4 Temperature Measuremnt Training

00826-0100-0004, 07/09
Process Control Fundamentals
Module 4
Temperature Measurement
Emerson Process Management - Rosemount Measurment, 2009. All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
While this information is presented in good faith and believed to be accurate, Emerson Process Management - Rosemount
Measurement does not guarantee satisfactory results from reliance upon such information. Nothing contained herein is to be
construed as a warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, regarding the performance, merchantability, fitness or any other matter
with respect to the products, nor as a recommendation to use any product or process in conflict with any patent. Emerson Process
Management - Rosemount Measurement reserves the right, without notice, to alter or improve the designs or specifications of the
products described herein. The training material contained in this manual was developed by Emerson Process Management Rosemount Measurement for their exclusive use. This manual and the material contained herein may not be copied, reproduced,
sold, given or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole or in part without the prior written permission of the Director of
Emerson Process Management - Rosemount Measurment.
July 2009
Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Why Measure Temperature? .......................................................................................................................... 7
Why Measure Temperature?............................................................................................................................ 8
Product Quality and Yield ........................................................................................................................ 8
Efficiency .................................................................................................................................................. 8
Safety......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Custody Transfer ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Temperature Measurement Scales ............................................................................................................... 11
Temperature Measurement Scales................................................................................................................. 12
Fahrenheit Scale..................................................................................................................................... 13
Celsius Scale........................................................................................................................................... 13
Absolute Scales ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Kelvin Scale ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Rankine Scale .................................................................................................................................. 14
Equation for converting between Kelvin and Rankine .................................................................... 14
Temperature Sensors .................................................................................................................................... 15
Common Construction Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 16
Sensing Element...................................................................................................................................... 16
Sensor Sheath.......................................................................................................................................... 16
Lead Wires .............................................................................................................................................. 17
Threaded Adaptor................................................................................................................................... 18
DIN Plate Sensor - RTD ......................................................................................................................... 18
Resistance Temperature Detectors ................................................................................................................ 19
RTD Sensing Element Materials............................................................................................................. 19
Platinum .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Copper ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Nickel............................................................................................................................................... 20
RTD Sensing Element Design................................................................................................................. 21
Wire-wound RTD Sensing Elements................................................................................................ 21
Thin-Film RTD Sensing Elements ................................................................................................... 22
RTD Sensing Element Resistance Measurement .................................................................................... 23
Two-Wire RTDs ............................................................................................................................... 23
Three-Wire RTDs............................................................................................................................. 24
Four-Wire RTDs.............................................................................................................................. 25
Converting Resistance to Temperature .................................................................................................. 25
The IEC 751 Standard ..................................................................................................................... 25
Using the Callendar-Van Dusen Equation...................................................................................... 28
Thermocouples (T/C) ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Thermocouple Types............................................................................................................................... 30
Creating a Hot Junction ......................................................................................................................... 32
Hot Junction Configurations ........................................................................................................... 33
Voltage Measurement and the Seebeck Effect ........................................................................................ 34
Cold Junction Compensation .......................................................................................................... 34
Extension Wire........................................................................................................................................ 35
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Page 3
Table of Contents
Temperature Sensor Comparison .................................................................................................................. 37
Why Use an RTD Rather Than a T/C? ................................................................................................... 37
Why Use a T/C Rather Than an RTD? ................................................................................................... 38
Thermowells .................................................................................................................................................. 39
Thermowell Design and Selection ................................................................................................................. 40
Materials................................................................................................................................................. 40
Mounting Methods .................................................................................................................................. 42
Threaded.......................................................................................................................................... 42
Welded ............................................................................................................................................. 42
Flanged............................................................................................................................................ 42
Stem Designs........................................................................................................................................... 43
Thermowell Performance .............................................................................................................................. 44
Thermowell Failure ................................................................................................................................ 44
Preventing Thermowell Failure ...................................................................................................... 44
Temperature Point Response Time......................................................................................................... 45
Thermowell Design.......................................................................................................................... 45
Tip Thickness and Diameter............................................................................................................ 46
Sensor Sheath Fill............................................................................................................................ 46
Transmitting the Temperature Sensor Signal ............................................................................................. 47
Transmitters ................................................................................................................................................... 48
Why Use a Temperature Transmitter? ................................................................................................... 48
What Does a Transmitter Do?................................................................................................................ 49
Transmitter Mounting Styles .................................................................................................................. 49
Field-Mount Transmitters ............................................................................................................... 50
Head-Mount Transmitters ............................................................................................................... 50
Rail-Mount Transmitters ................................................................................................................. 52
Rack-Mount Transmitters................................................................................................................ 52
Wiring Direct ................................................................................................................................................. 53
Input/Output Cards ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Transmitters and Input Cards................................................................................................................. 55
Wiring Direct and I/O Cards.................................................................................................................. 55
Workbook Exercises....................................................................................................................................... 57
Workbook Answers ........................................................................................................................................ 66
Page 4
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Introduction
Introduction
Temperature is a measure of a materials internal molecular activity. As the level of molecular activity
rises, the temperature of a substance increases. Hot and cold are subjective, qualitative descriptions of
the rise in molecular activity. The need for more consistent and accurate ways to describe temperature
led to the invention of temperature-measuring devices, or sensors.
Sensors use standard, universally recognized temperature scales. Because these scales rely on fixed
points in nature (e.g., freezing point of water), they provide a way to describe temperature that is both
objective and quantitative. The principles of the four universally-recognized temperature measurement
scales and their relationships to one another are presented in this module.
Many types of sensors are available for applications both in the home and in industry. Two commonly
used types are discussed in this module: resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and thermocouples
(T/Cs). You will learn about the principles on which RTDs and T/Cs operate and how they are
constructed. You will also learn about additional apparatus needed to protect sensors and to transmit
their signals to process control systems.
The following five sections are included in this module:
T Why Measure Temperature?
T Temperature Measurement Scales
T Temperature Sensors
T Thermowells
T Transmitting the Temperature Sensor Signal
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
After you have completed this module, you will understand and be able to explain the basis upon
which temperature products are differentiated in the process measurement industry.
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Why Measure Temperature?

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After you have completed this section, you will be able to:
T List and briefly explain the four most common reasons for measuring temperature:
Product quality and yield
Efficiency
Safety
Custody transfer
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Page 7

Activities
PRODUCT QUALITY AND YIELD

Many chemical reactions can only create the desired products
under specific conditions, which often requires a specific
temperature. Even a few degrees of variation from the
optimum temperature often results in very little production of
the desired productinstead, waste product is created. To
ensure a quality product, accurate temperature measurement
and precise control are necessary. Effective separation of
products in a distillation column relies upon precise
temperature control, as do catalytic cracking processes.
EFFICIENCY
Accurate temperature measurements increase process
efficiency. For example, consider an air conditioning supplier
that services several large facilities. An accurate measurement
of energy expenditure determines customer billings. The
supplier measures the amount of cooling provided by
comparing the temperature of the hot air coming into the air
conditioner to the temperature of the cooler air given off by the
air conditioner. If one or both of these temperatures is
inaccurately measured, the supplier may expend more energy
than is necessary to cool the air and thus overcharge customers.
Accurate temperature measurements prevent the supplier from
overcooling the air, which saves energy and increases
efficiency.
1.
List three valid reasons for

measuring temperature in
process industries.
SAFETY
Accurate temperature measurements help to ensure safety in
process industry environments. Temperatures can increase
rapidly in exothermic (giving off heat) chemical reactionsif
the temperatures are not closely watched and controlled,
explosions could result.
MONITORING
A temperature measurement point may be required, but it is not
critical to the plant operation.
1.
Improved product quality and yield,

greater process efficiency, assurance of
safety
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CUSTODY TRANSFER
Activities
Often, the amount of material that is bought and sold (referred

to as custody transfer) is based on a measurement of the
volumetric flow rate of gas. The amount of material contained
in a specific volume of gas decreases with rising temperatures
and increases with falling temperatures. Therefore, it is
extremely important to know the exact temperature of the gas
when determining volumetric flow rate. Inaccurate temperature
measurements during custody transfer applications result in
over- or undercharging of customers. This can directly impact a
customers financial performance. A natural gas custody
transfer application is one example of when temperature
measurements are required.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE 4.1 ON PAGE 57
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Temperature Measurement Scales

Temperature measurement scales provide an accurate, consistent, and universally understood way to
measure temperature.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
T List and briefly explain the three types of temperature scales:
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Absolute (Kelvin and Rankine)
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Page 11

The three temperature measurement scales in use today are:
T Fahrenheit
T Celsius (also called Centigrade)
T Absolute (Kelvin and Rankine)
Three features are common to the development of these scales,
even though the scales were developed at different times and
by different people:
T Two or more fixed points are chosen and assigned to a
specific temperature on the scale. For example, the
freezing point of water is used as a fixed point for both
Celsius (0 C) and Fahrenheit (32 F) scales.
T Each fixed point is associated with an observable or
measurable phenomenonusually a physical property
that changes predictably at the fixed point (e.g., the points
at which water boils or freezes).
T A standard method is used to establish numerical values
for measurements that fall between the fixed points.
Activities
1.
List the three temperature

measurement scales in use
today.
2.
List two of the three features

that temperature measurement
scales have in common.
Figure 4.1 shows where the boiling and freezing points of

water (fixed points) fall on each of the four temperature scales.
Water
Boils
212
100
373
373
671
Based
Based on
on
Absolute
Absolute Zero
Zero
Water
Freezes
32
Fahrenheit
Celsius
491
Rankine
273
273
Kelvin
Figure 4.1: Temperature Measurement Scale Comparison
1.
2.
Fahrenheit; Celsius; absolute

Two or more fixed points that
correspond to a specific temperature;
each fixed point is associated with an
observable or measurable phenomenon;
a standard method is used to establish
numerical values that fall between the
fixed points
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FAHRENHEIT SCALE
Gabriel Fahrenheit is credited with creating the first
universally recognized temperature scale. The scale originally
used three fixed points:
T Temperature of a mixture of ice water and salt (assigned
0)
T Temperature of ice water (assigned 30)
T Body temperature of a healthy person (assigned 98.6)
Activities
3.
Water boils at how many

degrees Fahrenheit?
4.
How many degrees separate the

two fixed points of the Celsius
scale?
On this scale, Fahrenheit measured the boiling point of water to

be 212. He later adjusted the freezing point of water to
32 so that the interval between the boiling and freezing points
of water could be represented by the more rational number 180.
Temperatures measured on this scale are given in degrees
Fahrenheit (F).
To convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius, use the
following equation:
5
C = ( F 32 ) --9
CELSIUS SCALE
The Celsius scale, also known as the Centigrade scale, was
devised by Anders Celsius. On the original scale, the freezing
point of water was 100 and the boiling point of water was 0.
Several years later, the two points were reversed. Today, 100
designates the boiling point of water, and 0 designates the
freezing point of water. Temperatures measured on this scale
are given in degrees Celsius (C).
To convert a temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit, use the
following equation:
F = 1.8 * C + 32
212
100
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3.
4.
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ABSOLUTE SCALES
Activities
The search for more consistency and accuracy than the

Fahrenheit and Celsius scales provided led to the development
of the Kelvin and Rankine scales, or absolute scales. Absolute
scales are scales that measure temperature relative to absolute
zero. Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature of
matter, or the temperature at which molecular activity ceases.
Absolute scales are not often used in process industries.
5.
Define absolute zero.
Kelvin Scale
6.
Name the two scales based on

absolute zero.
Absolute zero on the Kelvin scale is equal to 0 K. Increments

on the Kelvin scale are equal to increments on the Celsius
scalethat is, 1 K = 1 C.
Rankine Scale
Absolute zero on the Rankine scale is equal to 0 R.
Increments on the Rankine scale are equal to increments on the
Fahrenheit scalethat is, 1 R = 1 F.
Equation for converting between Kelvin and Rankine
Rankine (R) = 1.8 * Kelvin (K)
6.
5.
The lowest possible temperature of

matter
Kelvin; Rankine
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Temperature Sensors
Temperature Sensors
In industrial environments, high process temperatures, pressures, and vibration make it necessary to
have a robust temperature sensor. Fast response time, accuracy, and stability are also needed. While
several types of temperature sensors are available, the two most commonly used in the process
measurement industry are resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and thermocouples (T/Cs).
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
T Describe the general construction and identify the materials of temperature sensors:
RTD element
T/C element
T Explain the operation of RTDs and T/Cs and how a temperature measurement is obtained
T Compare RTDs and T/Cs in terms of their overall performance and cost
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Temperature Sensors
Common Construction Characteristics

RTDs and T/Cs have several construction characteristics in
common (Figure 4.2):
T
T
T
T
Sensing element
Sensor sheath
Lead wires
Threaded adaptor (optional)
Sensor
Packing
Sensing
Element
Internal
Lead Wires
Sensor
Sheath
Threaded
Adaptor
Activities
1.
List four construction elements

that RTDs and T/Cs have in
common.
2.
The _________________ is the

part of a temperature sensor that
responds directly to the process
temperature.
3.
True or False? The sensor

sheath of a temperature sensor
is packed with Magnesium
Oxide.
Fill
External
Lead
Wires
Figure 4.2: Common Temperature Sensor Characteristics
SENSING ELEMENT
The sensing element is located at the tip of the temperature
sensor on an RTD, while the sensing element on a T/C consists
of the entire length of the T/Cs wires. The sensing element,
which is constructed of metal, responds to the process
temperature by generating a measurable resistance (in RTDs)
or voltage (in T/Cs) signal.
SENSOR SHEATH
1.
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Sensing element; sensor sheath; lead

wires; threaded adaptor
Sensing element
True
Minerally insulated (MI) cable is becoming a standard

for temperature sensor construction.
2.
3.
The sensor sheath, or cable housing, is constructed of metal

and holds most of the component parts of the temperature
sensor. Typically magnesium oxide (MgO) sensor packing
(also called a minerally insulated (MI) cable) surrounds the
sensing element and is contained within the sensor sheath. The
sensor packing decreases the impact of process vibration on the
sensing element and thus ensures a more accurate
measurement. The end of the sensor sheath is sealed with a fill
(e.g., epoxy) that keeps moisture out of the sheath and away
from the sensing element.
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Temperature Sensors

LEAD WIRES
Lead wires are attached to the sensing element and then passed
through the sensor sheath. The lead wires are insulated before
exiting the sensor sheath. Lead wires connect the sensing
element either directly to a distributed control system (DCS) or
to a temperature transmitter connected to a DCS (see
Transmitters on page 48).
Activities
4.
Lead wires connect the

_________________________
to the____________________
or ______________________.
Internal lead wires are the part of the lead wires inside the
sensor sheath. External lead wires are the part of the lead wires
outside the sensor sheath.
Sensing element; DCS; temperature

transmitter
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4.
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Temperature Sensors

THREADED ADAPTOR
Activities
The threaded adaptor is welded over the rear housing of the

sensor sheath. One end of the threaded adaptor threads into a
thermowell or directly into the process piping. The other end is
typically threaded into a temperature transmitter, connection
head, or conduit connection (Figure 4.3).
Threaded Adaptor
Threads into
Thermowell
or Process
Piping
Threads into
Transmitter,
Connection Head, or
Conduit
Figure 4.3: Threaded Adaptor
DIN PLATE SENSOR - RTD

The DIN mounting plate style is more commonly used in
Europe and Asia Pacific, where integral mounting of
transmitters is the norm. The transmitter is connected directly
to the sensor. It is common practice to withdraw them from the
thermowell to check calibration in the field.
Figure 4.4: DIN Mounting Plate Style
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Temperature Sensors
Resistance Temperature Detectors

RTDs operate on the principle that the electrical resistance of a
metal increases as temperature increases, a phenomenon
known as thermoresistivity. A temperature measurement can be
inferred by measuring the resistance of the RTD element.
RTD SENSING ELEMENT MATERIALS
Activities
5.
Describe the phenomenon of

thermoresistivity.
6.
List four characteristics that an

RTD element material must
have in order to be useful.
7.
List the three most common

types of resistance metals used
to construct RTDs.
8.
The preferred resistance metal

used in RTDs in process
industries is ___________.
Thermoresistive characteristics of RTD sensing elements vary

depending on the metal or alloy from which they are made. To
be useful in an RTD element, the metal or alloy must have the
following characteristics:
T
T
T
T
A predictable relationship between temperature and

resistance
Relatively high resistance that can be measured easily
Physical strength
Stability (will not melt or freeze) over the measured
temperature range
A large, easily measurable change in resistance for a given
change in temperature
The three types of resistance metals most commonly used to

construct RTDs are platinum, copper, and nickel.
Platinum
Platinum RTD elements are the most common type of RTD
element used in process industries. Platinum elements have
high accuracy, high repeatability, and a high resistance change
per degree of temperature change. In addition, platinum RTD
elements are highly linear throughout their temperature range.
Copper
6.
5.
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The electrical resistance of certain

materials increases as temperature
increases
Predictable relationship between
temperature and resistance; relatively
high resistance that can be measured
easily; physically strong; will not melt
or freeze over the measured temperature
range; produce a large change in
resistance for a given change in
temperature
Platinum; copper; nickel
Platinum
7.
8.
Copper RTD elements are highly linear throughout their

temperature range, but have limited accuracy and a narrower
temperature range than platinum elements. Copper elements
are most often used for measuring temperature in bearings and
motor windingsapplications in which accuracy is not critical.
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Temperature Sensors

Nickel
Activities
Nickel RTD elements have a high resistance change per degree

of temperature change but have poor linearity, limited
accuracy, and a relatively narrow temperature range. Nickel
elements are most commonly used in applications in which
accuracy is not critical.
Figure 4.5 compares thermoresistive characteristics for
platinum, nickel, and copper RTD elements. (Note the
platinum elements wider temperature range and more linear
curve).
9.
Throughout its temperature

range, the element that is most
linear is ____________, while
______________ is the least
linear.
Figure 4.5: Thermoresistive Characteristics of

RTD Elements
Table 4.1 compares resistance temperature characteristics for

platinum, nickel, and copper RTD elements.
Characteristic
100 Platinum
120 Nickel
100 Copper
Useful
temperature
range
260 to 800 C
100 to 500 C
100 to 150 C
Linearity
throughout
temperature
range
Very good
Poor
Very good
Table 4.1: Thermoresistive Characteristics of RTD Elements
9.
Platinum, nickel
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Temperature Sensors

RTD SENSING ELEMENT DESIGN
RTD elements are available in several designs. The two most
common designs are:
T Wire-wound
T Thin-film
Activities
10. What are the two most common
RTD sensing element designs?
Wire-wound RTD Sensing Elements

Wire-wound RTD sensing elements are constructed by coiling
a platinum (or other resistance metal) wire in or around a
ceramic mandrel (spindle). Figure 4.6 shows an externally
wound sensing element.
11. True or False? A dual-element

sensor can decrease the
reliability of the temperature
measurement.
A dual-element RTD can be created by coiling a second set of

wires inside (internally wound) or outside the ceramic mandrel.
If connected to a second transmitter, a transmitter with
dual-sensor capabilities, or to another DCS card, a
dual-element sensor increases the reliability of the temperature
measurement.
Lead Wires
Mandrel
Resistance Wire
Figure 4.6: Externally Wound RTD Sensing Element
Wire-wound RTD elements are very sturdy and reliable.

Compared to thin-film RTD elements, their accuracy tends to
be higher, and their time response (how quickly the output
reflects the temperature change) is several seconds faster than
thin-film RTD elements. Wire-wound RTD elements work well
for a wide variety of applications, although they may fail in
high-vibration areas.
12. Is the time response of

wire-wound RTD elements
faster / slower than that of
thin-film element RTDs?
10. Wire-wound, thin-film

11. False
12. Faster
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Temperature Sensors

Thin-Film RTD Sensing Elements
Activities
Thin-film RTD sensing elements (Figure 4.7) are constructed

by depositing a thin film of resistance metal onto a ceramic
substrate (base piece) and trimming the metal to specifications.
Sensing elements of thin-film construction are typically less
expensive than those of wire-wound construction because less
resistance metal is required for construction.
Lead Wires
13. Elements of thin-film

construction are typically less /
more expensive than those of
wire-wound construction
because less / more resistance
metal is required for
construction.
Resistance Metal
Figure 4.7: Thin-Film RTD Element

Wire-wound
(Internally wound)
Pros
Cons
Wire-wound
(Externally wound)
Thin-film
Inexpensive due to
efficient
manufacturing
process
Very stable due to

unconstrained
platinum
Very vibration
resistant
Minimal hysteresis
vs. external wound
Wider temperature
ranges available
Wider temperature
ranges available
Quick time response

due to less thermal
mass
Small sizes available
Less resistant to
vibration than
externally wound
Susceptible to
temperature-induced
strain (hysteresis)
Less stable than

wire-wound
More expensive than

thin-film
More expensive than

thin-film
Hysteresis issues at
cryogenic
temperatures
Limited temperature
range (between -50
and 400 C)
Table 4.2: Comparison of Sensing Elements
13. Less; less
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Temperature Sensors

RTD SENSING ELEMENT RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT
Activities
To get an accurate temperature reading from an RTD, the

resistance of the RTD sensing element must be measured.
Each copper lead wire that connects the RTD sensing element
to the resistance measuring device adds a small amount of
resistance into the measurement. If this added resistance is
ignored, an error is introduced and an inaccurate temperature
measurement results. The error is referred to as a lead wire
effect. The longer the wire run, the greater the error, or lead
wire effect, reflected in the temperature measurement.
14. Describe the lead wire effect.
To compensate for lead wire effect, three-wire and four-wire

RTDs are used instead of two-wire RTDs. Three-wire RTDs
are created by soldering one additional copper wire onto one of
the lead wires. Four-wire RTDs are created by soldering one
additional copper lead wire to each of the existing lead wires
(Figure 4.8).
15. Two-wire RTDs can / cannot

compensate for lead wire
effects.
3-wire RTD
2-wire RTD
2 lead wires
3 lead wires
Resistance of
lead wire
Resistance of
RTD element
4-wire RTD
Resistance
Wire
4 lead wires
Figure 4.8: Two-, Three-, and Four-Wire RTDs
Two-Wire RTDs
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14. An error introduced into a temperature

measurement due to the resistance of
the lead wires
15. Cannot
Two-wire RTDs do not compensate for lead wire effects.

Resistance of the two lead wires is added into the resistance of
the RTD element, which results in an inaccurate temperature
reading.
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Temperature Sensors

Three-Wire RTDs
Activities
Three-wire RTDs allow for compensation of lead wire effects.

There are several methods for performing lead wire
compensation and finding the resistance of the RTD element.
One common method uses Ohms law (Voltage [V] = Current
[I] Resistance [R]):
1. A small, known current is sent through LW1 and LW2
(Figure 4.9), and the voltage drop across LW1 and LW2 is
measured. The resulting value is used later in the
calculation.
LW1
LW2
LW3
Voltage Drop
Measured (1 2)
Voltage Drop
Measured (1 3)
Figure 4.9: Three-Wire RTD Lead Wire Compensation
2.
Next, the voltage drop across LW1 and LW3 is measured.

The resulting value includes the effects of the lead wires:
Vmeasured 13 = VRTD element + Vlead wires 1&3 = IRtotal
16. _________ law is used in the

calculation to compensate for
lead wire effects in a three-wire
RTD.
From Ohms law, the resistance of the RTD element plus

the lead wires is equal to the measured voltage drop
divided by the known current (R = V/I).
3.
To find the voltage of the RTD element alone, the lead

wire voltage of LW1 and LW3 must be subtracted from the
measured voltage across LW1 and LW3. The voltage of
LW1 and LW2 found in Step 1 can be used as a close
approximation to the voltage of LW1 and LW3.
VRTD element = Vmeasured 1 3 Vlead wires 1&2
4.
Calculate the resistance of the RTD element using Ohms

law. (Some error may still be present since Vlead wires 1&3
will never exactly equal Vlead wires 1&2).
RRTD element = VRTD element I
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16. Ohms Law
Three-wire RTD lead wire compensation is less accurate than

four-wire RTD because of the assumption that the resistance of
LW2 and LW3 is equal.
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Temperature Sensors

Four-Wire RTDs
Activities
Four-wire RTDs provide the best lead wire compensation. The

following steps are used to find the resistance of a four-wire
RTD element:
1. A small, known current is sent through LW1 and LW4
(Figure 4.10), and the voltage drop is measured across
LW2 and LW3.
17. What type of lead wires provide

the best lead wire
compensation?
LW1
LW2
Current = 0
LW3
Voltage Drop
Measured
(2 3)
LW4
Figure 4.10: Four-Wire RTD Lead Wire Compensation
2.
Because no current runs along LW2 and LW3, the

measured voltage drop is due only to the RTD element:
RRTD element = Vmeasured I
CONVERTING RESISTANCE TO TEMPERATURE

Once the resistance measurement is determined, it is converted
to a temperature measurement. One of two conversion methods
is used by the transmitter:
T RTD standard (e.g., IEC 751 standard)
T Callendar-Van Dusen equation
18. What are the two methods a

temperature transmitter may use
to convert a resistance
measurement into a temperature
measurement?
The IEC 751 Standard

The IEC 751 standard describes an ideal relationship between
the resistance of a platinum RTD and the temperature to which
the RTD is subjected. For example, at 212 F (100 C), the IEC
751 standard shows that an ideal platinum RTD (one that
exactly matches the IEC 751 standard) would have a resistance
value of 138.5 (Figure 4.11).
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17. Four-wire
18. IEC 751 Standard; Callendar-Van
Dusen equation
When a transmitter or control system accepts a resistance

signal from a platinum RTD subjected to 212 F (100 C), the
IEC 751 standard curve is used to translate that resistance
signal into a temperature reading. However, since actual RTDs
are never ideal, they do not match the resistance versus
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Temperature Sensors

temperature relationship as described in the IEC 751 standard.
The difference between the actual RTD curve and the ideal
RTD curve results in a measurement error, which is referred to
as a sensor interchangeability error (Figure 4.11).
Activities
19. Define sensor

interchangeability error.
Actual RTD
Behavior
194.07
Resistance
Ideal IEC 751 Curve
Sensor
Interchangeability
Error
Temperature
Figure 4.11: Sensor Interchangeability Error
19. The difference between the actual

RTD curve and the ideal IEC 751
curve
Page 26
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Temperature Sensors

The maximum allowable sensor interchangeability error at a
given process temperature is defined by two IEC 751 standard
classificationsClass A and Class B. These classifications are
used to identify platinum RTDs. Figure 4.12 compares these
two classes to the IEC 751 standard ideal.
Activities
20. What are the IEC 751 standards

Class A and Class B used to
classify?
Class B Tolerance Area
Resistance
IEC 751
Curve
Class A Tolerance Area
32 F (0 C)
Figure 4.12: IEC 751 Ideal versus Class A and B Tolerance
Table 4.3 shows the sensor accuracy requirements for Class A

and Class B RTDs as defined by the IEC 751 standard.
Temperature
Class A
Class B
50 F
0.43 F
0.95 F
32 F
0.27 F
0.54 F
212 F
0.63 F
1.44 F
400 F
1.06 F
2.38 F
500 F
1.21 F
2.88 F
750 F
1.71 F
4.13 F
Table 4.3: IEC 751 Standards
Class A RTDs
Class A RTDs are defined as being accurate to the IEC 751
standard ideal 0.15 C + (0.002 T) C (where T is the
process temperature in C). Class A RTDs are more expensive
than Class B RTDs.
20. The maximum allowable sensor
interchangeability error at a given
process temperature for a given
platinum RTD
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 27
Temperature Sensors

Class B RTDs
Class B RTDs are defined as being accurate to the IEC 751
standard ideal 0.3 C + (0.005 T) C (where T is the process
temperature in C). Class B RTDs, while less accurate than
Class A RTDs, are sufficient for most industry applications.
Activities
21. Class A / Class B RTDs are
more accurate, while Class A /
Class B RTDs are most
commonly used.
Using the Callendar-Van Dusen Equation

The Callendar-Van Dusen equation offers an alternative to the
IEC 751 standard. The equation, used in Transmitter-Sensor
Matching, can be used to create a curve that approximates an
RTDs resistance-temperature relationship.
22. The __________________ may

be used as an alternative to the
IEC 751 standard to get a
temperature measurement.
The Callendar-Van Dusen equation is:

3
R t = R o + R o [ t ( 0.01t 1 ) ( 0.01t ) ( 0.01t 1 ) ( 0.01t ) ]
Where:
T t = Temperature in C
T Rt = Resistance of the RTD at t
T Ro = Resistance of the RTD at t = 0 C (a Callendar-Van
Dusen constant)
T , , and = Callendar-Van Dusen constants
23. When using the Callendar-Van

Dusen equation, transmitters
use the actual / ideal RTD
curve.
The Callendar-Van Dusen equation can be programmed into a

transmitter so that the transmitter can use the actual RTD curve
rather than an ideal curve (e.g., IEC 751 standard) to translate
the sensors resistance signal into a temperature value.
The Callendar-Van Dusen equation provides a significant
improvement in measurement accuracy, even when compared
to Class A RTDs.
The Four Callendar-Van Dusen Constants
24. Describe the process of
calibrating an RTD.
Class A; Class B
Callendar-Van Dusen equation
Actual
An RTDs resistance is measured at
multiple temperature and the data is
plotted on a curve from which the four
Callendar-Van Dusen constants are
determined
Page 28
21.
22.
23.
24.
Each RTD is associated with four Callendar-Van Dusen

constants specific to that particular RTD. The process of
generating the specific constants for each RTD is referred to as
calibration or characterization. During calibration, an RTDs
resistance is measured at several temperatures in different
temperature baths.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Temperature Sensors

The data collected are fit to a fourth-order curve, from which
the four Callendar-Van Dusen constants can be determined:
T Ro (ice point resistance)Resistance output of the RTD at
0 C (32 F)
T Constant that gives the linear approximation to the
R versus t curve; common values are 0.00385 and
0.00392 / C
T RoAverage slope between 0 C and 100 C; common
values are 0.385 /C and 0.392 /C.
T Constant that adjusts for nonideal behavior at <0 C
temperatures
T Constant that adjusts for nonideal behavior at >0 C
temperatures
Activities
A resistance versus temperature curve can be generated for any

RTD by plugging the RTDs four constants into the
Callendar-Van Dusen equation. (Figure 4.13).
Rt = Ro + Ro[t-(0.01t-1)(0.01t)-(0.01t-1)(0.01t)3]
Real RTD Curve
Resistance
RO
0 C
(32 F)
< 0 C
(32 F)
100 C
(212 F)
Temperature
>0 C
(32 F)
Figure 4.13: Callendar-Van Dusen Equation Constants
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 29
Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples (T/C)
A T/C consists of two wires of dissimilar metals (e.g., iron and
constantan) that are joined at one end to form a hot junction (or
sensing element). The temperature measurement is made at the
hot junction of the T/C, which is in the process. The other end
of the T/C lead wires, when attached to a transmitter or volt
meter, form a cold or reference junction (Figure 4.14).
Activities
25. Two wires of dissimilar metals
form a ___________ when
joined at one end.
Insulated T/C Lead

Wires
Metal A
Voltmeter
Cold Junction
Metal B
Hot
Junction
Figure 4.14: T/C Construction
THERMOCOUPLE TYPES
Several types of T/Cs are available, each differing by the
metals used to construct the element. The T/C categories are:
T Type EChromel and constantan
T Type JIron and constantan
T Type KChromel and alumel
T Types R and SPlatinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh)
(differing in the % of platinum)
T Type TCopper and constantan
26. Type E T/Cs have the highest /

lowest millivolt output and can
be used over a wide / narrow
range of temperatures.
Figure 4.15 compares five types of T/Cs.

80
E
Millivolts
60
K
J
40
20
S
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Temperature C
Figure 4.15: Comparison of T/C Types

25. Hot junction
26. Highest; narrow
Page 30
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples (T/C)
Type E
Activities
Type E T/Cs (chromel-constanan) are gaining popularity

because they have the highest output (most sensitive) and can
be used over a wide range of temperatures.
Type J
Type J T/Cs (iron-constanan) are among the first
thermocouples to be widely used. The materials are rugged, but
iron wire is susceptible to oxidation, especially at high
temperatures. The corrosive effects of oxidation (poisoning)
reduce the accuracy of the T/C. Type J T/Cs remain one of the
most common T/C types in use today.
27. The iron wire in Type K /

Type J T/Cs is susceptible to
oxidation.
Type K
Type K T/Cs (chromel-alumel) are commonly used for
high-temperature applications. Because they are relatively
inexpensive and offer a wide measurement range, Type K T/Cs
are the most popular T/C type in industrial environments.
Types R and S
Types R (Pt/13%Rh, Rh) and S (Pt/10%Rh, Rh) T/Cs are
useful for extremely high temperature measurements. Because
they are constructed from a platinum alloy, types R and S T/Cs
are expensive and are used only when the process temperatures
are too high for other T/Cs to function properly.
28. When are Type R and Type S

T/Cs typically used?
Type T
Type T T/Cs (copper-constanan) are generally used in very low
temperature (cryogenic) applications. Type T T/C elements are
robust in high-humidity environments.
27. Type J
28. When the process temperatures are too
high for other thermocouples to
function properly
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 31
Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples (T/C)
CREATING A HOT JUNCTION
Activities
Several different methods are used to join the T/C lead wires at
the hot junction, such as twisting, clamping, soldering, brazing,
and various types of welding (e.g., bead and butt welding)
(Figure 4.16).
For good performance, the hot junction must be constructed to
be mechanically sound, electrically continuous, and not
poisoned by the chemical ingredients of welding or brazing
materials.
29. List two characteristics of

well-performing hot junctions.
Twisted
Butt Weld
Bead
Figure 4.16: Hot Junction Styles
29. Mechanically sound, electrically

continuous, not poisoned by the
chemical ingredients of welding and
brazing materials
Page 32
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples (T/C)
Hot Junction Configurations
Activities
Junctions can be grounded or ungrounded to the sensor sheath.

With dual-element T/Cs (two T/Cs in one sheath), the elements
can be isolated or connected (unisolated) (Figure 4.17). Each
configuration offers benefits and limitations:
T
GroundedGrounding creates improved thermal

conductivity, which in turn gives the quickest response
time. However, grounding also makes T/C circuits more
susceptible to electrical noise (which can corrupt the T/C
voltage signal) and may cause more susceptibility to
poisoning over time.
UngroundedUngrounded junctions have a slightly
slower response time than grounded junctions, but are not
susceptible to electrical noise.
UnisolatedUnisolated junctions are at the same
temperature, but both junctions will typically fail at the
same time.
IsolatedIsolated junctions may or may not be at the
same temperature. Reliability of each junction is
increased, however, because failure of one junction does
not cause a failure in the second junction.
30. Junctions can be grounded or

ungrounded to their
___________.
31. Grounded / ungrounded
junctions have a faster response
time.
32. Grounded / ungrounded

junctions are susceptible to
electrical noise.
33. What sort of dual-wire

configuration enables a T/C to
continue to function even if one
wire breaks?
Sensor sheath
Dual, Grounded,
Unisolated
Single, Grounded
Dual, Ungrounded,
Isolated
Single, Ungrounded
Dual, Ungrounded,
Unisolated
Figure 4.17: T/C Junction Configurations
Sensor sheath
Grounded
Grounded
Isolated
2009 Rosemount Inc.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Page 33
Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples (T/C)
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT AND THE SEEBECK
EFFECT
T/Cs use a phenomenon known as the Seebeck effect to
determine process temperature. According to the Seebeck
effect, a voltage measured at the cold junction of a T/C is
proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot
junction and the cold junction.
Activities
34. A ____________ measurement
at the cold junction of a T/C is
proportional to the difference in
________________ between
the hot and cold junctions.
The voltage measured at the cold junction is commonly

referred to as the Seebeck voltage, the thermoelectric voltage,
or the thermoelectric EMF. As the temperature of the hot
junction, or process fluid, increases, the observed voltage at the
cold junction also increases by an amount nearly linear to the
temperature increase.
If the hot junction temperature is held constant, an increasing
cold junction temperature will produce a decreasing voltage,
because the temperature difference between the hot and cold
junction is decreasing. When the cold and hot junctions reach
the same temperature, the observed voltage will be 0 V.
35. Describe the Seebeck effect.
The magnitude of the voltage signal produced at the cold

junction also depends on the type of metals used to form the
T/C. Different metals, or different type of T/Cs, have different
thermoelectric voltages at the same temperatures.
Cold Junction Compensation
Because the voltage measured at the cold junction is

proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot
and cold junctions, the cold junction temperature must be
known before the voltage signal can be translated into a
temperature reading. The process of factoring in the actual cold
junction temperature (rather than assuming it is at 32 F [0 C])
is referred to as cold junction compensation (CJC).
Page 34
36. Define cold junction

compensation.
34. Voltage; temperature

35. A phenomenon in which a voltage
measured at the cold junction is
proportional to the difference in
temperature between the hot and cold
junctions
36. Factoring in the actual cold junction
temperature when measuring
temperature with a T/C
Like RTDs, each type of T/C has a standard curve. The

standard curve describes a T/Cs voltage versus temperature
relationship when the cold junction temperature is
32 F (0 C). The cold junction is where the T/C lead wires
attach to a transmitter or volt meter.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples (T/C)
The general steps for performing CJC are as follows:
1. Determine the temperature of the cold junction (room
temperature) and find the corresponding voltage (CJV) in a
reference book.
2.
With the hot junction exposed to the process temperature,

read the voltage output.
3.
Add the measured process temperature voltage to the cold

junction voltage (CJV) and look up the result in the
standard curve table to find the true process temperature.
Activities
EXTENSION WIRE
T/C extension wires are often used to wire the T/C back to a
control system or to a remote transmitter, which may be
anywhere from 22,000 ft away.
T/C extension wire, with a few rare exceptions, must be of the
same type of metal as the T/C lead wires. If the metals do not
match, the cold junction will be created prematurely. For
example, in Figure 4.18, copper wires are used to connect a
T/C to the measuring instrument. The temperature
measurement is made with the assumption that the cold
junction is at Junction 1, rather than at Junction 2. The
temperature measurement will be off by a factor of 25 F.
T/C Extension Wires
Junctions 2: 75 F
37. T/C lead wires and elements

must be composed of identical /
dissimilar metals.
38. What is the effect if T/C lead

wires are not of the same metal
as the T/C itself?
Hot Junction: 200 F
Junctions 1: 100 F
Copper Extension Wires
Figure 4.18: Multiple Junctions
2009 Rosemount Inc.
37. Identical
38. The cold junction will be created
prematurely and the temperature
measurement is affected
The measured voltage from the T/C with copper extension

wires does not equal the measured voltage of the T/C with
correct extension wires. In fact, if copper extension wires are
used, it is nearly impossible to find the process temperature
from the measured voltage.
Page 35
Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples (T/C)
Copper extension wires can be used in rare instances. If the two
additional hot junctions (1 and 2 in Figure 4.18) are kept at the
same temperature, no temperature gradient exists, and the net
voltage drop is zero. Thus, the temperature measurement is not
affected. However, keeping the hot junctions at identical
temperatures is generally too difficult to be practical.
Activities
T/C wire is relatively costly, particularly for platinum T/C

Types R and S. Often, it is not economically feasible to make
continuous runs of T/C wire from the hot to the cold junctions
(often hundreds of feet long). To compensate for this problem,
special lead wire is used that closely approximates the
thermoelectric properties of T/C wire. The special wire allows
the user to minimize cost without sacrificing performance.
Page 36
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Temperature Sensors
Temperature Sensor Comparison

Activities
WHY USE AN RTD RATHER THAN A T/C?

The main reasons for selecting RTDs rather than T/Cs are as
follows:
T RTDs have better accuracy and repeatability.
T RTD signals are less susceptible to noisethey have a
higher signal-to-noise ratio.
T RTDs have better linearity over temperature ranges.
T RTDs can use the Callendar-Van Dusen equation to
eliminate sensor interchangeability error.
T CJC and related errors are not associated with RTDs.
T RTD drift is predictable, while T/C drift is erratic and
unpredictable. In addition, T/C drift errors can be large as
a result of element poisoning and element oxidation at
high temperatures (Figure 4.19).
T The changes that affect the output of an RTD or T/C occur
over time due to mechanical shock, poisoning, and
temperature cycling. These changes can be eliminated by
performing another RTD calibration, an option not
available for a T/C.
T RTDs do not need special extension wire.
39. RTDs / T/Cs have better

accuracy and repeatability.
40. RTDs can / cannot be

recalibrated.
41. RTDs are / are not highly

susceptible to noise and have
lower / higher linearity over
temperature ranges when
compared to T/Cs.
Ornl Data:
Type K Thermocouples
.1
Drift
.01
.001
RTDs
.0001
1800 1500 1200
900
750
550
480
300
160
100
TF
.00001
.0006 .0008 .0010 .0012 .0014 .0016 .0018 .0020 .0022 .0024 .0026 .0028 .0030 .0032 .0034
1/T
Figure 4.19: DriftRTDs Versus T/Cs
39. Resistance temperature detectors

(RTDs)
40. Can
41. Are not; higher
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 37
Temperature Sensors
Temperature Sensor Comparison

WHY USE A T/C RATHER THAN AN RTD?
The main reasons for selecting T/Cs rather than RTDs are as
follows:
T T/Cs function at higher temperatures (above 1,100 F
[593 C]) than RTDs.
T T/Cs are typically less expensive than RTDs.
T T/Cs have a faster response time than RTDs.
Activities
42. T/Cs function at higher / lower
temperatures than RTDs.
43. T/Cs have a faster / slower

response time than RTDs.
Current RTD construction techniques produce an

extremely rugged sensor for industrial environments
that can withstand many of the higher-vibration
applications in which T/Cs have typically been used.
42. Higher
43. Faster
Page 38
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Thermowells
Thermowells
A thermowell is a closed-end, metal tube that encapsulates and protects a sensor from process flow,
pressure, vibration, and corrosion. Thermowells allow for the installing and removal of sensors
without having to shut down the process. Thermowells are mounted in various ways onto the process
pipe or tank.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
T Describe the following design options available for thermowells:
Materials
Mounting methods
Stem designs
T Identify causes of and preventions for thermowell failure
T Explain the importance of the effect of thermowells on temperature point response time
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 39
Thermowells
Thermowell Design and Selection

Thermowells are available in several different materials,
mounting methods, and stem types. The variety of design
features renders thermowells suitable for various applications
and environmental conditions (Figure 4.20).
Activities
MATERIALS
Thermowells are constructed of one of several materials, some
of which are:
T 316 and 304 stainless steel
T Carbon steel
T Monel
T Inconel 600
T Hastelloy
1.
List three examples of materials

that may be used for thermowell
construction.
Three factors affect the choice of material:

T Type of corrosive environment the thermowell will be
exposed to
T Temperature and pressure limits of the material
T Compatibility with the process piping material to ensure
solid, noncorroding welds and junctions
2.
List two factors that affect the

choice of thermowell
construction material.
Figure 4.20: Typical Thermowell Installation
Thermowell
Stem
Process Pipe
2.
1.
316 and 304 stainless steel, carbon

steel, Monel, Inconel 600, and
Hastelloy
The type of corrosive environment the
thermowell is exposed to; the
temperature and pressure limits of the
material; and compatibility with the
process piping material to ensure solid,
noncorroding welds and junctions
Page 40
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Thermowells

MOUNTING METHODS
Activities
Thermowells can be mounted in one of three methods, which

results in three different construction designs (Figure 4.21).
Thermowells can be threaded, welded, or bolted (flanged style)
onto the process pipe.
3.
What are the three ways in

which thermowells can be
mounted?
4.
Which type of thermowell

mounting style is the weakest?
5.
Which type of thermowell

mounting style should be used
for a leak-proof seal?
Threaded
Thermowells are most commonly threaded onto the process
piping or tank, which enables them to be easily installed and
removed. Threaded thermowells are the weakest type of
thermowell.
Welded
Welded thermowells are permanently welded onto the process
pipe or tank. Thus, removal is very difficult and requires
cutting the thermowell out of the system. Welded thermowells
are the strongest type of thermowell and are used with fluids of
high velocity, high temperature, or high pressures. Welded
thermowells are necessary for applications that require a
leak-proof seal.
Flanged
Flanged thermowells are bolted onto a pipe or tank and can be
easily removed or installed. Flanged thermowells are used in
corrosive environments as well as in high-velocity,
high-temperature, or high-pressure applications. Flanged
thermowells are the most expensive type of thermowell.
Process Pipe
Flanged
Threaded
Welded
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Bolting, threading, welding

Threading
Welded
3.
4.
5.
Figure 4.21: Thermowell Mounting Methods
Page 41
Thermowells

STEM DESIGNS
Activities
The stem of a thermowell is the part that is inserted into the

process piping. Stems can be tapered, straight, or stepped.
6.
List the three types of stem

designs.
7.
List four performance factors

that are affected by stem design.
All stem designs perform equally well at equal process

pressures, If thicknesses of the thermowell walls are identical,
8.
Which stem design gives the

slowest response time?
Thermowells with straight stems have the slowest time

response because they possess the most material at the tip
(largest diameter). Thermowells with stepped stems have the
fastest time response because they possess the least material at
the tip (smallest diameter). A small diameter also results in the
least amount of drag force. Thermowells with stepped stems
also cause the highest wake frequency and have the lowest
natural frequency (oscillation rate determined by the properties
of the thermowell itself).
9.
Which stem design gives the

lowest natural frequency?
The performance of a thermowell varies with its stem design.

Figure 4.22 examines the following performance factors in
relation to tapered, straight, and stepped stem designs:
T Process pressure
T Time response
T Wake frequencyFrequency of alternating side-to-side
movement of a fluid, generated by properties of the fluid
T Drag forceResistance of motion of a solid shape
through a body of fluid
T Price
S tra ig h t
T a p e re d
R a tin g :
1= B e st
S te p p e d
P r oce s s
P r e s su re
T im e
R e s p o ns e
W ake
F r e q u e n cy
D rag
F or ce
P rice
T apered
1 or 2
2*
S tepped
S t r a igh t
1 or 2
2*
*D e pe n d e n t o n flu id (v isc o sity ) a n d flu id v elo city , a n d T -w e ll le n g th
Key: 1 = Best, 2 = Better, 3 = Good
Figure 4.22: Performance Rating of Thermowell Stem Designs
6.
7.
Tapered; straight; stepped

Process pressure; time response; wake
frequency; drag force; price
Straight
Stepped
Page 42
8.
9.
Generally, thermowells with tapered stems are slightly more

expensive as a result of a more complicated manufacturing
process.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Thermowells
Thermowell Performance
THERMOWELL FAILURE
Activities
Thermowells can fail for many reasons, such as high drag

forces, static pressure, and corrosion. The von Karman effect
can also cause thermowell failure.
Fluid flowing around a thermowell forms a turbulent wake
called the von Karman trail (Figure 4.23). The wake alternates
from side to side at a specific frequency, called the wake
frequency. The wake frequency is dependent on many process
variables. If the wake frequency coincides with the
thermowells natural frequency, the thermowell can break. This
phenomenon is known as the von Karman effect.
10. What is the von Karman effect?
Thermowell
Figure 4.23: The von Karman Trail
Wake frequency is a determining factor in selecting a

thermowell for a high-velocity application.
Preventing Thermowell Failure

Thermowell failure can be prevented by selecting the
appropriate thermowell for the process conditions. To ensure
safe and successful operation, the following information
should be known about the thermowell:
T Material
T Mounting method
T Stem design
T Dimensions (e.g., diameter, length)
10. The von Karmen effect is when wake

frequency coincides with the
thermowells natural frequency, which
can cause the thermowell to break.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 43
Thermowells
In addition, the following information should be known about
the product being measured:
T Velocity
T Pressure
T Temperature
T Fluid density
T Fluid type (e.g., steam, natural gas)
To ensure safe operation, the wake frequency divided
by the natural frequency of the thermowell must be
<0.8. If it is >0.8, the thermowell may fail and a
different thermowell should be chosen. (Software is
available to aid in determining wake frequency.)
Activities
11. List three things that should be

known about a thermowell
when selecting the appropriate
thermowell for an application.
TEMPERATURE POINT RESPONSE TIME

Thermowells have a significant effect on a temperature
sensors time response. Thermowell time constants
(mathematical quantities used to determine time response) are
so large that the temperature sensors time constants become
only a small factor. The thermowell time constant becomes the
major contributing factor to the overall time constant for the
entire thermowell/sensor/transmitter system.
12. Explain why sensor time

constants become trivial when
the sensor is used with a
thermowell.
Several factors affect the overall time response of the

temperature measurement when thermowells are used,
including:
T Thermowell design
T Tip thickness and diameter
T Sensor sheath fill
Thermowell Design
Stepped thermowells are the fastest to respond to changes in
temperature, with a time constant of about 2023 seconds.
Tapered thermowells have time constants of about 26 seconds.
Straight thermowells are the slowest to respond to temperature
fluctuations, with time constants approaching 30 seconds.
11. Material; mounting method; stem

design; dimensions
12. Because the thermowell time constant
is so large that it becomes the overall
time constant for the entire thermowell/
Page 44
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Thermowells
Tip Thickness and Diameter
Activities
The time constant of a thermowell is also affected by the

thickness at the tip. Less material at the stem tip results in
smaller time constants. Stepped thermowells have the smallest
tip diameter and thus have a faster response time.
Sensor Sheath Fill
The distance and material between the sensor sheath and the
thermowell also affect time response. The smaller the distance
(x and y in Figure 4.24), the quicker the time response.
Spring-loaded sensors can be used to ensure contact between
the tip of the temperature sensor and the bottom of the
thermowell (x would equal 0 in Figure 4.24), which provides a
faster time response due to increased thermal transfer.
13. The smaller the distance
between the sensor sheath and
the thermowell, the faster /
slower the time response.
Thermally
Conductive Fill
Thermowell
Temperature
Sensor
Figure 4.24: Factors Affecting Response Time
To increase the time response even further, some industry

practice suggests using a thermally conductive fill between the
sensor sheath and the inside of the thermowell. Rather than
being filled with air, which is a poor thermal conductor, y in
Figure 4.24 is filled with a thermally conductive fill, which can
significantly reduce the overall time constant from 2030
seconds to 1011 seconds.
13. Faster
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 45
Transmitting the Temperature Sensor Signal
Transmitting the Temperature

Sensor Signal
To be useful for control, safety, or monitoring applications, a temperature measurement signal must be
relayed from the point of measurement to the DCS of the process. The signal is relayed back to the
DCS in one of many ways. The two most common ways that will be discussed in this section are:
T TransmittersThe sensor is wired a short distance to the transmitter, where its signal is converted
to a digital or 420 mA signal. The converted signal output is then communicated back to the
DCS through transmitter wire or a wireless network.
T Wiring directThe sensors lead wires are wired the entire distance to the DCS. No signal
conversion takes place along the route.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
T Identify and explain four transmitter mounting styles:
Field mount
Head mount
Rail mount
Rack mount
T List and explain three benefits of using a temperature transmitter
T List and explain two potential drawbacks of using wiring direct
T Explain how input/output (I/O) cards work both with transmitters and with wiring direct
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 47
Transmitters
Activities
WHY USE A TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER?

Three benefits of using a temperature transmitter over wiring
direct are:
1.
List three benefits of using

temperature transmitters over
wiring direct.
2.
Explain how temperature

transmitters save time and
money over wiring direct.
Transmitter signals are usually less

susceptible to noise interference; the
accuracy of temperature measurement
is improved; installation costs are
reduced by replacing sensor cables with
normal instrument cables; time and
money are saved.
Transmitters have cheaper cabling and
installation costs
Page 48
1.
A more robust signal is deliveredThe 420 mA or

digital signal output from the transmitter is much more
robust than a sensor signal that is wired direct. Noise
interference has less impact on 420 mA or digital
signals.
Measurement accuracy is optimalTransmitters offer
improved measurement accuracy over wiring direct. For
example, sensors can be matched to transmitters
(transmitter sensor matching), which improves the
accuracy of the temperature measurement.
Time and money are savedTransmitter installation is
often less expensive than wiring a sensor direct because of
savings from cabling costs and installation (sensor wire,
especially T/C wire, is relatively expensive). Also, a
robust signal and accurate measurements produce time
and money savings through increased functionality and
diagnostic capabilities of the transmitter.
2.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Transmitters
WHAT DOES A TRANSMITTER DO?
A transmitter converts a temperature sensors signal from
resistance or voltage into a common digital or analog 420 mA
signal. Typically, the analog signal is linear with the
process-temperature measurement. As an example, consider a
transmitter with a range of 32212 F (0100 C). With this
transmitter, a 4 mA output corresponds to a 32 F (0 C)
process temperature, 12 mA corresponds to 122 F (50 C),
and 20 mA to 212 F (100 C) (Figure 4.25).
Activities
3.
What is the function of a

temperature transmitter?
4.
How do HART transmitters

differ from traditional analog
transmitters?
Temperature transmitters can accept sensor inputs from a wide

variety of temperature sensor types (including many types of
RTDs and T/Cs).
Figure 4.25: Temperature Transmitter
TRANSMITTER MOUNTING STYLES

There are four common styles of transmitters. Transmitter
styles are named according to their mounting method:
T Field mount
T Head mount
T Rail mount
T Rack mount
3.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
4.
It converts a temperature sensors

signal into a common analog or digital
signal
HART transmitters can transmit digital
information simultaneously with
4-20 mA signals
Page 49
Transmitters
Field-Mount Transmitters
Activities
Field-mount transmitters are the most rugged of all transmitter

styles. Their robust housings protect against corrosion and
humidity. Some field-mount transmitters house the electronics
in dual-compartment housings, which completely isolates them
from the effects of humidity. Dual-compartment transmitters
are the best design for use in harsh environments.
5.
Explain why field-mount

transmitters are particularly
rugged.
6.
Integral / remote mount

transmitters are mounted on a
pipe stand or other support near
the sensor.
Field-mount transmitters can be integrally or remotely

mounted (Figure 4.26):
T
Integral mountThe transmitter is threaded onto the

sensor directly (mounts directly to U.S. style [1/2 NPT]
sensor).
Remote mountThe transmitter is mounted on a pipe
stand or other support near the sensor. Remote mount is
preferred when the measurement point is inaccessible or
when the process environment is too harsh for the
transmitter to be installed directly on top of the sensor.
Control Room
Field
4-20 mA Signal
Control
System
4-20 mA Signal
RTD
or T/C
Integrally Mounted
Field-Mount
Integral-Mounted
Transmitter
Remotely Mounted
Field-Mount
Remote-Mounted
Transmitter
Field Mount Xmtr
or mV
signal
Field Mount Xmtr
Process Pipe
RTD
or T/C
Sensor connection
head
Figure 4.26: Field-Mount Transmitter
Head-Mount Transmitters
Head-mount transmitters are small, puck-shaped transmitters.
Head-mount transmitters are typically housed in a protective
enclosurea connection head for direct mounting or a
junction box for remote mounting.
5.
They can have dual-compartment

housings that separate the transmitters
electronics from the process
Remote
Page 50
6.
Head mount transmitters are very common globally

and continue to gain popularity over traditional
measurement practices.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Transmitters
Head-mount transmitters can be mounted in one of three ways
(Figure 4.27):
T Integral mountThe transmitter is housed in a
connection head that is threaded directly onto the sensor.
T Remote mountThe transmitter is housed in a junction
box that is mounted on a pipe stand or other support near
the sensor.
T Rail mountThe transmitter is used in lieu of a
rail-mount style and is mounted to a G-rail or top-hat rail.
Control Room
Field
Junction Box
Activities
Remotely Mounted
Head-Mount
Remote -Mounted
Transmitter
Head Mount Xmtr
4-20 mA
Control
System
mV or
signal
4-20 mA
L1 connection head
T/C
or RTD
Integrally Mounted
Head-Mount
Integral-Mounted
Head Mount Xmtr
Transmitter
Process Pipe
Sensor connection
head
T/C
or RTD
Figure 4.27: Head-Mount Transmitter
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 51
Transmitters
Rail-Mount Transmitters
Activities
Rail-mount transmitters are designed to be attached to a

DIN-rail (G-rail or top-hat rail) or directly screwed onto a wall.
Rail-mount transmitters are also designed for compact
mounting, which allows for a number of transmitters to be
mounted very closely together (Figure 4.28).
Control Room
Rail (or Rack) Mount
Why are rail-mount transmitters

particularly convenient for
maintenance and less
susceptible to harsh
environments?
8.
True or False? One limitation

of rail-mount transmitters is that
they are susceptible to noise.
9.
What is the main difference

between rail-mount and
rack-mount transmitters?
Field
4-20 mA
Control
System
7.
mV or
signal
Rack Mount:
Accepts multiple inputs
Sensor connection
head
Sensor connection
head
mV or
signal
Process Pipe
T/C
or RTD
T/C
or RTD
Figure 4.28: Rail-Mount and Rack-Mount Transmitters
Rail-mount transmitters are usually mounted in a mild and

controlled environment near a control room, which makes
them both convenient for maintenance and less susceptible to
harsh environmental conditions such as high ambient
temperature.
A limitation of rail-mount transmitters is their susceptibility to
noise. When rail-mount transmitters are installed near the
DCS, the sensors lead wires have to run the entire distance to
the DCS. In addition, there is no standard accessory that would
allow a rail-mount transmitter to be used in an explosion-proof
area.
Page 52
7.
Rack-mount transmitters are not common in the U.S.
8.
9.
Rack-mount transmitters are very similar to rail-mount

transmitters, except that rack-mount transmitters use a
mounting chassis. The common backplane of the mounting
chassis, rather than the loop wires, often provides power to the
transmitter (Figure 4.28).
Because they are usually mounted in a

control room or other controlled
environment
True
Rack-mount transmitters get their
power from the rack rather than through
separate wires
Rack-Mount Transmitters
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Wiring Direct
Wiring direct refers to wiring the sensors lead wires back to
the DCS (Figure 4.29).
Because the sensors lead wire (and original signal) is traveling
the entire distance from the point of measurement to the DCS,
care must be taken to avoid two key problems:
T NoiseT/Cs are especially sensitive to noise interference
and must be routed around such sources as turbines and
motors.
T Heat sourcesA large change in the ambient temperature
can effect the sensors signal as it travels to the control
system.
Activities
10. List the two problems that must
be avoided in wiring direct.
DCS/PLC
I/O
cards
8-pair bundled (Homerun)

T/C cable to DCS
Thermowell/
Temperature
Sensor
T/C Wire
Single pair
Junction Box
(Multiple single pair inputs)
Figure 4.29: A Sensor Wired Direct to the DCS
Although transmitters offer many benefits over wiring direct,

many temperature measurement points are still wired directly
to the DCS.
10. Noise, heat sources
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 53
Input/Output Cards
Input cards, usually located near the DCS or control room,
collect measurement signals (inputs) from sensors or
transmitters in the field. An input card typically accepts 8 or 16
inputs, depending on its design. Output cards send the signal
back to the field for process control.
Activities
Input/output (I/O) cards can be either digital or analog. Analog

input cards can accept inputs of only voltage (mV), resistance
(), or current (mA). Each type of signal requires a specific
type of input card. For example, transmitters are wired into
input cards that accept 420 mA inputs. Type K T/Cs are wired
into Type K T/C input cards, and Type J T/Cs are wired into
Type J T/C input cards. RTDs also have their own input card
types.
11. Input / output cards collect

signals from sensors in the field,
while input / output cards send
signals to the field.
Figure 4.30 shows sensors connected to I/O cards via

transmitter and via wiring direct.
12. What are the two types of
signals that I/O cards can
accept?
DCS/PLC
I/O
I/O
cards
cards
78.9F
Thermowell/
Temperature
Sensor
Sensor Connected to
DCS Via Transmitter
Sensor Wired
Directly to DCS
T/C Wire
Single pair
8-pair bundled (Homerun)

T/C cable to DCS
Figure 4.30: Sensor I/O Card Connections
11. Input; output

12. Analog, digital
Page 54
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Input/Output Cards
TRANSMITTERS AND INPUT CARDS
Transmitters allow for a standard, 420 mA analog input card
to be used. If a transmitter is used, the 420 mA analog input
cards accept any type of measurement (temperature, flow,
pressure, level, etc.). If HART transmitters are used, digital
cards may be used.
Activities
13. Digital cards are used with what
kind of transmitters?
Standardizing the type of input card used reduces costs and

ensures full use of each card. Changing the sensor type does
not necessitate switching the input card. The transmitter is
simply reconfigured for the new sensor type.
WIRING DIRECT AND I/O CARDS

When a sensor is wired directly to the DCS, specific types of
input cards are used that correspond to the sensor type. Each
type of T/C must be used with a specific type of mV analog
input card. RTDs must be used with special analog input cards
that measure resistance signals.
14. List one limitation of wiring

direct.
One of the limitations of wiring direct is the need for specific

types of input cards for specific sensor types.
13. HART transmitters

14. Wiring direct requires specific types of
input cards for specific sensor types
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 55
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
Note: All exercise answers are located at the end of this module.
EXERCISE 4.1WHY MEASURE TEMPERATURE?

1. Match each temperature application to the correct scenario.
___ Product quality and yield
a) A chemical plant manager uses smart instrumentation to

control temperatures in vessels in which potentially
dangerous exothermic reactions are taking place.
___ Efficiency
b) A pulp and paper company maintains the pulp

temperature within a precise range during manufacture to
ensure a consistent paper product.
___ Safety
c) Temperature is measured before and after a heat

exchanger to check for fouling.
___ Custody transfer
d) Temperature measurements are used to determine a more

accurate product density, which is then used to get more
accurate flow rate calculations.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 57
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 4.2TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SCALES
1. Match each temperature measurement scale to its description.
___ Kevin, Rankine
a) Commonly used in industrial measurements.
___ Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine
b) The fixed points on this scale are associated with

the body temperature of a healthy person and
absolute zero.
___ Celsius
c) Absolute scales.
___ Fahrenheit, Celsius
d) Contains two or more fixed points that

correspond to a specific temperature.
e) Increments on this scale are equal to increments
on the Kelvin scale.
Page 58
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 4.3TEMPERATURE SENSORS
1. Write the letter number of the construction description next to the temperature sensor type.
___ RTD
a) The sensor may be grounded or ungrounded in

its sheath.
___ T/C
b) The device includes a sensing element, lead

wires, a sensor sheath, and a threaded adaptor.
___ Both RTD and T/C
c) The sensing element is the cold junction.
___ Neither RTD nor T/C
d) The sensing element is composed of two wires of

dissimilar metals.
e) The sensing element may be wire wound or thin
film.
2. A pulp and paper plant manager wants to control the temperature of a process that can range from
100500 C. Accuracy is more important than temperature point response time. Which
temperature measurement sensor would you suggest the manager use and why? (Select all that
apply.)
a) An RTD, because RTDs have better accuracy and repeatability, and although they have a slower
response time, that is not so important in this application.
b) A T/C, because although RTDs generally have better accuracy and repeatability, they are highly
susceptible to noise and this would cause major errors in temperature measurement, since this
is a pulp and paper plant.
c) A Type R and S T/C, because they are constructed from a platinum alloy and are useful for high
temperature measurements. Additionally, they are not susceptible to noise and provide better
accuracy than other T/Cs and even most RTDs.
d) A 4-wire RTD because it is the most accurate, together with a platinum sensing element,
because of the wide temperature range of the application and the need for accuracy throughout.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 59
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
3. A pulp and paper plant manager wants an inexpensive sensor so he can monitor a process where
accuracy is not critical, but in which the process temperature is typically 900 C to 1,000 C.
Which sensor would you suggest and why?
a) A Type J sensor would be the best because it is made of materials that do not wear out with
rugged use.
b) A Type K sensor would be ideal because it can handle the high temperature but is not as
expensive as the Type R and S sensors.
c) Type E sensors are the best since they have the highest output and they work efficiently at high
temperatures.
d) Type T sensors are the best option since they are very robust and operate efficiently even in
high-humidity environments.
4. A plant manager connects a voltmeter to the free end of the lead wires on a Type E T/C. With the
other end of the T/C in contact with the process fluid, the voltage measurement reads 0.92 mV. The
room temperature is 72 F (22 C).
Determine the temperature of the process fluid in Fahrenheit, then complete the sentence below.
For your calculations, use the cold junction compensation method and the table on the next page,
then select among the options for each blank to complete the sentence.
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
a) 1.326
a) 0.32
c) 0.916
b) 0.196
b) 0.72
b) 2.246
c) 2.006
c) 0.92
c) 2.326
Since the cold junction temperature is 72 F, and since this corresponds to a voltage of ______ mV,
we add the voltage measurement derived from the process fluid as _______ mV to the voltage
measure at the cold junction temperature to get an answer of _________.
Page 60
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 61
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
5. A food and beverage plant manager is debating whether to install 3-wire or 4-wire RTDs in the
plant. What would you say to convince the manager that 4-wire RTDs are better?
a) In cases where lead wire resistance varies, 4-wire installation will compensate for the lead wire
error better than a 3-wire will, and thus will provide a more accurate temperature and help to
ensure a better quality product.
b) In the case of a food and beverage plant where lead wire effects are accentuated by noise levels,
the lead wire effects with a 3-wire RTD will result in a completely inaccurate temperature
reading. To offset this, it is best to use a 4-wire RTD.
c) The longer the wire run, the greater the error or lead wire effect, which is reflected in the
temperature measurement. Since a 4-wire RTD is comprised of 4 wires that are shorter than
those of a 3-wire RTD, it reduces the margin of error when a 4-wire RTD is used.
d) Given that the RTD would be prone to corrosion since this is a food and beverage plant, it is
advisable to use a 4-wire RTD, since the probability of all the wires being affected by corrosion
is lower.
6. In which of the following scenarios would you suggest an RTD to your customer? (Select all that
apply.)
a) The customer wants a high accuracy measurement.
b) The customer has a high temperature [(1,100 F (593 C)] process and wants to save money.
c) The customer needs an accurate measurement in a high-noise environment.
d) The customer does not require high accuracy.
Page 62
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 4.4THERMOWELLS
1. A plant manager uses thermowells in her process temperature measurements, but is convinced that
she must use a T/C because temperature point response time is so critical for product quality. How
would you respond to this claim?
The response time of a thermowell is (faster than / equal to / slower than) that of an RTD or a T/C
and thus will always determine the overall response time. Since the customer is using a
thermowell, the overall temperature response time will be (almost the same / faster / slower)
whether an RTD or a T/C is used.
2. Suggest a way to get the best response time to a plant manager who uses thermowells in her
process temperature measurements, but is convinced that she must use a T/C because temperature
point response time is critical for product quality.
She should use a (straight / tapered / stepped) design and a thermally conductive fill between the
sensor sheath and the inside of the thermowell.
3. Which of the selections below are the four important questions you would ask a new customer that
youve never had contact with before in order to determine the best thermowell for his/her needs
and to ensure a safe and successful operation? (Select all that apply.)
a) What is the typical velocity range of the product being measured?
b) What is the volume of the product being measured?
c) What is the typical pressure range of the product being measured?
d) What is the wake frequency of the product being measured?
e) What is the typical temperature range of the product being measured?
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 63
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
4. If you discover that the process followed leads to extreme corrosion at high pressures and
temperature, which thermowell design (material, mounting method, and stem design) would you
suggest to a customer and why?
After using the ______ tables to determine the most suitable material(s) to be used with the
process, a ______ design should be suggested, since it provides the highest amount of integrity in
high-pressure, high-temperature applications. Stem style depends on whether ______ to high flow
rates is important.
a) Chemical resistance
a) Threaded
a) Response time or resistance
b) Rosemount common reference
b) Welded
b) Pressure
c) Temperature-pressure ratio
c) Flanged
c) Corrosion
Page 64
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 4.5TRANSMITTING THE TEMPERATURE SENOR SIGNAL
1. Match the transmitter mounting style to the corresponding transmitter mounting description.
___ Field mount
a) Compact mounting; mounted to a G-rail or top-hat rail
___ Head mount
b) Often has a dual compartment housing
___ Rail mount
c) Designed for compact mounting; receives power through

a mounting chassis rather than sensor wires
___ Rack mount
d) May be housed in a connection head or junction box
2. One of your customers has always used wiring direct and wishes to continue doing so. Which
statements would you use to explain the advantages of using a temperature transmitter instead of
wiring direct (including a discussion of I/O cards)? (Select all that apply.)
a) A transmitter delivers a more robust signal than does a sensor. Noise interference has less
impact on 420 mA signals.
b) Transmitters offer improved measurement accuracy over wiring direct. Also, wiring direct into
a DCS requires a specific input card for each specific sensor type.
c) Transmitters save time and money. Installation is less expensive and, because of the more robust
signal and greater accuracy, time and money are saved through increased functionality and
diagnostic capabilities of the transmitter.
d) Although they cost more, transmitters are less susceptible to noise levels and therefore improve
the accuracy of measurement.
e) Because T/C lead wires are more expensive than a standard twisted pair, long runs of T/C wire
can soon add up to the cost of a transmitter, while an even greater susceptibility to noise still
exists.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 65
Workbook Answers
Workbook Answers
Exercise 4.1Why Measure Temperature?
1. Match each temperature application to the correct scenario.
b Product quality and yield
___
a) A chemical plant manager uses smart instrumentation to

control temperatures in vessels in which exothermic
reactions are taking place.
c Efficiency
___
b) A pulp and paper company maintains the pulp

temperature within a precise range during manufacture to
ensure a consistent paper product.
a Safety
___
c) Temperature is measured before and after a heat

exchanger to check for fouling.
d Custody transfer
___
d) Temperature measurements are used to determine a more

accurate product density, which is then used to get more
accurate flow rate calculations.
Exercise 4.2Temperature Measurement Scales

1. Match each temperature measurement scale to its description.
c Kevin, Rankine
___
d Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine
___
e Celsius
___
a Fahrenheit, Celsius
___
a) Commonly used in industrial measurements.

b) The fixed points on this scale are associated with
the body temperature of a healthy person and
absolute zero.
c) Absolute scales.
d) Contains two or more fixed points that
correspond to a specific temperature.
e) Increments on this scale are equal to increments
on the Kelvin scale.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 66
Workbook Answers
Workbook Answers
Exercise 4.3Temperature Sensors
1. Write the letter number of the construction description next to the temperature sensor type.
e RTD
___
a) The sensor may be grounded or ungrounded in

its sheath.
a,
d T/C
___
b) The device includes a sensing element, lead

wires, a sensor sheath, and a threaded adaptor.
b Both RTD and T/C

___
c Neither RTD nor T/C
___
c) The sensing element is the cold junction.

d) The sensing element is composed of two wires of
dissimilar metals.
e) The sensing element may be wire wound or thin
film.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a, d
b
a, c, b
a
a, c
Exercise 4.4Thermowells
1.
2.
3.
4.
Slower than; almost the same

Stepped
a, c, d, e
Chemical resistance; welded; response time or resistance
Exercise 4.5Transmitting the Temperature Sensor Signal

1. Match the transmitter mounting style to the corresponding transmitter mounting description.
b Field mount
___
d Head mount
___
a) Compact mounting; mounted to a G-rail or top-hat rail
a Rail mount
___
c) Designed for compact mounting; receives power through

a mounting chassis rather than sensor wires
c Rack mount
___
d) May be housed in a connection head or junction box
b) Often has a dual compartment housing
2. a, b, c, d, e
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 67
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trademarks of Rosemount Inc.PlantWeb is a registered tradedmark of the Emerson Process Management group of companies.All other marks
are the property of their respective owners. 2009 Rosemount, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emerson Process Management

Rosemount Measurement
8200 Market Boulevard
Chanhassen MN 55317 USA
Tel (USA) 1 800 999 9307
Tel (International) +1 952 906 8888
Fax +1 952 949 7001
Emerson Process Management

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Tel +971 4 811 8100
Fax + 971 4 886 5465
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Singapore 128461
Tel +65 6777 8211
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00826-0100-0004, 07/09

Process Control Fundamentals

Why Measure Temperature?

Why Measure Temperature?

Why Measure Temperature?

Why Measure Temperature?

PRODUCT QUALITY AND YIELD

List three valid reasons for

Improved product quality and yield,

Why Measure Temperature?

Why Measure Temperature?

Often, the amount of material that is bought and sold (referred

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE 4.1 ON PAGE 57

Temperature Measurement Scales

Temperature Measurement Scales

Temperature Measurement Scales

Temperature Measurement Scales

List the three temperature

List two of the three features

Figure 4.1 shows where the boiling and freezing points of

Figure 4.1: Temperature Measurement Scale Comparison

Fahrenheit; Celsius; absolute

Temperature Measurement Scales

Temperature Measurement Scales

Water boils at how many

How many degrees separate the

On this scale, Fahrenheit measured the boiling point of water to

Temperature Measurement Scales

Temperature Measurement Scales

The search for more consistency and accuracy than the

Define absolute zero.

Name the two scales based on

Absolute zero on the Kelvin scale is equal to 0 K. Increments

The lowest possible temperature of

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE 4.2 ON PAGE 58

Common Construction Characteristics

List four construction elements

The _________________ is the

True or False? The sensor

Figure 4.2: Common Temperature Sensor Characteristics

Sensing element; sensor sheath; lead

Minerally insulated (MI) cable is becoming a standard

The sensor sheath, or cable housing, is constructed of metal

Common Construction Characteristics

Lead wires connect the

Sensing element; DCS; temperature

Common Construction Characteristics

The threaded adaptor is welded over the rear housing of the

Figure 4.3: Threaded Adaptor

DIN PLATE SENSOR - RTD

Figure 4.4: DIN Mounting Plate Style

Resistance Temperature Detectors

RTD SENSING ELEMENT MATERIALS

Describe the phenomenon of

List four characteristics that an

List the three most common

The preferred resistance metal

Thermoresistive characteristics of RTD sensing elements vary

A predictable relationship between temperature and

The three types of resistance metals most commonly used to

2009 Rosemount Inc.

The electrical resistance of certain

Copper RTD elements are highly linear throughout their

Resistance Temperature Detectors