Ferrous Metals: A Primer

You may have heard of ferrous metals but have you ever
wondered what they are?
Derived from the Latin word for iron (ferrum), the term ferrous is
used to describe metals that contain iron. Examples of such alloys
include steel and cast iron. Below, we present a brief primer on
the different types of ferrous metals and their uses.

1. Mild Steel
Mild steel, also known as plain-carbon steel, is an alloy typically
made up of 0.3% carbon, with 97% iron. Mild steel is commonly
used given its malleability, can be found in everyday objects such
as cars, household appliances, street signs and even key rings. It is
also the most commonly produced form of steel, given its relatively
low price and material properties that are applicable across industries.

Image by Chi King on Flickr

2. Carbon Steel
These are metals with a higher carbon composition (0.3-1.7%). The higher carbon content means
that carbon steel is harder and stronger, though less ductile. Carbon steel is frequently used in metal
cutting tools and machinery, given its strength and resistance to wear and tear. Knives, saws and drill
bits are also manufactured using carbon steel.

3. Stainless Steel
Unlike carbon steel, stainless steel is made up of iron, nickel and chromium. The composition of this
alloy makes it corrosion-resistant, and is ideal for manufacturing cutlery, surgical instruments and
other household appliances. Stainless steel is also used in bridges and other architectural works,
given its high durability and shine.

4. Cast Iron
Cast iron is typically produced by melting pig iron together with quantities of other substances such
as scrap iron, steel, limestone and carbon (coke). The liquid mixture is then poured into a cast to
solidify. This alloy is rich in carbon (2-4%) and silicon (1-3%). Different alloying elements present in
the compound determine the type of cast iron produced the resulting alloy may range from the
more brittle types to the malleable cast irons. Depending on its properties, cast iron has varied uses;
it can be found in engine cylinder blocks, bearing surfaces and cooking utensils.

5. Wrought Iron
Did you know that the Eiffel Tower is constructed from wrought iron? A relatively low carbon alloy
(<0.08%), wrought iron is a semi-fused mass of iron and slag a glass-like by-product containing
metal oxides and silicon dioxides. It is highly malleable and resistant to corrosion. Wrought iron was
commonly used in the past, featuring in items such as railways, horseshoes and gates; however,
production of wrought iron today has ceased, owing the availability of steel.