Between Realism and Anti-realism

I want to begin situating Deleuzes thought relative to realism and anti-realism by addressing two
questions Deleuze received after he gave his Method of Dramatization talk to the Socit
franaise de Philosophie on 28 January, 1967. The first is from Ferdinand Alqui, who expressed
the following concern upon hearing Deleuze use examples from science and psychology to make
philosophical points:
I understand that Mr. Deleuze criticizes philosophy for making the Idea a conception that
is not adaptable, as he would like, to scientific, psychological, and historical problems.
But I think that alongside these problems there remain classical philosophical problems,
namely problems having to do with essence. In any event, I don't believe, as Deleuze
does, that the great philosophers have never posed such questions. 1
Coming from the man who was overseeing Deleuzes work on Spinoza at the time, this
criticism got Deleuzes attention. The second question is from Alexis Philonenko, a Kant and
Fichte scholar, who sought clarification of Deleuzes argument concerning the relationship
between the representational and the subrepresentational. Philonenko compared these
arguments to Mamons, noting that the differential elements for Mamon compare to Deleuzes
subrepresentational elements, and the representational compares to the integration of these
differentials. A consequence of this approach for Philonenko is skepticism, for we are without a
criterion whereby we can discern what we produce and what the object produces...[and] what
is produced logically and what is not This leads to his question:
So this is what I want to know: what part does illusion (or the illusory) have in the
movement of differential elements? 2
Before addressing Deleuzes response to these two questions I want to set forth how these
questions give rise to issues concerning realism. We will then be better able to place Deleuzes

1
2

Desert Islands, p. 106.

Ibid., p. 114.

2
thought into the constellation of debates that surround realism, anti-realism, and speculative
realism.

Alquis concern with Deleuzes talk was that the distinctiveness of philosophy was being
supplanted by science. Is philosophy merely a midwife for the sciences? For Deleuze the
answer is clearly no. When asked whether the topological model Deleuze and Guattari put
forth in the conclusion to A Thousand Plateaus is transposable into mathematics [and]
biology, Deleuze says, it is the other way around, and to clarify this point he adds: I feel that
I am Bergsonian when Bergson says that modern science has not found its metaphysics, the
metaphysics it needs. It is that metaphysics that interests me. 3 This metaphysics should not,
Deleuze stresses, be in the style of Kant, but rather in the style of Whitehead. 4 What this
style involves will be discussed below, but it is important first to appreciate the fact that
Deleuze is interested in the metaphysics modern science needs, rather than the science
philosophy needs.

With this turn to metaphysics we also return to the choice that has come to characterize much
of post-Kantian philosophyone can follow Humean empiricism and its positivist and
nominalist variants or one can follow Kantian critique and its idealist and rationalist variants,
but one cannot follow both. Alexis Philonenkos question regarding illusion comes from the
Kantian perspective. For Kant there is the transcendental illusion whereby one extends the
concepts of the pure understanding to form judgments regarding things that are beyond the
limits of possible experience (e.g., the existence of God, the claim that the world must have a
beginning in time, etc.). The point of Kants critical project is to determine the limits that draw

3
4

Collapse, p. 41.
Ibid.

4
the line between legitimate and illusory claims to know what is real and what is not. But even
with this project in hand, Kant admits that the transcendental illusion does not cease even after
it has been detected and its invalidity clearly revealed by transcendental criticism. (A297) The
mind naturally and inevitably slips into illusion. On Philonenkos reading of Mamon, we cannot
even be certain about the line we draw between legitimate and illusory judgments since it is
uncertain whether the integration of differentials from which our judgments arise are the
products of our own making or a real consequence of a real object. Similarly for Hume, when we
are led through the association of ideas and habit to impute causality and necessity to objective
relationships, or to infer a substantial self that accompanies our thoughts and perceptions, Hume
too would leave us with no way to differentiate between reality and illusion other than the
strength and vivacity of the beliefs themselves, which is certainly no guarantee. As Deleuze says
of Hume, From the point of view of philosophy, the mind is no longer anything but delirium and
madness. There is no complete system, synthesis, or cosmology that is not imaginary.5 Deleuzes
response to Philonenkos question may thus seem surprising, but it is unambiguousfor him
there is no place for illusion with respect to the subrepresentational field this field is perfectly
determinable as Deleuze puts it and the illusion only comes afterward, from the direction of
constituted extension and the qualities that fill out these extensions.6 For Deleuze, therefore, the
real is to be associated with processes that constitute the givenness of objects rather than with the
constituted, identifiable objects and categories themselves. It is for this reason that Deleuze
identifies the style of metaphysics he is interested in with Whitehead instead of Kant; rather than
base an understanding of reality upon identifiable categories and forms of judgment, Deleuze

5
6

Empiricism and Subjectivity, 83.

Method of Dramatization, p. 115.

5
argues that our scientific, representational understanding of reality presupposes
subrepresentational processes that are not to be confused or identified with that which is
identifiable as a result of these processes.

In the choice between Kant and Hume, therefore, it appears Deleuzes choice is clearHume.
But where does this leave Deleuze relative to realism, and metaphysics in particular? At first it
might seem that Deleuze should be placed solidly within the anti-realist camp. After all, if what
can be said of reality may, in the end, be illusory, and if much like Hume Deleuze is willing to
say that there is no complete system, synthesis, or cosmology that is not imaginary, then it
would seem to be difficult to place Deleuze within the realist camp. But is he an anti-realist?

To answer this question I will sketch out the difference between realism and anti-realism by
turning to Quentin Meillassouxs critique of correlationism, which ultimately is a radical critique,
as Meillasoux puts it, of any contemporary opponent of any realism.7 Put briefly, correlationism
is the position which holds that we cannot know reality as it is in-itself but only as it is for-us, as
a correlate of consciousness, language, culture, conceptual scheme, etc. Meillassoux notes that
Fichtes Principles of Scientific Knowledge is the chef doeuvre of such a correlationism in that
it shows how any attempt to posit a reality as independent of any positing is still a reality that is
posited as such. Correlationism, however, is not committed to a subject-object dualism but more
importantly rejects any attempt to hypostatize a reality that would be an autonomous and
independent reality. This is why Meillassoux will understand correlationism not as an antirealism but [as] an anti-absolutism, for it is invoked to curb every hypostatization, every
7

Collapse, p. 408.

6
substantialization of an object of knowledge which would turn the latter into a being existing in
and of itself.8 Whether these autonomous beings are Ideas or objects, correlationism, for our
purposes, is anti-realist in that it holds that any reality in-itself is always from the start an in-itself
correlated with something else.

Let us turn now to more traditional understandings of anti-realismnamely, those of the analytic
tradition. The term itself was first used by Michael Dummett to characterize those positions that
argue that reality is what is necessary in order to state meaningful, true sentences. Dummett will
refer to this as semantic realism, and others will call it deflationary realism, but it is clear that it
is a form of correlationism or anti-realism in that the real is real only insofar as it is necessary to
the utterance of meaningful, true sentences or, as Quine famously put it, To be assumed as an
entity is, purely and simply, to be reckoned as the value of a variable. In terms of categories of
traditional grammar, this amounts roughly to saying that to be is to be in the range of reference of
a pronoun.9 Donald Davidson will later criticize Quine for continuing to adhere to what he
refers to as the third dogma of empiricism, by which Davidson means the continuing adherence
to the scheme-content dualism whereby a pure content (sensory firings in Quines case) is
forged and translated by a conceptual scheme into the content of our knowledge of reality. In
rejecting the third dogma Davidson may appear to be a realist he does, after all, claim to
uphold a form of monism which asserts that there is nothing but objects and events and yet
when he argues for the reality of these objects and events his argument in the end is that they
(especially events) are real only because we could not utter the meaningful sentences we do
without them. And finally, though we could go on, in David Lewis modal realism, a realism that
8
9

After Finitude, p. 11.

From a Logical Point of View, p. 13

7
goes well beyond common sense nave realism in that Lewis accepts the reality of possible
worlds, Lewis argues for the reality of these possible worlds by showing that they are necessary
if our everyday counterfactual claims are to be meaningful and true. In all these cases and in
others we could list, the real is real only by virtue of the necessary role it plays in some other
process (namely, a linguistic and semantic process), and thus correlationism and anti-realism are
alive and well within the analytic tradition.

To move beyond correlationism, Meillassoux draws support from an important ontological claim
that he derives from it, even though he admits that correlationism is not an ontology, strictly
speaking. Meillassoux argues that [a]ccording to the correlationist, if I remove myself from the
world, I cant know the residue. But this reasoning supposes that we have access to an absolute
possibility: the possibility that the in-itself could be different from the for-us. And this absolute
possibility is grounded in turn on the absolute facticity of the correlation.10 In other words,
following from the epistemological claim that one cannot know the residue of what would be
independent of what is for-us, Meillassoux draws the ontological conclusion that the world could
be other than it is for-us, which entails, in turn, the possibility of a world without correlation, a
world without givnness. From here it is a simple step to the undermining of correlationism since
if the real, X, can only be known as a posited X, then it follows from the ontological conclusion
concerning the facticity of the correlation itself that there is the possibility of an X that is not
posited, a world without givenness for-us.

10

8
One of the challenges that attends Meillassouxs conclusion, and one that is central to what has
been called speculative realism (but which has not been ignored within the analytic tradition as
well), is to account, in a noncircular manner, for the facticity of thought itselfespecially the
normative patterns of thoughtand hence for the relationship between thought and the structure
of reality from which thought emerges. It would lead us too far astray to begin to detail these
debates, but it should be noted that the Meillassouxs own concerns regarding realism and the
facticity of thought are widely shared and are being addressed from a number of different
perspectives.

To begin to return this discussion back to the relationship between philosophy and scienceand
clearly science has a lot to say about the origins of thoughtwe will be aided by discussing
necessary laws. We can begin with David Lewiss Humean understanding of necessity, what he
calls Humean Supervenience. On Lewiss reading of Hume, any claims we make regarding the
world that we take to be true, including claims concerning necessary laws, supervene upon a
given distribution of particular facts. There cannot be a change in this distribution without a
change in the claims or truths that supervene upon them. Given the laws of probability, the
chance a single throw of the dice will give me a six are one in six. Three or four sixes may show
up in a row, but given a large enough number of throws the number of times I throw a six
approaches one in six. These laws of probability therefore supervene upon a given distribution of
particular facts (rolls of the dice) in the world up to and including time1. If there is a non-zero
chance, however, that after time1 sixes come up every time then that would effect the chance
distribution at W at time1it would be something higher than one in six, but this contradicts

9
Humean supervenience. Lewis refers to this as an undermining future. In his analysis of Hume,
however, Meillassoux argues that what makes Humes understanding of necessity possible is that
there be a totality relative to which the particular facts are compared, and hence upon which the
necessary laws supervene. It is the totality of throws at time1 combined with the throws after
time1 that gives rise to undermining futures. Following Badiou and Cantor, however, Meillassoux
argues for the not-All that cannot be totalized and which therefore undermines the necessary
laws that would supervene upon a given totality. The notion of an undermining future would not
even arise on this reading. This is not to say that there are no particular facts or regularities
between facts. Within a large set of observations the odds of sixes appearing may be one in six,
or there may be countless other regularities, but the laws that supervene upon these regularities
are, Meillassoux argues, contingent. They are not necessary. As Hume said, we are unable to
demonstrate any such necessity.11

Turning now to Deleuze we have what you might call Deleuzian supervenience, whereby the
axiomatic supervenes upon the problematic, but the problematic forever exceeds the axiomatic, it
is the power of the continuum, tied to the axiomatic but exceeding it. Axiomatics, or what
Deleuze will also call major or royal science, draws from problematics the necessity of inventing
and innovating, and problematics, or minor or nomad science, calls upon axiomatics to actualize
solutions to the problems it lays out. Deleuze and Guattari are clear on this point: Major science
has a perpetual need for the inspiration of the minor; but the minor would be nothing if it did not
confront and conform to the highest scientific requirements.12 To begin clarifying this point we

11 Collapse, p. 441.
12 A Thousand Plateaus, p. 486.

10
can turn to Spinoza, and to Deleuzes review essay of Gueroults first volume on Spinozas
Ethics. In this essay Deleuze argues that what is important about Gueroults approach is that it
doesnt begin with the idea of God (God enters the scene with the sixth definition and the ninth
propostion). Does this mean that the first six definitions and eight propositions are inessential to
Spinozas project mere preliminary work Spinoza had to get out of the way before the real
work began? For Gueroult and for Deleuze the answer is no. When the answer is yes, Deleuze
argues, we get
two misreadings of the attribute: 1) the Kantian illusion that makes attributes forms or
concepts of the understanding, and 2) the neo-Platonic vertigo that makes attributes
already degraded emanations or manifestations.13
With this claim we come to the central feature of Deleuzes Spinozismnamely, the relentless
tracking down of transcendence in all its forms. And here we have two misreadings of Spinoza
that call upon transcendence. There is the Kantian illusion that turns attributes into concepts that
transcend substance as that which is then applied to substance (this is also Badious misreading
of Spinoza); and then there is the neo-Platonic misreading of Spinoza that sees substance as a
pure One and the attributes as degraded emanations of this One (Hegel and Bertrand Russell are
guilty of this reading). Substance, however, is neither One nor multiple, but is rather a
multiplicity, a substantive multiplicity. The attributes, therefore, are fully real and are really
distinct from one another, but they are not numerically distinct and they do not transcend
substance, nor are they the degraded emanations of substancethey constitute, to repeat, what
Deleuze will call a substantive multiplicity:
The logic of real distinction is a logic of purely affirmative difference and without
negation. Attributes indeed constitute an irreducible multiplicity, but the whole question
13 Desert Islands, Gueroults General Method for Spinoza, p. 149

11
is what type of multiplicity. The problem is erased if the substantive multiplicity is
transformed into two opposed adjectives (multiple attributes and one substance).14
For Deleuze, therefore, Spinoza does not begin with God but with the problematic, with
substantive multiplicity. To understand Spinoza adequately, therefore, it is essential to clarify
what is meant by substance, and in what way it is not to be confused with either God or the
modes and attributes. By far the most common interpretation of substance is to understand it as a
being, albeit an absolute, infinite being, that is in some way parceled by the modes and attributes.
At the risk of slipping into an illegitimate anachronism, we could apply Heideggers ontological
difference and say that substance is typically understood onto-theo-logically as being in contrast
to Being. Although I will not, as some do, assert that substance is to be understood as Being, as
no-thing in Heideggers sense of the term, I do think that substance is not to be conceived as a
being either. This reading of substance naturally lends itself to the two misreadings of the
attributes listed above. The reading I prefer is largely indebted to H.F. Halletts idiosyncratic
reading of Spinoza. For Hallett substance is absolutely indeterminate, or in-determinate as I
prefer. Halletts interpretation is by no means the consensus view, but it does have important
textual support. For example, since God is defined in the Ethics as absolutely infinite (1D6), God
can in no way be limited or be in any way determinate, for to be determinate entails being related
to another that it is not. As Spinoza argues in his letter to Jelles, all determination is negation,
and hence substance cannot be determinate if is to be absolutely infinite and affirmative, which is
precisely how Spinoza understands it, as he makes clear in a letter to Lodewijk Meyer where he
claims substance is the infinite enjoyment of existing. This is also accounts for why God is
absolutely infinite rather than infinite in its own kind, as the attributes are, since this would
14 Ibid. p. 150.

12
require being a determinate form of infinite and hence a form that could, when understood
conceptually by way of the understanding namely the infinite mode of understandingbe
related to what it is not, to what is other than it. Yet another reason for adopting Halletts reading
follows from a claim Spinoza makes in a letter to Jelles (letter 50) that anyone who calls God
one or single has no true idea of God because, as weve already noted, all determination is
negation and God, as substance, is the infinite enjoyment of existing, or infinite power as
Spinoza will also put it.

To further clarify Spinozas position, and the Spinozist context within which Deleuzes thought
navigates, we can turn to Deleuze and Guattaris claim, in A Thousand Plateaus, that God is a
lobster, a double articulation. It is all too easy to underestimate the philosophical importance of
this claim, but we see it at work in Deleuzes essay on Gueroult, where the first eight
propositions correspond to the first articulation; or, as Deleuze puts it, the first eight
propositions represent a first series through which we ascend to the differential constitutive
elements the attributes. As Deleuze had stressed earlier in the essay, there is no ascension
from attributes to substanceto absolutely infinite substance; rather, there is an ascension
through a regressive analytic process to the differential constitutive elements themselves, to
the substantive multiplicity. Then there is the second articulation, the second series found in the
9th-11th propositions through which, Deleuze argues, the idea of God integrates these elements
and makes clear it can be constituted only by all these elements together. The attributes, as a
multiplicity of incommensurable and really distinct entities, come to be integrated by the power
of causa sui whereby essence is the cause of the existence of substance and the cause of the

13
other things that derive from it. Understood in this way, God as causa sui is both the condition
that enables the regressive analytic process that leads to a multiplicity of really distinct attributes
first articulation and the conditioned that is the integration of this multiplicity second
articulation. God is self-caused, or God is a lobster, a double articulation.

We can now return to Alquis question and to Deleuzes response, and in turn situate Deleuze
relative to realism and anti-realism. As discussed earlier, Alqui was troubled by the use of
examples from science in Deleuzes talk, as if philosophy were for Deleuze a mere expository
tool in the service of science. In response to Alquis question Deleuze stresses that he does
believe in the specificity of philosophy, and furthermore, this belief of mine derives from you
yourself; moreover, Deleuze immediately adds, Even the concepts such as singular and regular,
or remarkable and ordinary [i.e., philosophical concepts for Deleuze], are not exhausted by
mathematics. I want to call on Lautmans theses: a theory of systems must show how the
movement of scientific concepts participates in a dialectic that surpasses them.15 In other words,
and to state this in terms used above, royal science and axiomatics develops concepts that
participate in, or supervene upon, nomadic and problematic philosophical concepts, and the latter
are not exhausted by the former. Deleuzes seconding of Alquis belief in the specificity of
philosophy should thus not be underestimated, especially in light of recent calls among
philosophers to return to realism. Among the efforts to return to realism, there have been roughly
two distinct approaches. In the first it is argued that the way to do justice to reality in-itself is
through mathematics. For Badiou ontology is mathematics, and Meillassoux tracks Badious
approach quite faithfully, arguing that what is mathematizable cannot be reduced to a correlate
15 Method of Dramatization, p. 106.

14
of thought. The second approach accounts for the reality and nature of objects themselves by
drawing from science, and dynamic systems theory in particular (DeLandas and Protevis work
loom large here). There is tremendous work being done in each of these two approaches, but the
concern, and this is precisely the concern that prompted Alquis question, is that these
approaches will reduce philosophy to being simply an adjunct to mathematics and/or science.
What is lost then is the distinctiveness of philosophy itself.

To clarify what it is that makes philosophy distinctive for Deleuze we can turn to how Deleuzes
understanding of the principle of sufficient reason, a good philosophical principle if ever there
was one, differs from the positions of Lewis and Meillassoux. Since laws supervene upon the
particular facts of the world for Lewis, and worlds, both actual and possible, that constitute a
totality, then the claims of science can adequately represent the distributions and regularities of
each world. The distribution of particular facts at each world thus provides a sufficient reason for
the laws and claims that supervene upon these worlds. For Meillassoux, by contrast, the not-All
undermines any necessity other than the necessity of contingency, and hence Meillassoux rejects
the principle of sufficient reason. We cannot state why things are the way they are rather than
another way. To justify this point Meillassoux relies upon the force of negation and contradiction
(Hegel lurks behind the scenes here). Meillassoux explicitly argues, for example, that to be
contingent you must not be contradictory, because if you are contradictory you are everything
and you cant change.16 A similar claim is made in After Finitude where it is argued that a
philosophy of becoming will have to do away with contradictory entities for they cannot change
and become what they are notthey already are what they are not. And in his critique of
16 Collapse, p. 331.

15
correlationism itself Meillassoux calls upon Fichtes strategy, what Meillassoux calls
pragmatico-genetic contradiction, to show that the content of a claim is contradicted by the
very way in which this claim is put forward. The content of the claim X is not posited is
contradicted by the very fact that it is posited as not posited. Similarly, the content of
correlationisms claim that all reality in-itself is a correlate for-us is contradicted by the
absolutization of contingency that goes along with this claim and which results in the facticity of
the correlation itself. It is on the basis of these arguments, and the binary logic of contradiction,
that Meillassoux rejects the principle of sufficient reason. If you want to speak about what
exists, Meillassoux argues, you can only describe, as phenomenology does,17 but the fact that it
is something rather than nothing cannot be described.18 Despite the obvious differences
between Lewis and Meillassouxone accepts the principle of sufficient reason and the
totalization of worlds, both actual and possible, while the other does notthey each share a
commitment to a logic of representationan it is or it isnt logicthat Deleuze identifies with
the actualization of the actual world.

Deleuze, by contrast, and following from his Spinozism, argues for the development of
philosophical concepts that are not exhausted by scientific or mathematical concepts.
Philosophical concepts presuppose a logic of expression or sense rather than a logic of
representation. Nearly thirty years after his Method of Dramatization talk, Deleuze will
continue to make much the same point. As Deleuze and Guattari argue in What is Philosophy?
science sets out to map functions that represent the actualization of the actual, or that accurately

17 Ibid. p. 391.
18 Ibid. p. 392.

16
describe the regularities of the world. Philosophy, by contrast, creates concepts which counteractualize the actual and involve the problematic upon which the actual supervenes. Understood
in this way, Deleuze, unlike Meillassoux, will continue to adhere to the principle of sufficient
reason. As he argues in his book on Leibniz, the principle of sufficient reason does not imply that
every actualityAdams eating of the apple for examplewas determinately detailed and
sketched in advance such that the actualization itself was a foregone conclusion to anyone with
complete knowledge (such as God); to the contrary, for Deleuze the principle of sufficient reason
is the substantive multiplicity, in the Spinozist sense sketched above, that is the sufficient reason
for the determinate. As Deleuze will argue in numerous places, this substantive multiplicity is
real but not actualit is what he will also call the virtual. Deleuzes logic of expression,
however, does not entail a rejection of the actual world, an attempt to get out of this world and
the logic of representation. It is, rather, an attempt to intensify the actual world, to problematize
it, and to do so while remaining fully within the actual world. To argue otherwise would entail
allowing for transcendence to sneak in through the back door, and Deleuze, like Spinoza, is keen
to hunt down transcendence in all its forms.

From this perspective, therefore, Deleuze is neither a correlationist anti-realist, nor is he a

straightforward realist. Deleuze is not a correlationist for there is no binary logic being followed,
no for-us distinct from an in-itself; rather, Deleuze is a monist developing philosophical concepts
that follow a logic of expression or sense rather than a binary logic of contradiction, a logic of
representation. Each actual entity, or each mode for Spinoza, is thus to be understood as an
expression of substance, a substance that is only identifiable as such when expressed in a mode.

17
Substance, therefore, does indeed turn around its modes, as Deleuze had said was how he
understood Spinoza. Each actual entity is hence a real, determinate expression of substance, of
substance as substantive multiplicity, or it is the expression of the nondenumerable which
Deleuze and Guattari define as being neither the set nor its elements [the one or the multiple];
rather, it is the connection, the and produced between elements, between sets, and which
belongs to neither, which eludes them and constitutes a line of flight.19 Between the elements of
the correlation, therefore, between the for-us and the in-itself, there is the and, and it is this
and that constitutes a line of flight that escapes and eludes every correlation, every attempt to
reduce reality to a correlation. Similarly Deleuze is not an anti-realist in the analytic sense of the
term for Deleuze accepts and argues for the claim that the real is not reducible to what is
necessary for meaningful sentences, but asserts rather that the real as problematic, substantive
multiplicities exceeds these representations and is irreducible to them, and thus the logic of
representation presupposes the nonsense and nondenumerable upon which it supervenes.
Deleuzian supervenience is thus not like Lewiss Humean supervenience, since Lewis follows
the logic of representation whereby the necessary laws supervene upon the particular facts of the
world, and a change in the latter entails a change in the former. These laws therefore re-present
the particlar facts of the world. For Meillassoux there is no supervenience since there is no
correlation between a totalized world and that which represents this world, even though
Meillassoux continues, as we saw, to adhere to a logic of representation. Deleuzian
supervenience, by contrast, follows a logic of sense, and thus the actual, the axiomatic,
supervenes upon the problematic which is not a correlate it represents, but rather is the
expressiveness and power of the actual itself.
19 A Thousand Plateaus

18

Deleuze is also not a straightforward realist either, if by realism one affirms an autonomous
reality with properties and features that are independent of anyones beliefs, linguistic practices,
conceptual schemes, etc. The very idea of an autonomous in-itself reality presupposes, as Ive
argued elsewhere (and draw heavily upon Latour when doing so), a stabilization of events that
are indeed real but are neither autonomous or heteronomous. It is only as actualized, and hence
in accord with the logic of representation, that one can then say of a substantive multiplicity that
it consists of being a determinate duality between an autonomous in-itself and a heteronomous,
correlationist in-itself-for-us, between facts and artifacts, between realism and anti-realism.
Between realism and anti-realism, therefore, is the and, the substantive multiplicity that is
tracked by the metaphysics Deleuze believes science needs. Deleuze does believe this
metaphysics is possible and he adopts it as the distinctive task of philosophy.