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PROTOPLAST, SPHEROPLAST
it is the bacteria with defective cell wall
Protoplast : complete removal of cell wall of Gram +ve bacteria
they need isotonic medium to maintain the str.
do not multiply and cannot revert to normal
bacterial morphology.
spheroplast : gram ve bacteria with damaged cell wall.
they are produced by growth with penicillin
they can multiply by binary fission or budding when
placed in suitable environment.
L- FORMS OF BACTERIA
- they are bacteria without cell wall
- they develop spontaneously or by antibiotic treatment.
- They dont have any regular size and shape
- they can grow and multiply on suitable medium.
1)
2)
3)
-
1)
2)
14. SPIROCHETES.
CLASSIFICATION
has 2 families : 1) spirochaetaceae (Treponema and Borrelia)
2) leptospiraceae (Leptospira)
- general character :- large, motile helical org
MORPHOLOGY
Treponema :
slender cork-screw like filamentous helices.
6 14 m x 0.2 m with 6 -14 evenly spaced coils
Motile
Borrelia :
Gram ve, motile
10-30 m x 0.4-0.7 m with wide and open coils
Leptospira :
spiral org, 5-20 x 0.1 m with many closely set coils and
hooked ends
motile
PHYSIOLOGY
the body consists of a central protoplasmic cylinder bounded
1)
by the cytoplasmic membrane and a cellwall
fine fibrils runs btw the thin peptidoglycan layer of cellwall
and the outer cytoplasmic membrane which are fixed at the
knobs at the 2 poles of the org. These fibrils constitute an axial
filament which constrict and distort the bacterial cell body to
2)
give rise to a spiral conformation.
PATHOGENS FRM DIFF. GENUS
Treponema T. pallidum subsp. pallidum cause venereal
syphilis
- T. pallidum subsp. endemicum - causes endemic
syphilis
3)
- T. pallidum subsp. pertenue causes yaws
- T. carateum causes pinta
Borrelia B. recurrentis causes relapsing fever
- B. vincentii causes vincents angina
- B. burgdorferi causes Lyme disease
3) Leptospira L. interrogans causes leptospirosis
1.R.prowazekii
2.R.thypi
3.R.felis
B)Scrub typhus group
Orientia tsutsugamushi
C)Spotted fever group
1.R.rickettsii
2.R.conorii
3.R.akari
4.R.sibrica
5.R.australis
Chlamydia
Morphology
-gram ve,obligate intracellular bacteria
-dont grow in artificial medium
-cell wall contains LPS but does not have a peptidoglycan layer
-possess ribosomes and synthesise their own proteins
-cannot produce their own ATP,rely on cellular ATP for many of
their metabolic actions
-nonmotile,nonsporing,got both DNA,RNA
-They exist in 2 morphological forms:
a)Elementary body( EB)
-is the infectious,extracellular form of organism
-it is a spherical particle,200-300 nm in diameter with an
electron dense nucleoid
-EB is much like a spore and resistant to many harsh
environmental factors.
-it is metabolically inert extracellularly
b)Reticulate body
-replicative form,taken by target cell by phagocytosis
-surface membrane forms a vacuole around particle.
-a metabolically active large reticulate body evolves from small
noninfectious
elementary body 5-6 hours after penetration of target cell.
Physiology
-can cultivate in chicken embryo,tissue culture.HeLa
-resistance: heat lable susceptible to dilute solutions of
formalin and phenol
-Ag:heat stable,complement fixing,heat labile
Phatogens
1.C.psittaci
2.C.trachomatis
3.C.pneumoniae
Titer of phage
1.applemon method-pore specimen thru bacteriological
filter.only BP will be filtered.liquid obtained frm this should
be serially diluted into 10 test tubes.m/o are added to the test
tubes.max dilution which causes death of m/o=phage titre
2.Grace method-on Petri plate with agar,m/o r
cultivated.the filtered liquid is diluted and added to Petri
dishes.incubated.sterile zones r found on some Petri
dishes.number of sterile zones r counted and multiplied by
dilution+phage titre
Prophage
Integrated phage nuclic acid into the bacterial
chromosome in the phage cycle of temperate
phages.prophages confer new population to bacteria.for
example,prophage in S.thypi converts into new antigenic
surface str,toxin production by C.diptheria.the prophage
multiplies synchronously with bacterial DNA.the state of
presence of prophage in bacteria without phage productionlymphogeny.the bacteria is called lysogenic bacteria.only
double stranded DNA can be integrated as prophages.some
phages such as P1 do not integrate into chromosome but exist
as autosomal proviruse plasmid.continuous synthesis of
receptor protein by cell is maintained lysogenic state.when RP
level falls-prophage switches to lytic state.this can also occur
due tophysical/chemical factors.
21.bacterial nutrition
1.microbes receive nutritional substances on surface of the cell
2.m/o hv the ability to change the type of nutrition according to
external condition
3.they can use both organic or inorganic substances
4.high speed of metabolic processes.
5.some organic compounds must be degraded into smaller
components b4 being transported into cells.
Types of nutrition
According to source of nutrition,microbes r divided into:
1.autotrophs-autotrophic m/o mk use of inorganic compounds or
natural sunlight.(co2,n2) to synthesize essential substances.
a) phototrophs-derive energy frm sunlight
b) chemotrophs-derive energy frm inorganic
substances(o2,n2,h2) and synthesize organic substances
2.heterotrophs-m/o which require preformed organic substances
for growth
a)saphrophytes-use dead organic matter
b)parasites-use living organic matter
mechanisms of the transport of substances into the cell
1.simple diffusion-small molecules which pass across cell
membrane frm the region of higher concentrationoutside the m/o
into the region of lower concentration inside the m/o.yhis process
doesnt require energy
2.facilitated diffusion-molecule is transported across the cell
membrane with help pf carrier protein.process does not require
energy.occurs according to concentration gradient.
3.active transport-substance is transported against concentration
gradient (concentration of substance is higher inside).this process
requires energy and carrier protein.
4.translocation of radicals-large molecules are broken down by
enzymes into smaller radicals outside the cell and the radicals
pass across cell membrane inside the cell.the molecules r
reformed.this process requires energy.
22.Culture media
- any preparation that contains nutrients essential for
bacterial growth=medium.any medium that has been
successfully inoculated=culture medium
Classification
1.according to origin
-natural media-blood,milk
-artificial media-a)synthetic-prepared frm pure
chemicals
b)semisynthetic
2.according to composition
-simple media-containbasic substances-N,C.for
example:nutrient broth,nutrient
agar,peptone water
-complicated media-for example-enriched medium
containing true enriched matter.when
certain incredients added to a basal medium to study
special characteristics or to provide
special nutrients require for the growth of organism
is called complicated media.for
example:blood serum,egg or meat pieces add to
basal medium.
3.according to physical condition
-solid-stroke,stab cultures
-semisolid
-liquid-blood culture
4.according to assignment
1.
common media-for growth of all m/o
2.
differential media-culture medium contain
certain substances helps to distinguish different properties of
different bacteria.for example=blood agar,McKonkeys agar
3.
selective media-in addition to basal media,they
contain substances like bile salts or deoxycholate citrate
which inhibits or poisons all bacteria except those of
particular type of group of wanted organisms.media contain
substances like bile salts groth of all other m/o except
one.Ex-DEAmedium,McConkeys agar,bile salt agar
4.
special media-for m/o that require special
substances.For example:glucose enriched media
5.
transport media-for transport of specimen
example:stuarts transport medium for urethral
discharge(conococci),bile peptone transport medium for
stool,glycerol saline transport medium for stool(bdysenteriae)
6.
indicator medium-includes indicator (dye) or
reducing substance(ktellurite) color or indicator changes
with bacterial growth
example:wlson+blair medium,sugar medium-hisss medium
when certain indicator(neutral red,bromothymol blue) is
incorporated in culture medium
Main requirements for culture media
1. medium should contain all nutritive
components(O2,N2,C,H,minerals,organic
compounds)
2. moisture is an essential requirement for bacterial
growth
3. sterility
4. optimal pH should be maintained usually 7.2-7.4
Cultural conditions
1. all necessary nutrients
2. optimum temperature(36-37)
3. optimum pH(7.2-7.4)
4. moisture
5. sterility of the medium
thermophiles-55-80
mesophiles-25-40
psychrophiles- less than 20
43.GEENTIC CHANGING IN MO
(RECOMBINATION ).KINDS OF RECOMBINATION AND
THEIR TYPE CHARACTERISTIC .PLASMID :MAIN TYPE
AND THEIR CHARCTERISTIC .
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Transduction
transmission of piece if host DNA frim cell to
another by bacteriophage .
transduction generally found in cell in infected by
temperate phage intergrate in its chromosome in quiescent
state .
Theraphy
Taking vitamins for infectious diseases before they enter to
the body .
Giving antibiotics tht can interfering with the cell wall syn.
Drug affect in cytoplasmic membrane
Drug inhibit protein syn. And impairment of function of
ribosome aminoglycoside ,tetracycline ,chlormphenicol and
macrolide antibiotics lincomycin inhibit protein synthesis .
In bacterial ribosomes woth out any major effect on
mammalian ribosome
Antimicrobial drug such penicilin ,cephalosporin and
aminoglycoside and other antibiotics .
Macrolides macrolytic lactone ring attach to erythromycin
,sprinomycin , clindamycin and linomycin ,
Penicillin gram positive bacteria -intra muscular and intra
venous
Ampicilin gram positive bacteria intramuscular and oral
Oxacilin gram positive bacteria intra muscular and intra
venous
Amidinopenicilin gram positive bacteria ,intravenous ,intra
muscular and oral ,
Cefotaxime-gram positive and negative bacteria-
RESP.TRACT.
-nose it is the usuall habitant of staphylococci (s.aureus ,
s.epidermiks )sometimes has streptococci (s.puenomoniae
,p.pyogones ) the non pathogenic neisseria is transient in
hear.also corynebacterium and moraxella lacunata .
- throat ,nasopharengeal , oralpharynx ,and tonsils MO
can be find usually in this pathway .coagulase
staphylococci may be found in nasopharynx and tonsils
-euorococci is also present , highly present
c.orynebacterium,actinomycites ,veilovella ,spirochetes
,pnevotella is in tonsils .
-lower resp.tract ,larynx ,trachea , bronchioles ,and lower
airway colinezed MO cytoplasm are aspirated .
-an acute disease of lower airway is by virulent bacteria
in the mouth (s.pneumonia ,s,aureus
ORAL CAVITY
has micrococci ,coliforms ,lactoacccili
struc:viridaus ,nesseria , diphtherioidus and
bacteriodes
Changing Flora due to the Age of Human
- when mens get s old body immunity decrease .when at
tht time MO is very susceptible for body changes and
also for pathogenic MO .
- even the normal body microbial flora can change and
different kind of disease in the body this due to the
changes .
-In its first stage of human like in this during birth of a
baby the body of baby in contact with environmental due
of normal microbial flora so that before the body is
stabilized .often tht development of normal microbial flora
occur in young age has highest concentration of normal
microbial flora .it has normal level
TREATMENT
Administration of vitamin b
Complex to positive normal microbialflora syn. This is
given with antibiotic theraphy .
Vitamin k admistration
Changing the antibiotic
General gnoto biological isolation
Immune theraphy
Admistration of living MO eg.originallly e.coli
,lactobacterium ,genus bascilus .
a)
b) Invasions
-causes destruction of host cells/tissue cells when
m.o enters inside of host cells
enzymes that helps invasions eg:DNAase,
protease, histaminase
c) Autophagocytic factors
-causes lysis of m.o :a) cell capsule
b)protein (A protein of
staphylococchi & M protein of
streptococchi)
c) Factors of toxicity:
-exotoxin (antigen) & endotoxin
Methods of measuring virulence
Virulence:measure of ability of m.o to cause infectious
diseases
a)DLM (doses lethalis minimum) min num of m.o which
causes death of 95% of infected animals
b)LD50 (lethalis doses 50)- num of m.o which causes
death of 50% of infected animals
c)DCL -number of m.o causingdeath of 100% of infected
animals
LD50 = A [1 + 50-a ]
b-a
a)
1)
2)
3)
4)
a)
56. IMMUNITY
Infectiveness of viruses
Pathogenic m.o causes infectious diseases eg; plague,
polio virus
Opportunistic m.o may cause infection in a person with
suppressed immunity
(Innate immunity after antibiotic therapy is suppressed)
Saphrophytes, causes disease only in adult with high
suppression of immune system. Eg; patient with cancer ,
influence of radiation ( destruction of T & B
lymphocytes), patients with AIDS, patients with
transplantation
Influences on opportunistic m.o number over the years .
increase in duration of life span . increase in frequency of
invasible manipulation. (injections)
Usage of immunosupressors (hormones , antibiotics,
radiation therapy)
Ecology (chemical , physical influence of life)
Kinds of viral infections
respiratory viruses (resp tract)
eg; influenza A, B, C, para influenza, mumps, measles,
adeno virus, rhino virus, echo virus
b) enteric virus has GIT entering. Eg; polio, coxsackie
virus, rota virus, hepatitis A &B
c) neurotropic virus eg; poilio virus, coxsackie virus~ GIT
rabies virus ~ skin & blood
mumps & measles ~ respiratory
tract
a)
b)
c)
d)
Humoral Factors:
Apart frm specific antibody there are variety of non-specific
antibacterial substances in blood and tissues.
Properdin: it is a euglobulin present in normal serum
and causes lysis of gram negative bacteria with the help of Mg
and complement, it also inactivate some viruses.
Complement: it acts only on microorgm sensitized by
specific antibody, it possesses bactericidal activity.
Lysozyme: bactericidal enzyme of low molecular
weight basic protein. Found in polymorphonuclear leucocytes,
tears and other body fluids. It lyses the mucopeptide of the cell
wall of many gram negative bacteria.
Other Antibacterial substances: betalysin, basic
polypeptides (leukins, frm leucocytes; plakins, frm platelets)
have antibacterial effects. Interferons possess antiviral effect.
Cellular factors:
When agent infect tissue, occurs exudative inflammatory
response, accumulation of phagocytes, outpouring of natural
antibacterial substances and deposition of fibrin. Fibrin entagles
or traps the organism and acts as a barrier to spread of infection.
Role of normal human flora:
a) Beneficial role
-they prevent or suppress the colonization/ invasion of the body
by pathogens by means of bacterial interference, by preventing
them frm gaining a foothold in the body.
-the bacterial flora of intestine are responsible for normal
structure and function of intestinal tract. By their metabolism
they produce vitamins, especially vitamin K and B vitamins.
-antibodies produced in response to commensals cross-react with
pathogens having related or shared antigens.
a)
b)
2)
3)
a)
b)
c)
d)
60.Antigens
1) Main characteristic of antigen
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
59. Complement:
1) Chemical structure
Complement system consists of approximately 20 serum proteins
which include components of complement ( C1 to C9), properdin
system and regulatory proteins. Some of these proteins are
enzymes, some are control molecules while others are structural
proteins without any enzymatic activity. Complement in general
is heat-labile and inactivated at 56C for 30 minutes. The C
proteins constitute about 5% of the serum proteins and are
structurally unrelated to immunoglobulins. They are
glycoproteins.
2)Routes of activation.
a) Classical pathway: begins when an antigen and antibody
combine to form an immune complex. The complement
components are grouped under three functional units: C1 the
recognition unit: C4, C2 and C3, the activation unit: and C5 to
C9, the membrane attack unit.
b)Alternate or by-pass pathway of C: generally activated by
nonimmunological means such as inulin, zymosan, bacterial
endotoxins, yeast walls, cobra venom. The mechanism can also
be triggered immunologically by IgA, IgE and IgG.
3)Role in the antiinfectious defence
Lysis of foreign cell by classical pathway. Immune adherence and
opsonization. Fixation of C36 on surface of cell for easy
phagocytosis. Chemotaxis, C5a, C5b, 6, 7 fragment 4 B9
increase permeability capillary C5b, 6,7, C8,9
4)Sources of preparations
C1 intestinal epithelium
C2 to C4 macrophages
C5 to C8 spleen
C3 C6 C9 liver
5)Practical using
Complement activity is tested with sheep RBC tht are coated
with sheep RBC serum of rabbits, incubated with dilution of
serum sample, the reciprocal activity of serum tht lysis 50% of
RBC is called haemolytic activity of complement.
a)
01.mplex: relatively large molecules and combine with
specific antibodies forming visible precipitate.
b)
02.ple: low molecular weight simple chemical
substances. When they combine with specific antibody, no
precipitate is produced.
3)Specificity of antigens
Antigenic specificity: depends on the specific active sites on the
antigenic molecules(antigenic determinants).
Species specificity: tissues of all individuals in a particular
species possess, species specific antigen.
Isospecificity: alloantigens or isoantigens are found to be present
in some but not all members of a species which are able to
produce alloantibodies or (isoantibodies) in individuals who are
free frm the antigens.
Organ specificity;organ specific antigens are confined to a
particular organ or tissue.
Autospecificity: the autologous or self antigens are ordinarily not
immunogenic but under certain circumstances lens proteins,
thyroglobulin and others may act as autoantigens.
4)Group antigens
a) foreign antigen: antigens are cell walls, pili, enzymes, toxins
dust, pollens
b) autoantigens: antigens are thyroglobulin, DNA, corneal tissue
c) isoantigens: blood group antigens (ABO, Rh)
d) heteroantigens: heterophile antigens, Cross-reaching microbial
antigens
5)Species antigens
Tissues of all individuals in a particular species possess, species
specific antigen. Thus human blood proteins can be differentiated
frm animal protein by specific antigen-antibody reactions.
However, antibody produced against human serum proteins,
show some degree of cross reaction with proteins frm related
species.
1)
2)
6)Type antigens
Organ specific antigens are confined to a particular organ or
tissue. Certain organs like brain, kidney, thyroglobulin and
lens protein of one species share specificity with tht of
another species. Brain specific antigen are shared by man
and sheep.
7)Autoantigens
The autologous or self antigens are ordinarily not
immunogenic but under certain circumstances lens protein,
thyroglobulin and others may act as autoantigens. These
antigens normally remain sequestered in the body and do not
come in contact with the general blood circulation or tissue
fluids for which these are not recognised as self antigens.
Antigens which are absent during embryonic life but appear
later eg sperm also considered as nonself antigens. These
self antigens act as autoantigens producing autoimmune
disease in the following ways:
whenever these antigens are released into the tissues
following injury of the lens, damage to the thyroid or testis,
the lens protein, thyroglobulin or sperm act as autoantigens
and antibodies are produced against them.
The antigenic specificity of self antigen may be
modified either through a drug or bacterial product and thus
may become immunogenic.
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
64. Antibody
1)immunoglobulins, their main characteristic
Ab is a specialized serum protein. They confined due to response
to an Ag. (specific Ag has its specific Ab). Then it reacts with Ag
(Ab+Ag=Ab+Ag complex)
There are
a) humoral Ab
b) body secreting Ab
c) body fixed Ab
Ig, they are protein in nature. It has Ab-globulin, plasma proteins
of myeloma, cryglobulinaemia, macroglobulinaemia and
naturally occurring subunits of Ig.
2)structure
An Ab molecule is made up of 2 identical heavy and 2 identical
light polypeptide chains held together by disulphate (S-S) bonds.
The longer chains are called heavy (H) and the shorter ones
light (L) chains. Each L chain is attached to H chain by a
disulphide bond. The 2 symmetrical H chains are held together by
1 to 5 S-S (disulphide) bonds, depending on the type of Ig.
3)basic classes of immunoglobulin, their physical, chemical &
biological properties.
a) immunoglobulin G
main serum Ig making up to 80% of total amount (12 mg/ml
blood). Consist of 2H chains linked by disulphide bond. Has 2
identical ag binding sites called divalent. Appears 2 weeks after
infection n persist for longer period of time. Predominant ab in
2ndary immune response. Participates in most of immunological
reactions such as precipitation, complement fixation and
neutralisation of toxin and viruses. Passes thru placenta and
provides natural passive immunity to newborn. Not formed in the
fetus. Half life is 23 days.
b)immunoglobulin A
principal Ig tht appears in the sero-mucous secretions such as
milk, saliva, tears, nasal fluids, sweat, colostrums and in
secretions of respiratory, intestinal and genital tracts. Protects
exposed mucous membrane. Made of 2 H2L2 units and 1
molecule each of peptide (J chain) and secretory component
(protein).
c)immunoglobulin M
is a pentamer consisting of 5 H2L2 units and 1 molecule of J
chain, which joints the Fc fragments of the basic subunits. Called
macroglobulin. Cannot pass thru placenta. If presence of IgM ab
in serum of foetus or newborn indicates intrauterine infection.
d)immunoglobulin D
is a 7S monomer, present on the membranes of a proportion of
unstimulated B lymphocytes of bl and serve as recognition
receptors for antigens. The corresponding ag interacts with the ag
receptors on B cells and lead to specific stimulation, either
activation and cloning to form ab or suppression. Two subclasses
of IgD, IgD1 and IgD2 are known.
e)immunoglobulin E
found in serum of patients with certain types of allergies. These
ab are also referred to as regains. Is a 8S molecule with short life
of 2-3 days. Inactivated by heat, distributed extravascularly.
Does not pass placental barrier or fix complement. Got unusual
affinity for the surface of tissue cells, particularly mast cells and
basophils of the same species. Attaches itself to mast cells by Fc
fragment.
4)specificity of antibodies
The antigenic determinant (epitope) makes contact with an area
on the hypervariable region of the antibody (called paratope). The
molecules are held together in lock and key arrangement by
spatial complementarity and not by covalent bonding.
65.Production of antibodies
1)cells and their interactions
Antibodies are produced rapidly in the system against the
antigenic determinants of infecting orgm. Ag combines with
specific ab in the observable manner and the reaction btw ag and
ab is specific. This specificity is the basis of many serological
reactions in vitro and in vivo.
Antigen-antibody interactions:
The union of antigen and antibody occurs in 2 stages:
1. Primary interaction.
No visible effect and the reaction is rapid, it is reversible. The
forces of interaction for better fitting of the molecules include,
electrostatic force (attraction btw oppositely charged ionic grps),
hydrogen bonding (formation of reversible hydrogen bridges),
presence of hydrophobic grps and Van der Waals bonds
(complementary electron cloud formation on the combining sites
of antigen-antibody). Examples of tests are Coombs test and
fluorescent ab tests
2. Secondary stage
Precipitation, agglutination or alternatively in the activation of
nonantibody component such as serum complement or histamine
frm mast cells. Complement fixation, toxin-antibody reaction,
neutralisation and immobilisation test.
2)practical usings
They are used in some important tests such as:
a) precipitation
b) agglutination
c) immune lysis reaction
d) ELISA
e) Complement fixation
f) Immunofluorescent test
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)
C .Interferons.
Conditions of production:They are produced upon a potent insull
like injection with virus,bacterial endotoxin
It starts being produced in an hour and is max in 6-12hrs.
The potent inducers are-Togavirus,vesicular stomatitis virus.
Type-alpha;produced by B cells,macrophages [virus activated]
Beta;fibroblast [virus activated]
Gamma;T cells [antigen activated]
D.Mechanism of antiviral action.
-It bind to receptors on injected cells and upregulates some
cellular genes and downregulates others to inhibit replication of
viruses.
-It can block sites of virus attachment.
-stabilise viral capsid with endosomal membrane.
-inhibits protein synthesis by [2,5-A Synthetase]
-protein kinase inhibits ribosomes assembly.
E.Inductors of interferon.
Viruses ,double stranded RNA ,bacterial endotoxins ,tilorone
,some synthetics-Bpoly I:C.
F.Practical using.
1.Viral infections-keratitin,genital,respiratory viruses.
2.adjunctive therapy-in breast carcinoma,osteosarcoma.
Practical using.
1.Diagnostic use identification of bacteria ,viral and other
antigen.
2.Test for vaccines-identification and participation of microbial
products.Both for vaccine and industrial use.
3.pure antibody.
4.store for future use.
5.Therapeutic uses.
B . Elisa test .
- This test s for measuring Ag-Ab reaction.
- The test is done on solid phase .
- The test can be performed as direct or indirect assay depending
on whether the
enzyme is conjugated to the primary or secondary antibody.
- The enzyme [horse radish peroxidase ,alkaline phophatase ]
give rise to a colour
change in addition of specific substrate only when the Ag
and Ab react
specifically.
-
0
.
5
1:0
0
.
5
0
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5
0
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5
0
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5
0
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5
0
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5
0.5
2
1:0
h
e
m
o
l
y
s
i
s
1:0
- chemical vaccine
different antigen components that is reduced vaccines interact to
live and killer cells that contain microbial bodies.
-associated vaccines
Contain antigen indifferent nature absorbed (DPT) vaccines ,
inactivated pertusis vaccines , diphtheria, & tetanus toxoid
absorbed on Al(Oh)3 also drive combined eropean thypus
vaccine E (ACDVE) contain dry alive culture of ricketsia
prozekii of virulence strain E mixed with soluble ag of virulence
ricketsia, cholera vaccine contain cholerogenic toxoid & o
antigen of cholera vibrio
-Recombined vaccines
Against hepatitis B intergration of subunit of hepatitis B
virus into saprophyte cells which is multiple on artificial media
giving antigen against hepatitis B.
4)Main direction of important improvent of vaccines
a)artificial
bio organic vaccines complexes providing strong immune
response on antigen against genetic disposition of P.R genes
b)gene engineered vaccines
genes providing antigen arte intergrated into replicative cells
(virus,m.o,plasmid) &inject the human by virus , m.o or plasmid
due to presence of gene producing antigen the immune response
develops
c)some vaccines are produced by cloning the surface antigen
gene in yeast cells
d)cetain vaccines has to be conjugated to protein to make it
immunogenic
e)subunit vaccines
81.Alive vaccine
1)Method of preparation:Attenuation of live vaccine is done by ageing of
culture,cultivate high temperature,drying,continued
cultivation by presence of antagonist substance(BCG) and
by repeated in subculture in artificial media.
2)Connservation of alive vaccine:Tuberculosis,BCG,plague,small
pox,antrax,rubella,influenza,yellow fever, and parotids.
Specificity in using:In alive vaccine suspension of living organism with reduce
virulence,mimic natural infection with Ab,production
without symptoms.A single dose of live vaccine induce
long lasting immunity and it reinforced by subsequent
booster dosage.some vaccines are oral.sometimes related
organism with shared Ag are used in preparation of live
vaccine.Bovin tubercle bacillus employed and produce
BCG vaccine.Alive vaccine should not be administered in
pregnant womens,AIDS patients,leukemia, n etc.
3)Dead vaccine:M.O are killed by heat,formalin,alcohol,
Conservation:The inactivated vaccines process are common to the
original pathogen which do not replicate.The inactivated
vaccines need large dosage,usually 3 doses.generally the
second dose six weeks after first dose,and the third dose
after six months of second dose.used for patient who are
tyhoid,cholera,rabies,hepatitisB,.
No 90;meningococci
Morphology;
N.menigitidis
Gram ve cocci,arranged in pairs,coffee bean
shape,non motile,nonsporing noncapsulated
Physiology;
Gro,wth occurs in medium enriched in blood
agar,serum.on solid media colonies are
small,translucent,round,convex,bulish gray
Strict aerobes does not grow in anerobic medium,
Catalase and oxidase and indole
Glucose and maltose are formed,produces acid but
without gas
Antigenic structure
13 serogroups are identified on the basis of capsule
polysaccarides.Group A<B<C<D are usually
responsible for meningitis.
Factors of virulence;
Meningococci surrounded by large capsule,that
encloses them with great ability to defense
mechanismin circulation and may grow in high
numbersin blood.meningococci contains endotoxins
in membrane is produced and released into blood .
Forms pili
Is an extracellular parasite.
Diseases.
Seen mostly in nasopharynx or asymptomatic
carriers.
89;Streptococcus pneumoniae
Morphology;ovovid,Gram +ve,cocci occurs in
pairs,capsulated,nonmotile,nonsporing
Physiology;
grow only in enriched media(blood agar)
-small circular,raised and smooth colonies
facultative anerobes,lack catalase and oxidase
ferment in few sugars,by formic acid only bile soluble
destroyed by 52 in 15 minutes and antiseptic sensitive
antigenic structure;-specific capsular polysaccharide.used for
serological classes.there are 90 types of classes
Role in human pathology;
Gives pneumonia in man due to pneumococcal infection
The capsule of mo prevents phagocytosis by neutrophils and
macrophages
Pneumococci synthesizes neuramidase,leucoccydins,hemolysins
It is a human pathogen.the source of infection is resp.tract by
patients or carriers.transimitted by each other by inhalation or
contaminated droplets
The mo colonize in nasopharnyx to ororpharnys to the lung
sinuses to the meninges
Can also give pericarditis,peritonitis
Mainly by air borne mechanism,but for food poisoning is due to
food
Laboratory diagnosis;
a)bacterioscopical and bacteriological methods-take
sputum,pus,cerebrospinal fluid from patient and slecet media for
inoculatin(bood agar and gentamycin),isolate and identify pure
culture
use disc diffusion method to detect antibiotic sensitivity
b)agglutination test,radioimmuneassay
c)test of capsule swelling-specimen are treated by specific serum
which gives swelling of the capsule and rise to presence of
pathogen in the group.
Treatment;penicillin,cephalosporins,erythromycin,
Prophlaxis;vaccines
87.staphylococci:morphology,structure,classification(species
morphology;Gram +ve grapes arranged classes,non sporing,nonmotile,non-flagellated,single cells or part cells,noncapsulated(but some has slight layers),grown in simple
media,also growth in nutritional media and nutritional broth and
agar.form turbidity and surface of agar they give colonies.Staph
aurues give 95% of infection,form yellow pigment,they can
synthesize enzyme coagulase,.they give clotting plasma,they can
grow in antibiotic,neurobiotic,the most selective media for
isolation has 5-10% Nacl ,majority of microorganism grow in
concentrated of Nacl 0.5%,facultative anerobe can ferment sugars
as mannite produce acid but not gas.
Classification;staph.aureus
satphy.epidermidis
staph.saprophyticus
Factors of virulence;
a)plasma coagulase factor-gives clotting of plasma,free coagulase
can be seen by incubation,bound coagulase connected with cell
membrane with microorganism
Staph gives production of enzyme lectihinase or phopholipase
11.it gives fermentation of egg yolk .due to this around
microorganism can see zone of fermentation of thi substance
b)the nuclease distract the nuclear Dna and RNA
c)the mo synthesizes strong toxins hemolysins and leucocydins
also synthesizes enterotoxin of many types.heat stable
also synthesize epidomylitic toxinsand gives diseases of 'scalded
skin syndrome'in children
also gives toxic shock syndrome
88.streptococci;morphology,physiology,.
morphology;Gram +ve,arranged in chains,round or
spherical shape
-non motile,nonsporing,non flagelatted,noncapsulated(only Strep.pneumonia capsulated)
physiology;facultattive anerobes and obligate anerobes.
most important are strep.pyogensgives pus
inflammation reaction
grows in solid media can be cultivated in liquid
media by sugar broth.gives small transluscent colonies in
sugar broth.
classification on hemolysis;
a)alpha hemolysins-incpmplete
hemolysis,gives rise to green pigmented ring
b)beta hemolysins-gives complete
hemolysis.surrounded colony has clean transparent
ring(Strepto.pyogens)
c)gamma hemolyisn-no
hemolyisis.in this there are no pathogenic microorganism
antigenic structure;
classified according to C antigen in the cell
wall.it has serological types as
a)A-H b)K-V
group of A strep.has majortiy of
pathogens.they are divided into m antigen which has 16
serological types
staphy.diseases
a)food poisoining
b)scalded skin snydrome
c)toxic shock syndrome
d)also affects the skin,respiratory tract,cns,intestine and
cardiovascular diseases.
skin infection-abcess,sepsis in wounds
bone-osteomyelitis
respiratory tract-tonsilitis,pneumonia in lungs
cvs-endocarditis
CNS-meningitis
intestinal-enterocolitis
mo travels orally,skin infections and spreads all over the body
lab diagnosis;
specimens can be pus,sputum,blood or other bodily fluids
-incubate specimen using 2 medias as blood media and selective
media of growth
-if blood is used,incubat in sugar broth,inoculate on sugar media
18-24 hours incubation
-examin production of coagulase by incubation of 6 hours and
then inoculate microorganism
-biological and biocemical properties can be determined
bymannitol fermentation,phage typing and antibiotics sensitivity
test using antibiotics
treatment and prophlaxis;
treatment;-depending on antibiotics sensitivity test which needs
time(gentamycin,Lindomycin)
-fast treatment of Fluloxacilin drugs
prophlaxis-non spcific;toxoids
hospital infections;staph has high resistance to antibiotics so can
develop hospital infections quicklydue to fast
mutliplication.vaccination is possible.
factors of virulence;
a)hemolysins-O hemolysins
-S hemolysin
b)ertytogenic toxins-by Strep.aureus
c)streptokinase and fibrinolysins
d)M proteins for adhesion of mo
e)neuromidase
strep.disease
gives 2 groups of infection-non suppurative and
suppurative infection
Strep.pyogens gives respiratort tract diseases like
tonsilitis,scarlet fever skin infection;wound
infection,genital infection
also non suppurative disease-rheumatic fever and kidney
disease of acute glomerulitis
autoimmnu disease
lab.diagnosis
examination of blood in suitable media(sugar broth)
smears-Gran +ve spherical or oval shaed
culture-blood agar medium 37 degrees overnight with
co2..serological test of hemolytic streptococci done for
classification
antigen detection test-ELISA and agglutination test
treatment;
a)antibiotics like
penicilins,streptomycins,cephalosporins,gentomycins
prophylaxis
vaccines and non spcific ones like penicilins.
Condition of cultivation
Requires enriched medium like lysed blood or chocolate
agar for growth.inoculated medium incubated in moist
anerobic condition at temperature 35-36c.enriched agar
medium with lysed blood and antibiotics.
Factors of virulence.
1)capsule-loosely asscociated with the cell wall and easily
stripped off.synthesis is dependent upon environmental
and nutritional factors.capsule inhibits phagocytosis
2)pili-produce altered appearance of colonies in culture
with sharply defined borders.helps in attachement of
organisms to host cells
3)proteinsconatins of porin,protein ii and protein 111
which is associated with the protein 1in cell surface in
formation of pores.
4)lipopolysaccharides-for endotoxic effects
5)other proteins-Ig A1 proteases
classification of microorganism and diseases
g:neisseria
s:N.gonorrhea
N0 92;Escherichia:morphology and
physiology.Antigenic
Morphology and physiology;
Gram ve,non sporing,non capsulated,measuring 1-3
micrometer.Most strains are motile some immotile
Are aerobis and facultative anerobic and grow on ordinary
culture media at 37c in 8 to 24 hours.on Mc-conkey
agar,they are rose pink due to lactose fermentation.
Break down most sugars(glucose,mannitolsucrose,malsotse)
Has slightl hogher resistance to heat.killed at 55c for one
hour.
Sensitive to antibiotics like
amphenicol,cephalosporins,tetracycline
Antigenic structure
Based on the O H and K antigens detected by agglutinations
reactions
-Somatic antigen(O antigen)
are hea stable..acidic components are hexuronic acid
-Surface antigen(K antigen)
looked as capsular structures.are destroyed by heating at
121c for one hour.it was previously desribed into 3 classes
L,A, and B on the basis of i)effect on heat on agglitinability
ii)antigenicity
iii)antibody bindingpower of bacterial strains carrying them
-Flagellar antigen(H antigen)
thermoliabile and they are 50 antigens so far described.
-Fimbrial antigen(F antigen)
thermoliabile protein and heating this organisms at 100c
detaches its fimbriae.these antigens may cause confusion is
serum agglutination test.it has no significance in antigenic
classification of E.coli
Physiological role:
Acts as microbial flora in intestineHemolytic E.coli in faeces in
pathological condition.
Diseases:
Urinary tract infection:
E.coli is predominant coliform bacteria responsible for 60-80%
infection of urinary tract.bacteria normally present in colon of
both infected and non infected person.
Diarrhoea and dysentery:
Produce diarrhea with different pathogenic mechanism
-Enteropathogenic E.coli-cause enteritis in infants
-Enterotoxigenic E.coli-produce heat labile enterotoxin or heat
stable enterotoxin or both.
-Enteroinvasive E.coli-produce illness in patients of all ages
-Vero cytotoxin producing E.coli-cause hemorrhagic colitis
pyogenic infection
-may cause infection,peritonitis,biliary tract infection,septicemia
and meningitis
Labaroty diagnosis:
-specimens-depending on tupe of lesions,cultured and examined
-microscpoy-Gram staining
-fresh specmen should be inoculated directly on Mc-Conkey agar
plate and blood agar plate an incubated overnight at 37c
-Biochecmical rwactionMost strains produce acid and gas from
large number of carbohydrates
-Agglutination testTreatment:REHYDARATION THERAPY
Prophylaxis-tak jumpa sorry.
102:Clostridium botulinum:
Characteristics:
Morphology:gram+ve,bacilli,non-capsulated,motile by
flagella,give oral,subterminal,bulging spores,optimum
t=35c,cultivate in sugar blood agar,serologic type A-G,spores
highly resistance,t=100c till 20mins
Types of toxins:
they synthesize exotoxins,have lable toxins,destroy several hours
at t=100c.exotoxins act on CNS,very strong biological
toxins,death of man only need 0.001mg of toxins.have several
types:A,B,C,E,but spores are not destroy(synthesize
exotoxins),they give botulism or food intoxication .Toxins can be
destroy by pressure cooking&boiling for 20min.Neurotoxins is
present in blood,peripheral nerve
Onset of disease:
Toxins produced intracellularly&appear in medium only in death
of cells.This is botulism not by wound injection,by food
intoxication occurs due to presence of toxins.There are in canned
food.Exotoxins enter man thru food coz has anaerobic media in
canned food.Spores vegetation forms.Multiplication only in
surrounding area.eg:if 2ppl eat the same food but 1
affected&another not bcoz they only develope in certain part of
food.Spores contaminating meats,vegetables&fish can be
injected.Temperature in canning not enough to kill
microorganism.Canned food have anaerobic condition,release
exotoxins,food born botulism,rapid paralysis.Clinical
manifestation:synthesis neurotoxins,no vomiting,diarrhea,pain
but cause hallucination,constipation,difficult in breathing,double
vision
Lab diagnosis:
Take vomitlus,stool,food or blood,check concentration of
toxins&its type.Take different antitoxins against
A,B,C,D,E,F,G serology type&do the test,use passiave
agglutination test&precipitation in gel.Clinical
diagnosis,serological,biological method are aim at
revealing of toxins in clinical
specimen(blood,food),serology include passive
agglutination test&precipitation test in gel.Clinical
specimen is inculate into laboratory animals(mice)with
antitoxins in order to determine the toxins neutralization
test in vivo bacterioscopical&bacteriological methods are
useful if Clos.Botulinum is present in the clinical
experiment
Treatment&prophylaxis:
Treatment:removal of unabsorbed toxins fr
stomach&intestinal tract,neutralize toxins by giving
polyvalent serum to type A,B,E
Prophylaxis:vaccine containing toxoid fr A,B,E
types,active immunization is not used
104:Pathogens of diphtheria:
Pecularities of morphology&culture qualities.
Morphology:gram+ve rods,non sporing,not motile,not
capsulated,pleomorpic,inclusions present at the end of
rods,metacentric granules
Anaerobes,for growth serum containing medium,for isolation
Loeffleris serum media
Toxin production:
Genetically determine the toxigene can be transfer fr TBC to
another by lysogenic phages.Exotoxins:they are specific for
epithelial of upper resp. tract 2 sub-units.Lethal factor:provide
toxicity.Binding factor:provide transfer into cells
Diphtheria in man:
Source:sick person by air borne.local effect:BC multiply at site of
entery
,produce toxins,toxins cause necrosis,concentrated upper resp
tract bleeding.General effect:diffused in blood,toxaemia,necrosis
of parracervical cells of liver,kidneys,adrenals&polyneuritis
Immunity:
Alum precepitated toxoid:active:ADT- alum precipitated
toxoid.DADT-durity precipitated toxoid.TAF-toxoid precipitated
floccules.Children>10years immunized by
toxoid.Passive:succeptiple person given 500-1000units of
antitoxins after skin test.Combined immunity:active
immunization in endemic area stated at 3months old by DPT
vaccine.Baster dose given at school at 6years old&adult given
vassice by IM
Treat:DC,EM.Prop:DPT
Methods of its discovering
Specimen fr sick person,m/o fr place of localize,eg
wound,nerves,mucus
Bacteria-carriage:
Carrier-fr nasal cavity
Specific prophylaxis&therapy:
Slide nelson staining or MB method or alberts stain (show
typical chines letter pattern),inoculate into blood fellulite medium
isolate pure culture,identify biological varieties.Biochemical
properties:check production of cystinase&abscess of
urease.Identify production of precipitation test.After incubation a
fixed into paper 100k like lines of precipitation
Epidemiology:
Natural source-sick person,carrier,m/o secreted by
coughing,sneezing with saliva,root of transmission:air-borne,by
contact with infected saliva
105:Mycobacteria
morphology:gram+ve,rods,acid fast
physiology:anaerobes,all except M.Leprae,grow on ordinary
media,artificial culture rate of grow depend on optimal
temperature.
Pathogens of leprosy:Mycobacterium leprae
Characteristic:gram+ve,rods,straigut(slightly curved are polar
odies&intracellular element way present.Not sporing,not
capsulated,not flagellated.Growth on lowerstein-jeuson
medium.Bacilli multiply on food pads&granuloma develop at site
especially they cultivate in animals,mice,rats,where lymph
nodes,spleen,liver.Resistance remain viable in numed
environment,moist,soil,exposured to direct sun light
Lab.diagnosis:specimen:mucous,exudation fr ulcer,CSF,skin.
Slide stain by Zeild-nelson,check red dots,test on mice,lepra-non
pathogenc,TB-pathogenic.Leprosy:chronic granulomatous
disease,human involve skin,peripheral nerves,nasal
mucosa.Disease:classify into A
types:Lepromatosis,tubeculoid,diumorphous,indeterminent
Treatment:isolate in special camp,leprosy:face
changing.Antilepramatous preparation&immuno
stimulators.Additional
drugs:Rifrasulfan,Solosulfan,Deosafan,Lampran,Ethron
amide.Properties:long term chemoprophylaxis
BCG.Vassine:induce leprosy positivity
106:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
morphology:stain by violet colour.gram+ve,rods shape,bacteria,hard to
stain by gram method,use acid fast staining,they r thin,thicker or chain
like organized rods.
Physiology:aerobes,optimal temperature is 37c.The growth is form by
presence of CO2 in medium.2 medium use ofr tubuculosis,Loveustein
gensen medium(contain egg yolk,potatoes as nutrients),Tinn2
medium&cotton medium.1st variable growth 8-10days,slowly growing.In
lipid medium grow like pilicals.In solid medium grow like rough
colonies.On semisolid medium grow on the surf of medium(bovis grow
under the medium can diffused them)
Classification:mycobacterium tuberculosis,m agricanum,m bovis,m
arium:they r main group that gives tuberculosis
Pathogenic m/o:m necrotic,m ultura
Lab diagnosis:(A)take sputum fr patient&biopsy.Time of tuberculosis is
8-10days,so 1st must use differentiation test.Conclusion is given by
microscopical examination,in this must find acid fast bacilli in
sputum.But this is difficult because m/o is inside mucosa,so used
enrichment test b4 this.Take mucous,tube+alkaline solution(NaOH),the
mucous get layers&separate,m/o leaves mucous due to
neutralization.Seperate the medium fr m/o by 2methods.1-add medium
benzol oxylate&shake,m/o comes to medium,take the layer.2ceutrifigutation.Ientify by microscope.Make pure
culture.Sputum+acid,cultivate not more than 8days(acid is put because
they r acid fast&resist to acid.So all other m/o r dead&only tuberculosis
is live.After8days take colony,inoculate in gusons medium,examine
biochemical properties.In3-4 weeks diagnosis is given.(B)Sckolchicov
rush methods:based on mycobacteria to syn coat factor.Take sputum,to
slid,after drying,slid+acid(to kill other m/o),put slide to liquid
blood,incubate3-4days 37c,myco multiply in blood noritible colonies.
(C)biological test:inject to rabbits,identify presence of tubuculosis
bacilli(D)Florencent microscopy:stain slid by Ab,can see florencent by
microscope in the slide.(E)allergy test:due to hypersensitivity delayed
type.Inject specimen and after 24hour,see redness.Check diameter of
redness,less then 20mm is normal.Greater is pathology,do x-ray&check
clinical feature.
107:Pathogenic fungi:
Class acc to kinds of multiplication.Perfect fungi:have
sexual and asexual-miscellanieoces fungi,which may
produce mycerium.Sacromycetes.Imperfect:no sexual
spores,eg:dermaloucycetes,caudida fungi
Morphology&physiology:mycelium with septa may
substare cell surface or inside tissue or media or air
mycelium(above media)ph>7 aerobic majority,mesophiles
37c.colorless colonies.Later stage pigmented.Cultivate on
liquid/solid media.Common media:seuberoud
media,mucor&aspargillias-place of accumulation of
exopores.Mycosis acc to synthesis:1systemic,deep:coccidiasis,cryptococcosis,blaslomycosis,pa
racoccidisis.2-SC:sporotricuosis,motaramycosis.3superficial:dermatomycosis,epidermamycosis.endogenous
infection under certain condition
Lab diagnosis:skin
scraping,nails,hairs,pus,stool,sputum,urine,CSF,blood.Prep
are drop with alcohol&glycerol wout staining.check under
microscope,examine bochem properties.Test Ab
titre,IF,passive hemagglutination.Reaction of
hypersensitivity delayed type(skin allergy test),biological
test.
Treatment&prophylaxis:no special properties,treatment
Ab act on eukaryotic cells by big side effect medicasion
under superfivision
108:Candida fungi:
morphology:2forms:1-spherical or oroid budding cells. 2elongated filamentous cells,join end to end
physiology:they ar a part of normal flora of human body
Difference fr yeast:ability to form pseudomycelium by a
chain of elongated budding cells joined end to end.
Condition that assist the beginning of candidiasis:main
disease that posses development of candidiasis as
DM,immunodeficiency,malignant,long term broad
specimen antibiotics,premature babies,stress also chang the
diet.This condition gives changes in body states from its
normal condition so it gives decrease immunity&easily
fungal infection development than in normal.
Role of fungi in human pathology:?
109:Pathogenic spirochete:
Class:family:spirochetales is divided into 2family.1spirochetaceae:Treponema,Borrelia,SPirochaeta,Cistispira.2Leptospiraceae-Leptospira
Treponema pallidum:gram-ve,spiral shape
rods,endoflagillated,activity motile,non capsulated,non
sporing.Axial filament located outside cell wall 8-12 constant
arrives inconstant L or V.
Cultivation:cant grow in artificial media.it can be in rabbit
testis.The nichots strain has been maintain by serial passages in
rabbit testicales.Since1912,can be cultivated in Robertson
cooked.
Factor of virulence:protein of external
membrane&lipopolysaccharides.Antigenic structure
specific&non specific Ag.Ag-group specific Ag&species specific
Ag-polysaccharides.non-specific:lipoid hapten Ag
Pathogenesis of syphilis:can be acquired or congenital
Acquired syphilis:has 3stages.Incubation2-4weeks or even
5years.1-Papille appears on genital area.Ulceration forming.This
ulcer like other ulcer is painless. It isflat,dull,red,exudates a
serous fluid.Lesion can also occurs in lips,moth,nippe,fingers.The
fluid exudates is highly infectious,ulcers heals in3-6weeks
forming a thin scar.2-after 2-6month generalized syphilis
occurs,rash appears on skin&mucous.Papillae&condyloma are
formed specially around anus.Various inflammating&painless
lymphadenopathy developes.Symptoms disappear in 8-12 weeks
in untreated cases.This follows of latent phase.3-after 10-15years
tertiary lesion appear.Gamma appear on skin,mucous
membrane,bone,tongue,liver,testis,aorta,heart.Syphilitic
mesoaortitis is a serious complication leading to severe
anemia&hemorrhage.General paralysis occur due to eurosyphilis
Q 111.
pathogens of lyme disease : morphology
Bacteria
-b.Burgdorferi
Morphology
GRAM negative , motile , size 4-5 x0.2-0.5
mm
Pathogenesis contains toxic lipopolysaccharide inflammatory
prop. Incubation 3-30 days in skin, due to tick bite then move to
lymph nodes, reach blood then week then months and then cause
cardio n neurological plb . n increase of IgM n immune complex
the dev atritis n immune complexes deposition in synovial tissue
Epidemiology : - smalls mammals are reservoirs of the
bacteria .the tick feed on Infected mammals n then lava cause
dev of tick parasite in mammals, - its transmitted by tick (exodus
ricinus/dammini) to men
Clinical stages : Early stages migrain , skin red ,fever chills
,malaise, muscle pain
Late stages - 2 years later neurological n cardiac sympthoms
Meningitis , encephalitis ,heart block
-2nd stage of late stage is arthritis for months to years
Lab diagnosis : 1.staining- wright or gimsa staining on blood .
if + will be sliver starain. 2.culture and isolation on blood
3.serology- immunoflorescence test or ELISA
4..PCR
Treatment
: early stages - doxycycline , amoxicillin ,
erythromyocin
Late stage parentral admin triaxone
Q112
Genus :Leptospiraceae
Species : L.icterohaemorrhagiae
L..interrogans- pathogen in man n animals
L.biflexa in pools ditches fresah water
Morphology
- spiral shape 5-20x.01 mm
- narrow diameter closely set coils so its stained poorly in
fluorescent n sliver impregnation techniques
-motile rotating n flexing in axis
Pathogenesis
Transmission: men 2 men by contaminated water with urea or
faeses
Entery site : skin , mucus then in cubate for 1-2 weeks and go in
to blood n then organs
Exp :liver cause hyperbilirubinaemia n jaundice
Vascular involvement leading to coagulation
Renal failure due to tubular necrosis
Clinical disease
Subclinical l.intergos in packing house workes n veterinarians
Anicteric leptospirosis after 1-2 week or incubation period like
influenza
1 month headache , nausea ,
vomiting
Icteric leptospirosis - most severe hepatic in volment jaundice
Fever ,myalgias, diffuse rashes headache
Lab diagnosis
Specimens: blood 1st week, urine 2nd n 3rd week , serum of
antibody detection n CSF
Detection : 1.Dark ground microscopy : blood n CSF shows DG
illumination
2.PCR detection of leptospires in urine
Serological: using titers and the result is 1 week the titer is high
and towards the the 5th
Week it will decline
TEST : microscopic test , ELISA test IgM n IgG, C.T.F indirect
Hem agglutination
Confirmation test : using antigen :make suspension with live of
filled formalin killed
A series of dilution of the patients serum
is tested against the antigen
MAT (microscope agglutination test )
Treatment
Penicillin is drug of choice : doxycyline
,chlortetracycline,piperacillin,cefotaxime
Propylaxis : avoid contact with contaminated water . natural host
are dogs pigs mouse
Q113. MYCOPLAMA
Character
-Two types free living n self replicating .size 1-5 nm x
50nm
-Have ridgid cell walls and are pleomorphic .resistant to
penicilline
- it penetrates cell membrane but some are normal
microflora of the body
- are gram - , non sporing , non capsulated , non flagellated
Classification
-Family is devided to two type Mycoplasma (glucose or
atrginine ) and ureaplasma (hyrolyses urea)
-mycoplasma can be pathogenic .got 80 types
Species that cause human diesese:
M.pneumoniae,M.hominis,M.genitalium,M.urealyticas
Perculaties
Morphology grow on fluid media , spherical shape .
gram - ,
Cluture-in infusion of peptone broth with 2% agar
Pathogenic species
M.pneumoniae-transmitted by infected person
M.hominis- by arthritis ,postpartum sepsis ,pelvic infection
M.genitalium- acute chronic men gonococcal uterharitis
M.urealyticus- genital in fection . vaginaosis
Myco.pneumoniae
Adhere to the respirtory epithelium n interact with cilia on
epithelium cell surface
May develop atypical pneumonia .may also infect the
myocardium , cns ,skin ,joints
Clinical syndromes 15-25days sympthoms of
pneumonia,pharyngitis tracheobronchitis ,otitis media.
Immunity IgA in limited role in the external area , IgG in
blood
Epidemiology-secretion from infected person
1.transmission .1week to 2 weeks can
see on set of sympthom
2 susceptibility . crowded areas favours
transmoission in children n teens
3.distribution .due to climate
4.incidence. based on poplation n
military recruits
Diagnosis
1.compliment fixation test .depending on the titer
2.assay for specific test IgM (immunoflorescent test , IFA,)
3.DNA probes n PCR for development of P1 adhesin
Therapy
Antiboiotics tetracyclines,erythomyocin
Prophylaxic- non spesific
Clinical syndromes
Happen in spring n summer multiply in tick gut n comes
in feaces.3-5 days n contact with .
When louse feed on the human so it inro duced to skin
and then incubate there fot 2 weeks
Cause headache , fever , muscular rash, late then
myocardial n CNS involvement
Lab diagnosis
1.microscope
2.cultural isolation from guineapig,yolk sack or chicken
embrio
3.immunofluorescent test with polyvalent anti serum
4.PCR
5.Serological test complement fixation test with specific
antigen
- indirect fluorescence test IgM n IgG
- direct fluorescent
Treatment n prophylaxis
General measure celaning up jungle exe
Vaccination ,chemoprophylaxis
Drug : doxycycline n chloramphenicol
Q114.Rickettsia
-gram -, rod shape , binary fussion, nonmotile, non flagellated
-non capsulated,non sporing
-cell wall contain muramic acid , sensitive to antibiotics
Factors of virulence is call walls
Classification
Famili:rickettsiae
Genus: R.rickettsii n rochtunaea n coxiella
2 morphological form
Regetative-nucleoid, cytoplasmic ,cell membrane n wall
Cystic from thick coat protect against environment factors
Kinds of typus
1.epidermic typus- R.prowazekii, R.typhi
2.kind of fever- R.rickettsi,R.sibrica,R.akari
3.scrub typus- O..tustsugamushi
Louse brone typhus
By R.prowazekii
Dev-by like q fever . vector is tick mite suck on blood of infected
men
Pathogenesis
1. bite or crushed on the surface of skin go thru endothelial
of skin .in microvessles and then incubate 7days . in this time
there will be increase of hyper
sensitivity and have lymphadenitis near bitten area.later some get
killed by macrophages
2.7-10days later go thru blood n replicate on endothelial cells and
cause vasculitis
Q115. Q fever
By Coxiella burnettii
Morphology
Gram - , ploemorphic coccabacilli , non sporing nonflagelated
,non motile , non sporing
Physiology
Related to virus are small and obligated intracellular parasite
Contain enzymes of bacteria DNA n RNA
Sensitive to antibiotics
Source
Wild animals like from slaughters house like cattle , sheep
Poultry by ixodid ticks
Pathogenesis
Alveolar macrophages becomes infected n lead to rickettsia
species contain plasmids
Cause fever n influenza like syndrome there no rash in the
sympthom
Transmission
Present in large quantities of milk products
So drinking milk inhaling aerosol
Enters thru skin , mucose, lungs
They stay in environment in dry state for long periods 1 month
Can stand 60 degrees
Laboratory
Serological CTF indirect immunofloracent assay
Treatment prophylaxis
Oxyciline n tetracycline, coctrimoxazole , rifampicin
Treatment general hygine , insecticides
Pasturization of milk
Vaccine
Q116.Chlamydia
Morphology
Small, non motile, gram non sporing
Exist in two forms elementary body and reticular body
Physiology
Aerobic or faculatively aerobic
Intracellular parasites
Look like virus have both DNA n RNA
Multiply by binary fussion
Have metabolic active enzyme
Elementary forms -spherical electron dense nucloide
Recticular forms matahbolicly active n particales
Have surface membrane .cells make vacuole around he particles
The particles enlarge and reproduce by binary division
and the cell breaks and liberate from host n cycle from 24-48 h
intermediate forms condensation of reticular body which look
like bulls eye
Pathogenic species
C.pasittaci -cause psittacosis n ornithosis
C.trachomatis- A,B ,C endemic tracoma
L1,L2,L3,--Llymphogranuloma venum
D-K nongonoccal , uretritis mucopulurent cervicitis
C.pneumonia- acute respriratory syndrome
Lab diagnosis
Specimen blood , lung tissue , sputum . a single
Cell culture
Serology Cf testing n microimmunofluroscence test
Mouse impregnated into yolk sac for 6-8days old egg or tissue .
mice will die in 10days
Smears made from elementary bodies 1:32 titer
No specific available
Treatment
Tetracycline and erthromycin
Q118.Rabies virus
Virus two kinds :
Characteristic
- Bullet shaped when seen by electron microscope size 76175nm
- Contain a single strand RNA chromosome nucleoprotein
Large non structural protein
- got outer lipoprotein envelope contain protruding
haemaglutinating peplomer spikes
10nm long
Epidemiology
Wild animals like dogs , jackels horse cattle .
Virus transmits by sliva so plp get it when they are bitten
Pathogenesis
Replication n spreading -1st invades in the muscle and then
lead to nerve fibers
And grow in the grey matter if the brain
Incubation period 1-3 months
Then there will be degeneration in the cortex , midbrain ,basal
ganglia pons medulla
Clinical features
Headache ,malssiae low grade fever and anxiety in 1-10days
,infected person have Hydrophobia fear of water so they are
thirsty ,and then cause muscular spasm
Patient then develop coma , disorientation ,delirium .
Death from neurological and pulmonary sympthoms
Laboratory diagnosis
Diagnosis in men sample of sliva , test by
immunoflourescent test
Antibodies to virus develop slowly presence of anti bodies
in serum in an unvaccinated rabies infection .
PROPHYLAXIS
1.prexposure .Handle animal which has potential of
infection .two intra derminal vaccine and HDCV ( human
diplod cell strain vaccine ) given in 4 weeks of interval .lit
is follod by yearly booster
2.postexposure .cleanest first with water and soap n with
ammonium detergent
Then given rabies antiserum The wound is left
unsaturated .rabies can be prevented if treatment is
iniciated in a day of biting .
Bitting animals should be kept strict for 10day
Hyperimmune- human rebis antiserum is the safest
antiserum . half of the antiserum locally
a)
b)
Q119. Orthomyxoviruses
Structure
Size n shape : 80-110nm
Genome nucleic acid of eight have negative sense single strand
RNA polymerase
With the transcription with PB1,PB2
Envelope
Contain two glycoprotein , hemagglutinin(HA) , and
neuramidase (NA) spikes that project to the outside , and lined
by the matrix , membrane , haemagglutinin
Formation HA and NA spikes coded by viral genome
n are synthesized in early period of replication cycle
Immunogenecity both HA n NA molecules
Classification
Diff in the nucleoprotein (NP) and the matrix protein(M)
Types A,B,C.influenza A virus has sub type H1-H15
Epidemiology
Type A and B tend to cause epidemics that recur every 1-3
years .
Type C virus usually does not cause epidemicis
Influenza shows remarkable ability to undergo antigenic
variation due to frequent changes in the antigenicity of HA n
NA .
1.Antigenic Shift and Drift are responsible for the remarkable
epidermics of influenza virus antigenic refers to the minor
antigens changes ineither the haemaglutinin or neuromidase
or both .
2.Antigenic shift refers to major antigenic changes in HA(H2
to H3)
Transmission is by person to person via respirtory secretion
It remain contageneous 24h b4 the clinical symptoms till 48h
after on set of symptom
Subtype 9NA(N1-N9).
Clinical disease
Incubation period varies from 1-4 days
Fever chills ,headache , dry cough ,myalagia .fever last for
another 3 days .an uncomplicated case usually resolves
within 7 days .
Lab diagnosis
Isolation of virus use baboon kidney cells see
haemagglutination results following addition of
erythrocytes to influenza virus containing media
1.immunofloroscent test .to see viral antigens
2.ELISA n RIa technique can also be used
3.SEROLOGICAL with acute antibody titer since normal
individuals already have influenza virus antibodies .
Treatment n prophylaxis
Amantadine is rimantadine are effect in prophylaxis and
treatment of influenza a illness during the 1st 24-48hours.
1.compozitions of vaccines .type An B viruses are grown
in allantoic cavity of chick embryos and inactive by
formalin. This vaccine includes 3 type of strand Type A
(H2N3)n(H1N1) n Type B.
FILTRATION
The fluid to be filtered is sucked through the filter into a
receiving flask by negative pressure with the help of an exhaust
pump. Useful for making bacteria free preparations of substances
which get damaged by heat process.
Types of filters:- a) bacteriological filters - earthen ware candles,
asbestos disc filters, sintered glass filters
b) membrane filters & c) sand filter
Uses:- hydrated fluid, pharmaceutical preparations ( antibiotic
solutions ) and blood products.
RADIATION
IONISATION RADIATION - include gamma ray, X- rays and
accelerated electrons.
Uses: rubber or plastic disposable goods, disposable syringes,
surgical catgut, bone and tissue grafts, adhesive dressings
NON-IONISING RADIATION - a) infra red radiation b)
ultraviolet radiation
GAS VAPOUR STERILISATION
1- ETHYLENE OXIDE - plastics, polythene tube, artery and
bone grafts, endoscopes, vaccines and culture media.
2- FORMALDEHYDE GAS - used for decontamination of
surgical safety cabinets
3- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE VAPOURS - instruments.
NO.37 CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy
- treatment if infectious diseases by chemothereapeutic drugs.
Chemotherapy 1stly observed & used by Alexander Fleming to
observe staphylococci growth & it ( - ) the surrounded the
surrounding air-borne fungi.so he understood that one mo can
( - ) the growth of the other.
- But by Florin & chain produce 1st antibiotic as penicillin by
penicillium notatum
Then all scientists around the world was checking this
penicillin.They came back to Russia &did experiment & said that
both penicillium is effective.In Russia.they used
Cristasiu(penicillium crustosum)
Group of chemo.preparations
a) historically according to their origin.
natural
artificial
i. synthetic
e.g. penicillin
ii. Semisynthetic(the modification of natural antibiotic structure)
b) due to chemical synthesis.
1.-lactam(the -lactam ring as basic structure)
e.g. penicillin benzylpenicillin,aminopenicillin,carboxipicillin
2. tetracyclines
3. aminoglycosides i. 1st generation streptomycin
ii. 2nd generation gentamycine
iii. 3rd generation
4. macroslides (erythromycines,actinomycines)
5. Rifampicin (tuberculosis treatment)
38.ANTIBIOTICS
class. of it due to chem. nature
- same as question 37
mechanism of action
a)block cell membrane:
Polymyxin B & polymyxin E bind selectively with surface
membrane of Gram (-) bacteria,are rich in phosphatidyl
lethanolamine act as cationic defrigens.( - ) of cell membrane
function leads to escape of macromolecules & ions from the
cells,resulting cell damage & death(act on permeability)
e.g.polymyxin B/ EI
b)drug ( - ) of protein synthesis & impairment of function: of
ribosomes,
e.g. Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphnicol
c)drugs inhibiting synthesis of nucleic acids
e.g. Rifampin
( - ) oriculation of DNA mole:
e.g. quinolones,actinomyctes
d)drugs with antimetabolic action:
e.g. Sulphonamides,Sulfones,pAS,INH
act as antimetabolic drugs during bacterial metabolism:folic acid
is derived by pABA.The sulphonamide having a structural
similarity to pABA
e)IF suppress protein synthesis of virus
f)anticancer & antitumor drugs suppress the oxy metabolic
effects