member, IEEE,
Emmanuel I. Koufakis, and Perikles D. Bourkas

AbstractThis paper presents the mean values of the resulting

magnetic field in the low-frequency range, which were recorded
during spring and summer near two-pole-type distribution substations in urban areas. The mitigation of the magnetic field that was
achieved after covering the low-voltage (LV) fuse boxes with thin
aluminum plates is also presented. The mean attenuation achieved
is approximately 23% during spring and 18% during the summer
at the region of up to 30 cm from the substations and at a height
of 1.0 m from the ground, at the measuring points near the LV
fuse boxes. All of the measured magnetic-field values that were observed were lower in comparison with those specified as limits and
introduced by ICNIRP.
Index TermsMagnetic field, measurements,
two-pole-type distribution substations.

shielding,

I. INTRODUCTION

UMAN exposure to low-frequency (50- and 60-Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMFs), emanated from transmission
and distribution electrical networks, has occupied the publics
interest for many years. The possible effects to human health
from exposure to low-frequency EMFs are presented in [1] and
[2]. Consequently, many countries adopted limits for the recommended maximum exposure to EMFs for the general public and
workers based on guidelines that were introduced by international organizations, such as the International Commission on
Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), and IEEE [3][5]. In accordance with the ICNIRP guidelines, the exposure limits to 50-Hz
T and 5 kV/m for public
magnetic and electric fields are
T and 10 kV/m for occupational exposure, respecand
tively. These limits are taken into consideration when the power
networks are designed and constructed.
This paper has focused on the measurements of the resulting
magnetic field near two-pole-type distribution substations of
20/0.4 kV and 400 kVA in urban areas, during spring and
summer. In addition, a comparison between the measured
values of the field and those specified as limits by ICNIRP are
also presented. Furthermore, the measurements of the resulting
magnetic field were carried out after placing thin aluminum
Manuscript received May 29, 2010; revised September 05, 2010; accepted
October 07, 2010. Paper no. TPWRD-00401-2010.
A. N. Proios, C. D. Halevidis, and P. D. Bourkas are with the School of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens,
Athens 15780, Greece (e-mail: axilleas_proios@yahoo.gr; khalev@central.ntua.gr; pbourkas@central.ntua.gr).
E. I. Koufakis is with the Public Power Corporation S.A., Chania 73300,
Greece (e-mail: e.koufakis@dei.com.gr).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2089068

plates on all sides of the LV fuse boxes to investigate the

effectiveness of this method with respect to the mitigation of
the magnetic field.
The two-pole-type substations are commonly used in the
Greek distribution network, because they have the advantage of
lower cost and simpler installation when compared with indoor
and other types of outdoor distribution substations.
There are many academic works that have examined the measurements and modeling of EMFs in the vicinity of high-power
transmission and distribution lines [6][9]. In addition, the
presence of EMFs in urban environments has been the subject
of much research. Measurements of the magnetic field in city
streets conducted in Gteborg, Sweden, and in the city of
Cceres, Spain, are presented in [10] and [11]. Furthermore,
measurements of the magnetic fields derived from underground
distribution systems in residential areas are described in [12]
and [13]. Comparisons between the international specified
limits for public and occupational exposure, and from EMFs
and those measured inside outdoor substations are presented in
[14][17]. In addition, theoretical calculations of EMFs based
on computer programs are described in [16] and [17].
Measurements of the EMFs inside and outside the fences of
outdoor substations and inside indoor substations are shown in
[18][23]. Measurements of EMFs in the proximity of different
outdoor and indoor substations of 250630 kVA and 11/0.22-0.4
kV along with two substations of 150-36/11 kV are presented
in [22] and [23]. In addition, in these papers, the momentary
measured values were compared with the limits for public exposure according to the ICNIRP guidelines. The momentary magnetic-field measurements were used to calculate the average,
maximum, and nominal exposure of the public.
II. MAGNETIC-FIELD MEASUREMENTS
Magnetic-field measurements near 15 two-pole-type distribution substations were conducted in the city of Chania in the
Island of Crete, in Greece. Measurements near ten substations
were conducted between February 15 and March 5, 2010,
between 09:00 and 17:00 h, while measurements near the first
five substations were repeated during the summer between
July 24th and August 1st, between 09:00 and 17:00 h. The
atmospheric conditions during the experimental study in the
spring and summer were as follows: temperature: 9.717.3 and
29.436.3 C, respectively, and relative humidity: 43.685.8
and 48.665.3%, respectively.
A typical two-pole-type distribution substation of 400 kVA
and 20/0.4 kV is illustrated in Fig. 1. It consists of two wooden
or concrete poles, LV and MV lines, MV fuses, a transformer,
and an LV fuse box. The height of the poles is at least 12 m

0885-8977/$26.00 2010 IEEE

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Fig. 2. Ground sketch of the two-pole-type distribution substations.

Fig. 1. Typical two-pole-type distribution substation.

and the distance between them is 2.21 m. The transformer is

installed at least 5 m above the ground and the dimensions of
the LV fuse box are as follows: height: 1.52 m from the ground,
length: 1.16 m, width: 35.5 cm, and thickness of the steel enclosure: 2 mm.
The instrument used to measure the resulting magnetic field
was the High Field EMDEX II of Enertech Consultants, with
a frequency range of 40800 Hz and a measuring range of
mT with an accuracy of 1%. The instrument
measured the , , and vector components of the magnetic
field through internal sensors, and with the use of an external
sensor, the measurement of the electric-field magnitude was
possible. The measurements can be stored in the instruments
memory and transferred to a personal computer for storage,
display, and further analysis. The instrument was calibrated
and programmed to measure the resulting magnetic field
according to (1) with a sample rate of 5.0 s
(1)
where , , and
are the , , and vector components of
the magnetic field.
The ground sketch with the selected measuring points in
the vicinity of the 15 two-pole-type distribution substations
is shown in Fig. 2. For each substation, 80 measuring points
were selected. Each substation was divided into four different
sides. Side A comprised measuring points 14 and 6580, Side
B comprised points 4168, Side C comprised points 2544,
and Side D comprised points 128. The measurements were
carried out according to IEEE Standard 644-1994 [24] in three
different heights from the ground, namely, 1.0, 1.5, and 1.7 m
in an attempt to emulate the position of the vital organs, heart,
and human brain. A wooden adjustable meter stand was used to
obtain the magnetic-field measurements from all the measuring
points and heights. The origin of the axis was 0.5 m left from
point 76 and 0.5 m down from point 4. In each measuring point,
the values of the magnetic field were taken by placing the High
Field EMDEX II on the adjustable meter stand. The sensors of
the instrument were oriented toward the side of each substation
in a horizontal position toward the ground, and after about 1
min, the maximum value was recorded.

TABLE I
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF MEASUREMENTS

In each substation, six series of magnetic-field measurements

were conducted. The instrument was adjusted to measure the
resulting magnetic field of the fundamental frequency of 50 Hz
in the frequency range between 40 and 800 Hz.
In measuring points 080, for all the aforementioned heights,
the first series of measurements was conducted at a horizontal
distance of 030 cm from each substation, while the second series was conducted at a horizontal distance of 03.0 m.
To investigate the mitigation of the magnetic field that can be
achieved, the next two series were conducted after placing thin
aluminum plates of 0.50-mm thickness externally in the LV fuse
boxes of the substations.
According to bibliography, many methods are used for the
shielding of the magnetic field in substations. The different
methods of magnetic-field shielding that are applied in MV/LV
substations are presented in [25][28]. These methods refer to
the replacement of busbars with cables, and the replacement of
a transformer with a new one that could produce a lower magnetic field, covering transformers and cables with aluminum
plates and changing the arrangement of the phases in the LV
conductors, as well as a combination of the aforementioned
methods.
In measuring points 920, in the aforementioned horizontal
distances and heights, the last two series of the magnetic-field
measurements were conducted near the LV fuse boxes, with
their doors open. The intention behind these series of measurements was not only to measure the magnitude of the magnetic
field when technicians of power utility work on the substation,
but to examine the shielding that the steel enclosure provides.
The series of measurements near the substations were conducted in the following chronological order as described in
Table I.

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PROIOS et al.: MAGNETIC-FIELD MEASUREMENTS NEAR TWO-POLE-TYPE DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Fig. 3. Distribution of the mean values of the resulting magnetic field of 50 Hz

at a height of 1.0 m from the ground during spring.

Fig. 5. Load curve for substation 3 during spring.

Fig. 4. Distribution of the mean values of the resulting magnetic field of 50 Hz

at a height of 1.0 m from the ground during summer.

The mean value of the magnetic field for -substations, in

each height and measuring point j was calculated by using

(2)
Fig. 6. Load curve for substation 12 during summer.

The 3-D maps in Figs. 3 and 4 show the distribution of the

mean values of the resulting magnetic field at 50 Hz at a height
of 1.0 m above the ground. The 3-D maps regarding the distribution of the field in the other studied heights are found to be
similar to the aforementioned ones.
Along with the magnetic-field measurements, the LV currents in each substation were recorded for a period of 24 h.
,
,
,
, and
are the mean values
The
of the currents during the following time periods: 9:0010:45,
10:4512:30, 12:3014:15, 14:1516:00, and 16:0017:00 h,
is
respectively, as shown in Table I. For example,
the average current in substation 1 during the time period 2,
10:4512:30 h. Furthermore,
is the mean value of the
currents during the eight hours of the experimental study near
each substation, while
is the mean value during 24 h.
The nominal power of the transformers of the two-pole-type
substations was 400 kVA and from
(3)
the level of loading of the transformers in each substation was
calculated.
Figs. 5 and 6 show the load curve for the substations 3 and
12 during 24 h. Table II shows the mean values of the curand
in each substation along with
rents
the ratio of the calculated loading and nominal power of the
transformers.

TABLE II
LV SIDE CURRENTS OF THE TWO-POLE-TYPE DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

III. DISCUSSION
The analysis of the experimental data revealed that all of
the measured magnetic-field values were lower when compared
T for public exposure introduced by ICwith the value of
NIRP, when the doors of the LV fuse boxes were closed. In addition, as the distance from the substations increased, the field
weakened at a high rate in every direction.
The measurements conducted in spring (Fig. 7) show that for
the horizontal distance of 030 cm from the substations, the

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Fig. 7. Mean magnetic-field attenuation with a horizontal distance of 030 cm

from the substations (side A) during spring.

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Fig. 10. Mean magnetic-field values measured for three heights along the line
connecting measuring points 4 and 68 during spring.

Fig. 8. Mean magnetic-field attenuation with a horizontal distance of 03.0 m

from the substations (side A) during the summer.
Fig. 11. Mean magnetic field values of the measuring points 128 (between
the poles) at horizontal distances of 030 cm (side D) during the spring.

Fig. 9. Mean magnetic-field values measured for three heights along the line
connecting the measuring points 28 and 44 during spring.

mean magnetic-field values decayed at a high rate near the poles

at measuring points 14, 2544, and 6580 that are far from the
LV fuse boxes. Furthermore, the high rate of reduction of the
field of distance 030 cm was also observed during summer near
these points.
During spring, the values of the magnetic field at the measuring points 14 and 6580 at a height of 1.0 m and distance
of 30 cm from the substations, as shown in Fig. 7, fluctuated
between 6 and 35% of the respective magnetic-field values at a
distance of 0 m from the substations, while in summer, the variation was 12%38%.
As can be seen from Fig. 8 (measurements taken 03.0 m
away from the substations), the mean values of the magnetic
field at a distance of 1.0 m varied between 3 and 23% in the
spring, and at a distance of 1.0 m, they varied between 10% and
29% in the summer. In addition, at the horizontal distance of 3.0
T.
m, all of the measured values were under
As shown in Figs. 9 and 10, depending on the measuring
points, there was an evident increase or decrease in the mean
values of the field near the poles, when the height was changed.

Fig. 12. Mean magnetic-field values of the measuring points 128 (between
the poles) at horizontal distances of 030 cm (side D) during summer.

Furthermore, for the measuring points 58, 2124, 4548,

and 6164 between the poles and the LV fuse boxes during
spring, the values of the field at the distance of 30 cm at all
measured heights fluctuated between 33% and 92% of the value
when the distance was 0 m, while in summer, the fluctuation
was 34%85%. In both time periods, all of the recorded values
T.
at those points at a distance of 3.0 m were under
As shown in Figs. 11 and 12, for side D in reference to measuring points 128 between the poles, the mean values of the
field at the first 30 cm (for height 1.0 m) varied by 22%37%
and 27%42%, respectively, of the values adjacent to the substation. However, for side B with regard to measuring points
4168, the values varied by 14%21% and 19%27%.
As the measuring height increased to 1.5 and 1.7 m at a distance of 030 cm along the line connecting measuring points
16 and 56, during spring, the fields mean values varied between 18% and 91% of the values at a height of 1.0 m, as
shown in Fig. 13. During summer, the variation of the field at the
aforementioned measuring points was 22%90%. As the hori-

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PROIOS et al.: MAGNETIC-FIELD MEASUREMENTS NEAR TWO-POLE-TYPE DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Fig. 13. Mean magnetic-field values for three heights along the line connecting
the measuring points 16 and 56 during spring.

fact that the transformer of 75 kVA was loaded to 30%40% of

its nominal power.
In [22], the magnetic-field measurements near two outdoor
substations of 400 kVA were similar to those measured near
the two-pole-type distribution substations. The values recorded
outside the indoor and underground substations in [22] were
lower when compared with those recorded near the two-poletype substations. At the horizontal distance of 1.0 m from the
substations, both studies showed that the field decayed at a high
rate. In [22], through the momentary measured magnetic field
and current values, and based on
(4)
the daily or yearly average, maximum, and nominal exposure of
were calculated.
the public to the magnetic field
Based on the data from Table II and using (4), the average
,
daily exposure of the public in each measuring point
according to
(5)

Fig. 14. Mean magnetic-field values of the measuring points 920 (side D) with
the LV fuse boxes open at horizontal distances of 03.0 m during the spring.

zontal distance increased from 1.0 to 3.0 m, slight changes were

recorded between the measured values.
The magnetic field at measuring points 920 and 4960 was
influenced by the LV fuse boxes. The highest measured value
T during spring in substation 8 at measuring point
was
13 (horizontal distance of 0 m and height of 1.0 m). However,
T in substation S-12
in summer, the highest value was
at measuring point 13 (horizontal distance of 0 m and height of
1.0 m). The LV bus bars were located near measuring point 13.
The high values of the magnetic field near the LV fuse boxes
can be justified by the presence of high currents. The loads of
the substations during the summer were higher when compared
with those in spring, resulting in higher magnetic-field values in
all measuring points.
In measuring points 920 and 4960, at a height of 1.0 m, as
the measured distance increased to 1.0 m, the mean values of the
field were approximately 3%14% and 8%11% of the values
at 0 m in the spring and summer, respectively. In addition, all of
the values at the distance of 3.0 m were under 2.20 T.
In measuring points 14 and 7780, the magnetic-field values
were influenced by the MV conductors, while in 2532, the field
was influenced by MV and LV conductors. Figs. 11 and 12 show
that near the measuring points 2532, the field was higher, because the currents in the LV conductors were always higher.
Refrences [10] and [11] describe the magnetic-field measurements carried out in city streets, without providing information
about measurements close to distribution pillars or power substations. Another study [12] describes the magnetic-field measurements conducted in an underground residential distribution
system. The measured values of the field were lower when compared with those measured near the two-pole-type distribution
substations of 400 kVA. This difference can be attributed to the

can be calculated ( is the measuring point). For measuring point

15, at a horizontal distance of 2.0 m and height of 1.0 m from
the ground during spring, the mean value of the resulting magT. As
netic field between 9:00 and 10:45 h was
214 A,
159 A, and
calculated from Table II,
T.
according to (5),
Fig. 14 shows the measurements of the resulting magnetic
field at measuring points 920, with the doors of the LV fuse
boxes being kept open. These measurements were conducted to
measure the magnitude of the magnetic field when technicians
work on the substations. The highest measured value during
spring was observed in substation 8, at measuring point 13, at a
horizontal distance of 0 m and height of 1.0 m from the ground.
T. However, in the summer, the maximum
Its value was
T at measuring point 13, at a height
value recorded was
of 1.0 m, and distance of 0 m from the substation S-12. All of
the values of the magnetic field were lower when compared with
T for occupational exposure. At a horizontal
the limit of
distance of 030 cm from the substations, the field decayed at a
high rate. As the measuring distance increased to 2 and 3 m, all
T. During inspection,
of the measured values were under
the substations are under voltage and the duration of the technicians visit is limited, while during maintenance and other kinds
of work, the substations are not under voltage and, hence, there
is no presence of field.
A comparison between the measurements of this study
and those referring to occupational exposure inside outdoor
[14][19] and indoor substations [20], [21] near the sources of
the magnetic field, such as busbars, transformers, and switchboards revealed that the measured values of this study were
lower. This difference was not only because the values of the
currents were lower and the outdoor and indoor substations
had different configurations, constructions, and sizes, but also
because in each study, the distances from the sources of the
magnetic field were different.

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6

Fig. 15. Mean magnetic-field values of the measuring points 920 (side D)
with the LV fuse boxes open at distances 030 cm.

Moreover, the measurements in points 920 with the doors

of the LV fuse boxes that were kept open aimed to examine the
shielding provided by the steel enclosure.
During spring, the mean magnetic-field values with the doors
of the LV fuse boxes were kept closed, as shown in Fig. 15,
at distances of 0 m and 30 cm, and at a height of 1.0 m were
52%61% and 33%67% of the values when the doors were
open, respectively. In the summer, the mean values at distances
of 0 m and 30 cm and a height of 1.0 m were 45%59% and
51%69% of the values when the doors were open, respectively.
At a height of 1.0 m and horizontal distances of 1.0 and 3.0 m,
the mean values of the field when the doors were closed were
between 47%70% and 43%53% in the spring and 52%67%
and 49%61% in the summer of the values when the doors were
open. Overall, the mean attenuation achieved through the LV
fuse box housing was equal to approximately 54% during spring
and 57% during summer at the region up to 30 cm from the
substations and at a height of 1.0 m from the ground, at the
measuring points near the LV fuse boxes.
Similarly, [13] has presented the magnetic-field measurements conducted with the doors of the pad-mounted
transformers being kept open and closed. As a result, the
transformers housing provided a significant shielding of the
magnetic field by a factor of about 7.
After placing thin aluminum plates of 0.50-mm thickness externally to all sides of the LV fuse boxes, measurements of the
resulting 50-Hz magnetic field were conducted at distances of
030 cm and 03.0 m from the substations to investigate the
magnetic-field mitigation that can be achieved.
The aluminum plates were chosen to examine the mitigation
of the field owing to their low cost as well because they can be
easily attached externally to the LV fuse boxes. Mitigation of
the field was higher near the LV fuse boxes at measuring points
920 and 4960 than at points 58, 2124, 4144, and 6164
between the poles and the LV fuse boxes. At all other measuring
points, there was no notable change in the magnetic-field values
when compared with the previous measurements without the
aluminum plates.
The highest values of the field were recorded at a horizontal
distance of 0 m and a height of 1.0 m from the ground at the
measuring points 920 and 4960. In the first 30 cm, the field
decayed at a high rate, as shown in Fig. 16. From Fig. 17 regarding the measurements at a height of 1.0 m from the ground
in side D, it can be observed that the mean values of the field,
when the aluminum plates were placed externally to the LV fuse

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Fig. 16. Mean magnetic-field values between the poles of the measuring points
128, with the LV fuse boxes covered with aluminum plates, 030 cm away from
substations (side D) during the spring.

Fig. 17. Mean magnetic-field values between the poles of the measuring points
128, with the LV fuse boxes with and without aluminum plates at distances
030 cm away from substations (side D) during the spring.

Fig. 18. Mean magnetic-field values between the poles of the measuring points
128, with the LV fuse boxes with and without aluminum plates at distances
030 cm away from substations (side D) during the summer.

boxes, were between 57% and 98% at a distance of 0 m, and

47% and 96% at a distance of 30 cm, when compared with the
mean values of the field without the aluminum plates. In side B,
the values were between 62% and 98% at a distance of 0 m, and
61% and 97% at a distance of 30 cm, when compared with the
values without the aluminum plates. In addition, from Fig. 18,
the mean values of the field with the aluminum plates in side
D were 61%99% at a distance of 0 m and 56%98% at a distance of 30 cm from the substations. On the other hand, in side
B, they were 65%98% and 68%99% in the same distances, respectively. Overall, the mean attenuation achieved was approximately 23% during spring and 18% during summer at the region
up to 30 cm from the substations and at a height of 1.0 m from
the ground, at the measuring points near the LV fuse boxes.
With regard to the other measuring heights of 1.5 and 1.7 m
in both time periods, in sides B and D, the mean values of the
field with the aluminum plates at the distance of 30 cm varied

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PROIOS et al.: MAGNETIC-FIELD MEASUREMENTS NEAR TWO-POLE-TYPE DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

between 54% and 99%, when compared with the values without
the aluminum plates.
As the horizontal distance increased to 1.0 m and for a height
of 1.0 m, the mean values of the field were between 3 and 25% of
those at 0 m. At a distance of 2.0 m, all of the mean values were
, and at 3.0 m, they were less than
less than
during both periods of the experimental study. The greatest reduction in the field was recorded at a height of 1.0 m from the
ground, while at other heights, the reduction was smaller.
With regard to the two-pole-type distribution substations, further study for the mitigation of the magnetic field is suggested.
As mentioned in [25][28], plates made of different materials
and thicknesses can be used to cover the LV fuse boxes and the
LV and MV cables.

IV. CONCLUSION
Measurements of the resulting 50-Hz magnetic field near 15
two-pole-type distribution substations of 400 kVA during the
spring and summer showed that all the values recorded were
lower when compared with the values presented in the guidelines that ICNIRP has introduced for public and occupational
exposure. The loading of the substations during summer was
higher when compared with those in the spring, resulting in
higher magnetic-field values at all measuring points.
For the first 30 cm of all directions from the substations,
the field decayed at a high rate. As the measuring distance increased, the reduction in the field was even greater, and at 3.0
m, all of the values were less than 2.20 T in both seasons of
the study.
Near the LV fuse boxes at point 13, at a horizontal distance
of 0 m and height of 1.0 m from the ground, the highest values
during
were recorded. These values were 59.40 and
spring and summer, respectively, with the doors of the LV
fuse boxes being kept closed. When the doors were kept open,
the maximum recorded values were 118.69 and
during spring and summer, respectively. The mean attenuation
achieved through the LV fuse box housing was approximately
54% during the spring and 57% during the summer at the
region of up to 30 cm from the substations and at a height of
1.0 m from the ground, at the measuring points near the LV
fuse boxes.
At measuring points 920 and 4960 near the LV fuse boxes,
high values of the field were recorded. In these points, the mitigation of the field was achieved, with the external placement of
thin aluminum plates on all sides of the LV fuse boxes.
The mean attenuation achieved was approximately 23%
during spring and 18% during summer at the region of up to
30 cm from the substations and at a height of 1.0 m from the
ground, at the measuring points near the LV fuse boxes. At all
of the other measuring points, there was no notable change in
the magnetic-field values when compared with those measured
without the aluminum plates.
Further study is suggested to examine the shielding materials
used in the LV fuse boxes and LV and MV conductors of the
two-pole-type distribution substations.

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8

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Achilleas N. Proios (S09) was born in Thessaloniki,

Greece, on April 25, 1978. He received the Bachelors degree in energy technology from the Technological and Educational Institution, Athens, in 2001
and the Dipl- Eng degree in electrical and computer
engineering from the National Technical University
of Athens, Athens, where he is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree.
His research interest is in measurements and
analysis of electromotive forces produced by electric
power systems.

Constantinos D. Halevidis (S10) was born in

Athens, Greece, in 1987. He is currently pursuing
the Ph.D. degree from the National Technical University of Athens, Athens.
His research interests are diverse including topics,
such as power transmission and distribution and ELF
fields.

Emmanuel I. Koufakis was born in Kissamos,

Crete, Greece, on August 15, 1954. He received the
Electrical Engineer degree from the University of
Patras, Patras, Greece, in 1978, and the Ph.D. degree
from the Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department of the National Technical University of
Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece, in 2008.
Since 1981, he has been with the Public Power
Corporation S.A., working on planning and operation of power distribution networks in Crete and
other Aegean islands. Since 2001, he has been the
Manager of PPC S.A./Hania District, in Crete island. His research interests
include power systems, electrical measurements, and condition monitoring of
electrical equipment.

Perikles D. Bourkas is Prof. Dr. Dipl. Eng. (Electrical Engineer) at the National Technical University
(NTU) of Athens, Athens, Greece. His working
experience includes positions, such as: President
of the Technical Council of the Ministry of Health,
Director of the Technical Services at the Ministry
of Health, and Director Electrical Engineer of the
Athens General Hospital. He has also been an Electrical Engineer in various industries. Currently, he is
Professor at the NTU of Athens and Vice President
of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. His technical experience and research activities involve high-voltage
engineering, electrical measurements, electrical insulating materials, electromechanical installations in industry and buildings, hospital installations, and
biomedical technology.