Otsql 150601095624 Lva1 App6892 PDF

Oracle Tuning: SQL
Ricardo Portilho Proni

ricardo@nervinformatica.com.br
Esta obra est licenciada sob a licena
Creative Commons Atribuio-SemDerivados 3.0 Brasil.
Para ver uma cpia desta licena, visite
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/br/.
Dicas de SQL Tuning?
Lendas de SQL
O Custo no quer dizer nada?
ndice BITMAP em baixa cardinalidade?
Sintaxe Oracle ou ANSI?
SELECT(1) ou SELECT COUNT(*)?
Ordem da clusula WHERE?
Ordem de JOIN?
CHAR ou VARCHAR2?
Evite Subqueries?
Evite VIEWs?
Evite EXISTS?
Evite Listas IN?
NESTED LOOPs ruim?
< > melhor que BETWEEN?
Lab 1 Lendas de SQL

Hands On !
Lab 1.1: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Desbloqueie os usurios teste do Oracle Database, e d as permisses abaixo.
$ sqlplus / AS SYSDBA
SQL> ALTER USER SCOTT ACCOUNT UNLOCK IDENTIFIED BY TIGER;
SQL> ALTER USER HR ACCOUNT UNLOCK IDENTIFIED BY HR;
SQL> ALTER USER SH ACCOUNT UNLOCK IDENTIFIED BY SH;
SQL> ALTER USER SHSB ACCOUNT UNLOCK IDENTIFIED BY SHSB;
SQL> ALTER USER SHSBP ACCOUNT UNLOCK IDENTIFIED BY SHSBP;
SQL> ALTER USER OE ACCOUNT UNLOCK IDENTIFIED BY OE;
SQL> GRANT ALTER SESSION, RESOURCE, SELECT ANY DICTIONARY
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
SCOTT;
HR;
SH;
SHSB;
SHSBP;
OE;
SOE;

Execute logon com o usurio SCOTT, e verifique qual seu arquivo de TRACE:
$ sqlplus SCOTT/TIGER
SQL> COLUMN TRACEFILE FORMAT A100
SQL> SELECT P.TRACEFILE FROM V$SESSION S, V$PROCESS P
WHERE S.PADDR = P.ADDR AND S.USERNAME = 'SCOTT';
Coloque sua sesso em TRACE 10053, e execute os comandos abaixo.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10053 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER, LEVEL 1';
SELECT COUNT(EMPNO) FROM EMP;
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM EMP;
SELECT COUNT(2) FROM EMP;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMP;
SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM EMP;
SELECT COUNT(MGR) FROM EMP;
Edite o seu arquivo de TRACE.
$ vi /u01/app/oracle/rdbms/ORCL/orcl/trace/ORCL_ora_1234.trc

No arquivo de Trace, procure pelo texto CNT:
Legend
The following abbreviations are used by optimizer trace.
CBQT - cost-based query transformation
JPPD - join predicate push-down
OJPPD - old-style (non-cost-based) JPPD
FPD - filter push-down
PM - predicate move-around
CVM - complex view merging
SPJ - select-project-join
SJC - set join conversion
SU - subquery unnesting
OBYE - order by elimination
OST - old style star transformation
ST - new (cbqt) star transformation
CNT - count(col) to count(*) transformation
JE - Join Elimination
JF - join factorization

Procure novamente pelo texto CNT:
CNT:
Considering count(col) to count(*) on query block SEL$1 (#0)
*************************
Count(col) to Count(*) (CNT)
*************************
CNT:
Converting COUNT(EMPNO) to COUNT(*).
CNT:
COUNT() to COUNT(*) done.
Procure pelo texto Final query:
Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

SELECT COUNT(*) "COUNT(EMPNO)" FROM "SCOTT"."EMP" "EMP"

CNT:
*************************
*************************
CNT:
Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

SELECT COUNT(*) "COUNT(1)" FROM "SCOTT"."EMP" "EMP"

CNT:
*************************
*************************
CNT:

SELECT COUNT(*) "COUNT(2)" FROM "SCOTT"."EMP" "EMP"
10

CNT:
*************************
*************************
CNT:
COUNT() to COUNT(*) not done.

SELECT COUNT(*) "COUNT(*)" FROM "SCOTT"."EMP" "EMP"
11

CN T: Considering count(col) to count(*) on query block SEL$1 (# 0)
*************************
Count(col) to Count(*) (CN T)
*************************
CN T: CO U N T() to CO U N T(*) not done.

SELECT COUNT("EMP".ROWID) "COUNT(ROWID)" FROM "SCOTT"."EMP" "EMP"
12
Lab 1.9: Lendas de SQL - ANSI

Execute os comandos abaixo.
SQL> SELECT
FROM
SQL> SELECT
FROM
E.ENAME, E.JOB, D.DNAME

EMP E, DEPT D WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;
E.ENAME, E.JOB, D.DNAME
EMP E INNER JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

SELECT "E"."ENAME" "ENAME","E"."JOB" "JOB","D"."DNAME" "DNAME" FROM
"SCOTT"."EMP" "E","SCOTT"."DEPT" "D" WHERE "E"."DEPTNO"="D"."DEPTNO"

"SCOTT"."EMP" "E","SCOTT"."DEPT" "D" WHERE "E"."DEPTNO"="D"."DEPTNO"
13
Lab 1.10: Lendas de SQL- Listas IN

SQL> SELECT E.ENAME, E.JOB, D.DNAME FROM EMP E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO
AND EMPNO IN (7369,7499,7521,7566,7654);

"SCOTT"."EMP" "E","SCOTT"."DEPT" "D" WHERE "E"."DEPTNO"="D"."DEPTNO" AND
("E"."EMPNO"=7369 OR "E"."EMPNO"=7499 OR "E"."EMPNO"=7521 OR
"E"."EMPNO"=7566 OR "E"."EMPNO"=7654)
14
Top Ten Mistakes

1 - Bad connection management
2 - Bad use of cursors and the shared pool
3 - Bad SQL
4 - Use of nonstandard initialization parameters
5 - Getting database I/O wrong
6 - Online redo log setup problems
7 - Serialization of data blocks in the buffer cache due to lack of free lists, free list groups,
transaction slots (INITRANS), or shortage of rollback segments.
8 - Long full table scans
9 - High amounts of recursive (SYS) SQL
10 - Deployment and migration errors
Fonte: Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide

http://docs.oracle.com/database/121/TGDBA/pfgrf_technique.htm#TGDBA032
15
15
SQL ou PL/SQL?
Se voc pode fazer algo em SQL, faa-o em SQL.
Se voc no pode faze-lo em SQL, faa em PL/SQL.
Se voc no pode faze-lo em PL/SQL, faa em Java.
Se voc no pode faze-lo em Java, faa em C++.
Se voc no pode fazer em C++, no o faa.
Thomas Kyte
- O que voc aprendeu sobre carros, quando aprendeu a dirigir?

- Quanto tempo voc levou para aprender SQL?
- Utilizamos apenas cerca de 20% das capacidades de um programa ou linguagem.
16
16
Contedo
Iremos abordar:
- SQL
No iremos:
- PL/SQL
- Analytic / OLAP / Data Mining
- LOB / SecureFiles
- XML
- HTML DB / APEX
- Oracle Text
- Oracle Spatial
- Intermedia / Image
- JDBC / OCI
- ODBC / ADO / .NET
17
17
Agenda
- Lendas de SQL
- Custo
- Configurao do CBO
- Seletividade e Cardinalidade
- SQL Engine
- Access Paths
- Query Transformation
- Join Methods
- ndices
- Anlise de Estatsticas
- Coleta de Estatsticas
- Modelagem / Data Types
- Extrao de Planos de Execuo
- Anlise de Planos de Execuo
- Estabilidade de Plano de Execuo
- Ferramentas (Trace 10046, Trace 10053, SQLHC, SQLT)
- Otimizaes (Paralelismo / CTAS / External Tables / Compresso / InMemory)
- Melhores Prticas em SQL
18
18
Cost Based Optimizer
19
SQL Tuning Guide
20
20
Oracle Optimizer Blog
21
21
Cost Based Optimizer

Exite uma teoria de que se algum descobrir o que o CBO faz e como ele funciona,
ele ir desaparecer instantaneamente e ser substitudo por algo ainda mais bizarro e
inexplicvel.
Existe outra teoria de que isto j aconteceu... duas vezes.
Jonathan Lewis, parafraseando Douglas Adams.
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22
O que o Custo?
Execution Plan
-------------------------------------------------------------------------| Id | Operation
| Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
0 | SELECT STATEMENT |
|
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
|
1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMP |
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost = (
#SRds * sreadtim +
#MRds * mreadtim +
#CPUCycles / cpuspeed
) / sreadtim
OU
Custo = (
Quantidade de leituras de um nico bloco * Tempo de leitura de um nico bloco +
Quantidade de leituras de mltiplos blocos * Tempo de leitura de mltiplos blocos +
Ciclos de CPU / Velocidade da CPU
) / Tempo de leitura de um nico bloco
23
O que o Custo?
24
O que o Custo?
25
Seletividade e Cardinalidade
Seletividade
um valor entre 0 e 1 que representa a frao de linhas obtidas por uma operao.
Cardinalidade
o nmero de linhas retornadas por uma operao.
Exemplo:
SQL> SELECT COUNT(MODELS) FROM CARS;
120 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(MODELS) FROM CARS WHERE FAB = 'FORD';
18 rows selected.
Cardinalidade = 18.
Seletividade = 0.15 (18/120).
26
Configurao do CBO
OPTIMIZER_MODE (FIRST_ROWS_n / ALL_ROWS)
DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT
RESULT_CACHE
INMEMORY
OPTIMIZER_SECURE_VIEW_MERGING
QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED
QUERY_REWRITE_INTEGRITY
STAR_TRANSFORMATION_ENABLED
GATHER_SYSTEM_STATISTICS
GATHER_DATABASE_STATISTICS
OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING
WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY (AUTO / MANUAL)

AUTO:
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET
MANUAL:
BITMAP_MERGE_AREA_SIZE
HASH_AREA_SIZE
SORT_AREA_SIZE
SORT_AREA_RETAINED_SIZE
OPTIMIZER_INDEX_CACHING (0 a 100, padro 0)

OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ (1 a 10000, padro 100)
Histograms
Extended Statistics
27
Configurao do CBO - OLTP

< DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT
RESULT_CACHE
INMEMORY

AUTO:
MANUAL:
HASH_AREA_SIZE
SORT_AREA_SIZE
> OPTIMIZER_INDEX_CACHING
< OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ
Histograms
Extended Statistics
28
Configurao do CBO - OLAP

> DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT
RESULT_CACHE
INMEMORY

AUTO:
MANUAL:
HASH_AREA_SIZE
SORT_AREA_SIZE
< OPTIMIZER_INDEX_CACHING
> OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ
Histograms
Extended Statistics
29
Ferramentas Bsicas
30
AUTOTRACE
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON;
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP;
ENAME
---------SMITH
...
14 rows selected.
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------Plan hash value: 3956160932
-------------------------------------------------------------------------| Id | Operation
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
|
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Statistics
---------------------------------------------------------1 recursive calls
...
0 sorts (disk)
14 rows processed
31
AUTOTRACE
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY;
14 rows selected.
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------Plan hash value: 3956160932
-------------------------------------------------------------------------| Id | Operation
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
|
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Statistics
---------------------------------------------------------0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
...
0 sorts (disk)
14 rows processed
32
AUTOTRACE
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY EXPLAIN;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------Plan hash value: 3956160932
-------------------------------------------------------------------------| Id | Operation
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
|
14 |
84 |
3
(0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------SQL>
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AUTOTRACE
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY STATISTICS;
14 rows selected.
Statistics
---------------------------------------------------------0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
8 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
731 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
551 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
14 rows processed
SQL>
34
SQL Developer: Plano de Execuo
35
SQL Developer: Plano de Execuo
36
SQL Trace (Event 10046): Nveis

0 - Trace OFF
2 - Regular SQL Trace
4 - Nvel 2, + Bind Variable
8 - Nvel 2 + Wait Events
12 - Nvel 2, + Bind Variable + Wait Events
37
SQL Trace (Event 10046): Ativao

Todas verses:
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET SQL_TRACE=TRUE;
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET SQL_TRACE=FALSE;
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SESSION.SET_SQL_TRACE(SQL_TRACE => TRUE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SESSION.SET_SQL_TRACE(SQL_TRACE => FALSE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SYSTEM.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION
(SID=>123, SERIAL#=>1234, SQL_TRACE=>TRUE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SYSTEM.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION
(SID=>123, SERIAL#=>1234, SQL_TRACE=>FALSE);
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10046 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER, LEVEL 12';
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10046 TRACE NAME CONTEXT OFF';
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SYSTEM.SET_EV(SI=>123, SE=>1234, EV=>10046, LE=>12, NM=>'');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SYSTEM.SET_EV(SI=>123, SE=>1234, EV=>10046, LE=>0, NM=>'');
38

Verses >= 8I
SQL> SELECT P.SPID OS_PROCESS_ID
FROM V$SESSION S, V$PROCESS P
SQL> ORADEBUG SETOSPID 12345;
SQL> ORADEBUG EVENT 10046 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER, LEVEL 12;
SQL> ORADEBUG TRACEFILE_NAME;
SQL> ORADEBUG EVENT 10046 TRACE NAME CONTEXT OFF;
39

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SET_TRACE AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
BEGIN
IF USER IN ('SCOTT') THEN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
'ALTER SESSION SET TRACEFILE_IDENTIFIER=''SESSAO_RASTREADA_PORTILHO''';
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
'ALTER SESSION SET TIMED_STATISTICS=TRUE';
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
'ALTER SESSION SET MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE=UNLIMITED';
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
'ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS ''10046 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER, LEVEL 12''';
END IF;
END;
/
40

Todas verses:
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SUPPORT.START_TRACE(WAITS=>TRUE, BINDS=>FALSE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SUPPORT.STOP_TRACE;
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SUPPORT.START_TRACE_IN_SESSION
(SID=>123, SERIAL=>1234, WAITS=>TRUE, BINDS=>TRUE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SUPPORT.STOP_TRACE_IN_SESSION (SID=>123, SERIAL=>1234);
Verses >= 10G
SQL> EXEC DBMS_MONITOR.SESSION_TRACE_ENABLE
(SESSION_ID =>1234, SERIAL_NUM=>1234, WAITS=>TRUE, BINDS=>FALSE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_MONITOR.SESSION_TRACE_DISABLE (SESSION_ID=>1234, SERIAL_NUM=>1234);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_MONITOR.CLIENT_ID_TRACE_ENABLE
(CLIENT_ID=>'PORTILHO', WAITS=>TRUE, BINDS=>TRUE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_MONITOR.CLIENT_ID_TRACE_DISABLE(CLIENT_ID=>'PORTILHO');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_TRACE_ENABLE
(SERVICE_NAME=>'OLTP', MODULE_NAME=>'TESTE', ACTION_NAME=>'RUNNING',
WAITS=>TRUE, BINDS=>TRUE);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_TRACE_DISABLE
(SERVICE_NAME=>'OLTP', MODULE_NAME=>'TESTE', ACTION_NAME=>'RUNNING');
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'trace[rdbms.SQL_Optimizer.*][sql:sql_id]';
41
OU
SQL> SELECT P.SPID, P.TRACEFILE
SQL> oradebug setospid 9999;
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name;
SQL> oradebug unlimit;
SQL> oradebug event 10046 trace name context forever, level 12;
42
SQL Trace (Event 10046): tkprof

$ tkprof
Usage: tkprof tracefile outputfile [explain= ] [table= ]
[print= ] [insert= ] [sys= ] [sort= ]
table=schema.tablename
Use 'schema.tablename' with 'explain=' option.
explain=user/password
Connect to ORACLE and issue EXPLAIN PLAN.
print=integer
List only the first 'integer' SQL statements.
aggregate=yes|no
insert=filename List SQL statements and data inside INSERT statements.
sys=no
TKPROF does not list SQL statements run as user SYS.
record=filename Record non-recursive statements found in the trace file.
waits=yes|no
Record summary for any wait events found in the trace file.
sort=option
Set of zero or more of the following sort options:
prscnt number of times parse was called
prscpu cpu time parsing
prsela elapsed time parsing
prsdsk number of disk reads during parse
prsqry number of buffers for consistent read during parse
prscu
number of buffers for current read during parse
prsmis number of misses in library cache during parse
...
43
SQL Trace (Event 10053)

OU
SQL> oradebug setospid 9999;
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name;
SQL> oradebug unlimit;
SQL> oradebug event 10053 trace name context forever, level 1;
44
Lab 2 SQL Trace

Hands On !
45
Lab 2.1: SQL Trace (Event 10046)
SQL> CONN SCOTT/TIGER

SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = 7369;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;
SQL> CREATE TABLE T21 AS SELECT * FROM ALL_OBJECTS;
46
Lab 2.2: tkprof (Event 10046)
47
48

SQL> SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, DNAME, LOC
FROM EMP, DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
SQL Engine
61
Terminologia
Soft Parse / Hard Parse
LIO (Logical Input/Output)
PIO (Physical Input/Output)
Latch / Mutex
Buffer Cache
Shared Pool
Library Cache
62
PGA
63
SELECT
5: SELECT (COLUMN / DISTINCT COLUMN / expression / scalar subquery)
1: FROM / FROM JOIN ON (fontes: TABLE, VIEW, MVIEW, PARTITION, SUBQUERY...)
2: * WHERE (condies: TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN)
3: * GROUP BY (opes: ROLLUP / CUBE)
4: * HAVING (condio: TRUE)
6: * ORDER BY (COLUMN)
Exemplo:
SELECT C.CUSTOMER_ID, COUNT(O.ORDER_ID) AS ORDER_CT
FROM
OE.CUSTOMERS C
JOIN OE.ORDERS O ON C.CUSTOMER_ID = O.CUSTOMER_ID
WHERE C.GENDER = 'F'
GROUP BY C.CUSTOMER_ID
HAVING COUNT(O.ORDER_ID) > 4
ORDER BY ORDERS_CT, C_CUSTOMER_ID;
Na fase 2, os dados j foram selecionados (IN MEMORY Column Store).
64
Processamento de SQL
OPEN CURSOR
PARSE
BIND
EXEC
FETCH (ARRAYSIZE, DEFAULT_SDU_SIZE (512 a 32767), RECV_BUF_SIZE, SEND_BUF_SIZE)
CLOSE CURSOR
SQL*Net
PARSE
SQL*Net
SQL*Net
BIND
SQL*Net
SQL*Net
EXEC
SQL*Net
SQL*Net
FETCH
SQL*Net
SQL*Net
FETCH
SQL*Net
SQL*Net
...
Message From Client

Message To Client
Message From Client
Message To Client
Message From Client
Message To Client
Message From Client
Message To Client
Message From Client
Message To Client
Message From Client
Apenas SELECT possui a fase FETCH.
65
Processamento de SQL
66
PL/SQL Engine
67
SQL Recursivos
68
SQL Recursivos
69
Hard Parse / Soft Parse
70
Hard Parse / Soft Parse
71
Lab 3 SQL Engine

Hands On !
72
Lab 3.1: FETCH

SQL> CONN HR/HR

SQL> SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY STATISTICS
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;
107 rows selected.
Statistics
---------------------------------------------------------1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
15 consistent gets
6 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
107 rows processed
73
Lab 3.2: FETCH

Execute os mesmo SELECT anterior, mas com o ARRAYSIZE diferente.
HR> SET ARRAYSIZE 100
HR> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;
107 rows selected.
Statistics
---------------------------------------------------------0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
9 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
107 rows processed
74
Lab 3.3: Shared Pool

Reinicie a instncia, e execute os comandos abaixo.
SQL> CONN / AS SYSDBA
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
SQL> STARTUP
104 recursive calls
0 db block gets
164 consistent gets
7 physical reads
0 redo size
9 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
75

Execute novamente o mesmo SELECT.
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
76

Execute o mesmo SQL, duas vezes, mas solicitando outro registro.
36 recursive calls
0 db block gets
53 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
5 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
77

Execute o mesmo SQL, tambm duas vezes, mas solicitando outro registro.
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
78

Execute o seguinte SQL, tambm duas vezes.
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO IN (7654, 7698, 7782);
5 recursive calls
0 db block gets
13 consistent gets
2 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
3 rows processed
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO IN (7654, 7698, 7782);
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
4 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
3 rows processed
79

Remova as estatsticas da tabela, e execute o primeiro SQL, tambm duas vezes.
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS('SCOTT', 'EMP');
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
16 physical reads
0 redo size
...
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
...
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
80

Execute o SQL abaixo, que retorna mais dados, tambm duas vezes.
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
40 recursive calls
0 db block gets
88 consistent gets
41 physical reads
0 redo size
...
6 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
4 rows processed

0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
8 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
...
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
4 rows processed
81

Limpe a Shared Pool, e execute novamente o SQL, tambm duas vezes.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SHARED_POOL;
1a execuo:
71 recursive calls
0 db block gets
90 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
...
6 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
4 rows processed
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
8 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
...
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
4 rows processed
82

Execute novamente o primeiro SQL, mas com variveis Bind, tambm duas vezes.
SQL> VARIABLE vEMPNO NUMBER
SQL> EXEC :vEMPNO := 7369
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = :vEMPNO;
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
...
1 rows processed
SQL> EXEC :vEMPNO := 7499
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO = :vEMPNO;
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
...
1 rows processed
83
Lab 3.12: Hard Parse / Soft Parse

Execute novamente o SELECT na DEPT, verificado os Parses.
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE OFF

SQL> SELECT S.NAME, M.VALUE FROM V$STATNAME S, V$MYSTAT M WHERE S.STATISTIC# =
M.STATISTIC# AND S.NAME IN ('parse count (total)', 'parse count (hard)');
parse count (total)
30
parse count (hard)
6
...
parse count (total)
parse count (hard)
32
6

...
parse count (total)
parse count (hard)
34
6
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT ORDER BY 1;

...
parse count (total)
parse count (hard)
43
7
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT ORDER BY 1,2;

...
parse count (total)
parse count (hard)
45
8
84
Lab 3.13: Buffer Cache

Limpe o Buffer Cache, e execute novamente o SQL da DEPT, tambm duas vezes.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH BUFFER_CACHE;
1a execuo:
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
8 consistent gets
6 physical reads
0 redo size
...
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
4 rows processed
2a execuo:
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
8 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
...
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
4 rows processed
85
Lab 3.14: Connect / Parse / Commit

Crie a tabela abaixo com o usurio SCOTT.
SQL> CREATE TABLE T314 (C1 NUMBER);
Observe o contedo dos seguintes scripts Perl, os execute, e compare.

$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
time
time
time
time
time
time
time
time
time
time
perl
perl
perl
perl
perl
perl
perl
perl
perl
perl
/home/oracle/ConnectBAD_CommitBAD_BindsBAD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectBAD_CommitBAD_BindsGOOD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectBAD_CommitGOOD_BindsBAD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectBAD_CommitGOOD_BindsGOOD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectGOOD_CommitBAD_BindsBAD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectGOOD_CommitBAD_BindsGOOD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsBAD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsBAD_ONE.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsGOOD.pl 5000
/home/oracle/ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsGOOD_PERFECT.pl 5000
Re-execute o ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsBAD.pl, mas em sesses

concorrentes.
10 x $ time perl /home/oracle/ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsBAD.pl 5000 &
Re-execute os testes ConnectGOOD com os parmetros abaixo alterados.

ALTER SYSTEM SET CURSOR_SHARING=FORCE;
ALTER SYSTEM SET COMMIT_LOGGING=BATCH;
86
Lab 3.15: PL/SQL Engine

Crie esta tabela com o usurio SCOTT:
SQL> CREATE TABLE T315 (C1 NUMBER);
Observe o contedo dos seguintes scripts Perl, os execute, e compare:

$ time perl /home/oracle/SemPLSQL.pl 5000
$ time perl /home/oracle/ComPLSQL.pl 5000
87
Access Paths
88
Access Paths
Full Table Scan (FTS)

Table Access by ROWID
Index Unique Scan
Index Range Scan
Index range scan descending
Index Skip Scan
Full Index Scan (FIS)
Fast Full Index Scan (FFIS)
89
Full Table Scan

Depende de:
Percentual de dados que sero acessados;
Quantidade de blocos lidos em leituras mltiplas (db_file_multiblock_read_count);
Velocidade de leitura de mltiplos blocos x nico bloco (System Statistics);
Distribuio das linhas nos blocos;
HWM.
90
MBRC: scatteread / sequential

Ocorre db file sequential read quando:
- O bloco est no final do Extent;
- O bloco j est no cache;
- Excede o limite do sistema operacional;
- UNDO.
91
Lab 4.1: FTS e Clustering Factor

Crie as duas tabelas abaixo com o usurio SCOTT, e compare as duas.
SQL> CREATE TABLE T1 AS
SELECT TRUNC((ROWNUM-1)/100) ID, RPAD(ROWNUM,100) NAME
FROM DBA_SOURCE
WHERE ROWNUM <= 10000;
SQL> CREATE INDEX T1_IDX1 ON T1(ID);
SQL> CREATE TABLE T2 AS
SELECT MOD(ROWNUM,100) ID, RPAD(ROWNUM,100) NAME
FROM DBA_SOURCE
WHERE ROWNUM <= 10000;
SQL> CREATE INDEX T2_IDX1 ON T2(ID);
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
COUNT(*) FROM T1;

COUNT(*) FROM T2;
MIN(ID) FROM T1;
MIN(ID) FROM T2;
MAX(ID) FROM T1;
MAX(ID) FROM T2;
COUNT(*) FROM T1 WHERE ID = 1;
COUNT(*) FROM T2 WHERE ID = 1;
92

Compare os planos de execuo de SQL iguais para as duas tabelas.
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY EXPLAIN
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T1 WHERE ID = 1;
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T2 WHERE ID = 1;
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T1 WHERE ID < 5;
Verifique a ordenao fsica dos dados das tabelas.
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T1;
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T2;
SQL> SELECT ROWID, ID, NAME FROM T1 ORDER BY 2;
SQL> SELECT ROWID, ID, NAME FROM T2 ORDER BY 2;
93

Compare as estatsticas das duas tabelas.
SQL> COL TABLE_NAME FORMAT A20
SQL> COL INDEX_NAME FORMAT A20
SQL> SELECT
T.TABLE_NAME,
I.INDEX_NAME,
I.CLUSTERING_FACTOR,
T.BLOCKS,
T.NUM_ROWS
FROM DBA_TABLES T, DBA_INDEXES I
WHERE T.TABLE_NAME = I.TABLE_NAME AND
T.TABLE_NAME IN ('T1', 'T2') AND
T.OWNER = 'SCOTT'
ORDER BY T.TABLE_NAME, I.INDEX_NAME;
94
Lab 4.4: FTS e HWM

Compare as estatsticas deste SELECT, antes e depois do DELETE.
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T4;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
DELETE
SELECT
SELECT
SELECT
FROM T4;
COUNT(*) FROM T4;
COUNT(*) FROM T4;
COUNT(*) FROM T4;
95
Lab 4.5: FTS e HWM

Verifique os blocos utilizados pela tabela, antes e depois do DELETE.
SQL> DROP TABLE T4;
SQL> SELECT MIN(DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_BLOCK_NUMBER(ROWID)) MIN_BLK,
MAX(DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_BLOCK_NUMBER(ROWID)) MAX_BLK FROM T4;
SQL> DELETE FROM T4;
SQL> ROLLBACK;
96
Index Scan
Index Unique Scan

Index Range Scan
Index Skip Scan
Index Full Scan
Index Fast Full Scan
Por que ler todos blocos de um ndice E os da tabela, e no s os da tabela?
97
Index Scan
B-tree = rvore Balanceada

Root Block / Branch Blocks / Leaf Blocks
Height / BEVEL (quando o Height / BLEVEL aumenta?)
Average Leaf Blocks per Key / Average Data Blocks per Key
Clustering Factor
98
Lab 5.1: Index Scan

Compare as estatsticas destes SELECTs.

SQL> SELECT NAME FROM T1 WHERE ID = 0 AND NAME = 1;
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
6 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
SQL> SELECT COUNT(NAME) FROM T1 WHERE ID = 0 AND NAME = 1;
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
4 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
99
Lab 5.2: Index Scan

Compare as estatsticas deste SELECTs, com os do Lab 5.1.
SQL> SELECT NAME FROM T2 WHERE ID = 0 AND NAME = 1;
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
156 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
0 rows processed
SQL> SELECT COUNT(NAME) FROM T2 WHERE ID = 0 AND NAME = 1;

0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
156 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
100
Lab 5.3: Index Scan

Compare as estatsticas deste SELECTs.
SQL> SELECT NAME FROM T1 WHERE ID = 1;

1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
7 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
100 rows processed
SQL> SELECT NAME FROM T2 WHERE ID = 1;
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
157 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
100 rows processed
101
Index Unique Scan
102
Index Unique Scan

Utilizado com Primary Key ou Unique Key;
Consistent Gets mnimo = (Rows x 2) + BLEVEL + 1.
103
Index Range Scan
104
Index Range Scan

Utilizado com Primary Key, Unique Key, ou Non-unique Key;
Consistent Gets mnimo = (Rows x 2) + BLEVEL + 1.
105
Index Range Scan - Sort
106
Index Full Scan
107
Index Full Scan

Utilizado quando:
No h predicado, mas uma das colunas est indexada;
Predicado no a primeira coluna de um ndice;
Um ndice pode economizar um SORT.
108
Index Full Scan

Sem predicado, mas uma das colunas est indexada;
109
Index Full Scan

110
Index Full Scan

111
Index Full Scan
112
Index Full Scan
113
Index Skip Scan

O predicado contm uma condio em uma coluna indexada, mas esta coluna no
a primeira do ndice, e as primeiras colunas tem um baixo NDV.
114
Index Fast Full Scan

Utilizado quando todas as colunas do SELECT esto includas no ndice;
Utiliza MBRC;
No h acesso tabela;
No pode ser utilizado para evitar um SORT.
115
Query Transformation
116
Query Rewrite
De acordo com a Documentao:
OR Expansion
View Merging
Predicate Pushing
Subquery Unnesting
In-Memory Aggregation
Table Expansion
Join Factorization
Query Rewrite with Materialized Views
Star Transformation
117
Query Rewrite
Controle: Hints QUERY_TRANSFORMATION / NO_QUERY_TRANSFORMATION
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
FROM
CONN HR/HR
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID
DEPARTMENTS);
118
View Merging
Controle: MERGE / NO_MERGE / Parmetro _complex_view_merging (TRUE de 9i em diante).
Geralmente utilizada quando o Outer Query Block contm:
- Uma coluna que pode ser utilizada em um ndice com outro Query Block;
- Uma coluna que pode ser utilizada para Partition Pruning com outro Query Block;
- Uma condio que limita as linhas retornadas de uma das tabelas em uma Joined View.
Geralmente no ser utilizada se:
- Um Query Block contiver uma funo de agregao ou analtica;
- Um Query Block contiver Set Operations (UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS);
- Um Query Block contiver ORDER BY;
- Um Query Block contiver ROWNUM.
Fomos treinados para entender que estas duas expresses retornam resultados diferentes:
6+4/2=8
(6 + 4) / 2 = 5
119
Lab 6.1: View Merging

Execute o SELECT abaixo, e encontre no arquivo trace o View Merging.
SQL> CONN OE/OE

SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDERS O, (SELECT SALES_REP_ID FROM ORDERS) O_VIEW
WHERE O.SALES_REP_ID = O_VIEW.SALES_REP_ID (+)
AND O.ORDER_TOTAL > 100000;
Execute o SELECT abaixo, e encontre no arquivo trace o View Merging.

SQL> CONN OE/OE
SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDERS O, (SELECT SALES_REP_ID FROM ORDERS ORDER BY
SALES_REP_ID) O_VIEW WHERE O.SALES_REP_ID = O_VIEW.SALES_REP_ID (+) AND
O.ORDER_TOTAL > 100000 AND ROWNUM < 10 ORDER BY ORDER_TOTAL;
120
Subquery Unnesting
- Controle: HINT NO_UNNEST, unnest_subquery (TRUE de 9i em diante).
- Similar a View Merging, ocorre quando a Subquery est localizada na clusula WHERE;
- A transformao mais comum em um JOIN;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
FROM
CONN HR/HR
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID
DEPARTMENTS);
121
Subquery Unnesting + JE
O plano de execuo utiliza quais tabelas?
122
Lab 6.2: Subquery Unnesting

Execute o SELECT abaixo, e encontre no arquivo trace o Subquery Unnesting.
SQL> CONN HR/HR

SQL> SELECT
OUTER.EMPLOYEE_ID,
OUTER.LAST_NAME,
OUTER.SALARY,
OUTER.DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES OUTER
WHERE OUTER.SALARY >
(SELECT AVG(INNER.SALARY)
FROM EMPLOYEES INNER
WHERE INNER.DEPARTMENT_ID = OUTER.DEPARTMENT_ID);
123
Lab 6.3: Subquery Unnesting
124
Predicate Pushing
- Controle: Hints PUSH_PRED / NO_PUSH_PRED.
- Geralmente utilizado para aplicar os predicados de um Query Block em outro Query
Block, quando no pode ocorrer uma transformao de Merging, para permitir a
utilizao de um ndice e filtrar mais cedo no plano de execuo;
125
Lab 6.4: Predicate Pushing

Execute o SELECT abaixo, e encontre no arquivo trace o Predicate Pushing.
SQL> CONN HR/HR
SQL> SELECT E1.LAST_NAME, E1.SALARY, V.AVG_SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEES E1,
(SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, AVG(SALARY) AVG_SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEES E2
GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID) V
WHERE E1.DEPARTMENT_ID = V.DEPARTMENT_ID
AND E1.SALARY > V.AVG_SALARY
AND E1.DEPARTMENT_ID = 60;
E com DEPARTMENT_ID IN (10,40,60)?
126
Join Methods & Options
127
Join Methods
Nested Loops
Hash Joins
Sort-merge Joins
Driving Table (Outer / maior / PK / UNIQUE) / Inner Table (menor):
128
Join Options
Inner Join
Outer Join
Cross Join / Cartesian Joins
Semi-Join
Anti-Join
129
Nested Loops
um LOOP dentro de um LOOP.

mais eficiente com pequenos Result Sets;
Geralmente ocorre quando h ndices nas colunas utilizadas pelo Join;
Utiliza pouca memria, pois o Result Set construdo uma linha por vez;
HINT: /*+ USE_NL(EMP DEPT) */
SQL> SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, DNAME, LOC FROM EMP, DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO =
DEPT.DEPTNO AND DEPT.DEPTNO IN (10);
DEPT.DEPTNO AND DEPT.DEPTNO IN (10,20);
DEPT.DEPTNO;
130
Sort-Merge Joins
131
Sort-Merge Joins
L as duas tabelas de forma independente, ordena, e junta os Result Sets,
descartando linhas que no combinam;
Geralmente utilizado para Result Sets maiores, e quando no h ndices;
Geralmente utilizado quando uma operao de desigualdade;
O maior custo a ordenao;
Poder ser utilizada apenas PGA, ou pode ser necessrio TEMP;
HINTs: USE_MERGE / NO_USE_MERGE
DEPT.DEPTNO AND DEPT.DEPTNO NOT IN (10);
132
Hash Joins
S ocorre em equi-joins;
Geralmente utilizado para grandes Result Sets;
Geralmente utilizado se o menor Result Set cabe em memria;
A tabela com o menor Result Set lida e armanezada em memria como um HASH;
Em seguida a outra tabela (maior Result Set) lida, aplicado o HASH, e ento
comparada com a menor;
Poder ser utilizada apenas PGA, ou pode ser necessrio TEMP;
133
Hash Joins
134
Cartesian Joins / Cross Joins

Geralmente trata-se da ausncia de condio do Join (DISTINCT!);
O tamanho do resultado o produto dos dois Result Sets;
Poder ser utilizada apenas PGA, ou pode ser necessrio TEMP.
O BUFFER SORT de um Cartesian Join no um SORT.
135
Cartesian Joins / Cross Joins
SQL> SELECT T1.ID, T2.NAME FROM T1, T2 WHERE T1.ID = T2.ID;
136
Outer Joins
Sintaxe Oracle: (+);
A sintaxe Oracle no suporta FULL OUTER JOIN;
Sintaxe ANSI: LEFT [OUTER] JOIN / RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN;
Um OUTER JOIN pode utilizar qualquer mtodo de JOIN;
12c: Multi-table LEFT OUTER JOIN.
137
Semi-Joins (IN)
Controle: HINTs SEMIJOIN, NO_SEMIJOIN, NL_SJ, MERGE_SJ, HASH_SJ
Uma otimizao de INNER JOIN, de custo menor;
Utilizado em listas IN ou EXISTS;
necessrio utilizar uma Subquery;
Se for utilizado EXISTS, necessrio utilizar uma Correlated Subquery;
As clusulas IN ou EXISTS no podem estar dentro de um OR.
SQL> CONN HR/HR

SQL> SELECT DEPARTMENT_NAME
FROM DEPARTMENTS DEPT
WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN
(SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM HR.EMPLOYEES EMP);
138
Semi-Joins (EXISTS)
SQL> CONN HR/HR
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT NULL
FROM HR.EMPLOYEES EMP
WHERE EMP.DEPARTMENT_ID = DEPT.DEPARTMENT_ID);
139
Anti-Joins (NOT IN)

Uma otimizao de INNER JOIN, de custo menor;
Utilizado em listas NOT IN ou NOT EXISTS;
necessrio utilizar uma Subquery;
Se for utilizado NOT EXISTS, necessrio utilizar uma Correlated Subquery;
As clusulas NOT IN ou NOT EXISTS no podem estar dentro de um OR;
A Subquery no pode retornar NULL (<=10g) (SNA).
Controle: HINTs ANTIJOIN, NL_AJ, MERGE_AJ, HASH_AJ
Controle: Parmetros _always_anti, _gs_anti_semi_join_allowed,

_optimizer_null_aware_antijoin, _optimizer_outer_to_anti_enabled
140
Anti-Joins (NOT IN)

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID NOT IN
(SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM DEPARTMENTS
WHERE LOCATION_ID = 1700)
ORDER BY LAST_NAME;
141
Anti-Joins (NOT EXISTS)

WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT NULL
FROM EMPLOYEES EMP
WHERE EMP.DEPARTMENT_ID = DEPT.DEPARTMENT_ID);
142
Bloom Filters
Controle: HINTs PX_JOIN_FILTER, NO_PX_JOIN_FILTER;
Utiliza pouca memria para o filtro em relao do conjunto de dados;
mais utilizado quando a maioria das linhas so descartadas em um JOIN;
Reduz a quantidade de dados transferidos entre processos paralelos;
mais utilizado se mais parties forem eliminadas por Partition Pruning;
Utiliza Result Cache;
utilizado em Exatada, especialmente em JOINs em STAR SCHEMAs.
143
Partition-wise Joins
No partition-wise join
144
Partition-wise Joins
Full partition-wise join

Partial partition-wise joins
145
ndices
146
ndices
B-tree
Bitmap
Bitmap Join
IOT (Index-Organized Table)
Function-Based
Invisible Indexes (11g / OPTIMIZER_USE_INVISIBLE_INDEXES)
Virtual Indexes
Partitioned Indexes
Partial Indexes (12c)
Domain Indexes
Compressed
Ascending / Descending
Table Clusters
147
ndices
Bitmap Join
SQL> CREATE BITMAP INDEX cust_sales_bji
ON
sales(customers.state)
FROM sales, customers
WHERE sales.cust_id = customers.cust_id;
IOT
CREATE TABLE locations
(id
NUMBER(10)
NOT NULL,
description VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
map
BLOB,
CONSTRAINT pk_locations PRIMARY KEY (id)
)
ORGANIZATION INDEX
TAB LESPACE iot_tablespace
PCTTHRESHOLD 20
INCLUDING description
OVERFLOW TABLESPACE overflow_tablespace;
148
ndices
Invisible
SQL> ALTER INDEX IDX_T INVISIBLE;
SQL> ALTER INDEX IDX_T VISIBLE;
Virtual
SQL> CREATE INDEX IDX_T ON T(OBJECT_NAME) NOSEGMENT;
Function Based
SQL> CREATE INDEX IDX_T ON T(UPPER(OBJECT_NAME));
Partial Index
SQL> ALTER TABLE T1 MODIFY PARTITION
SQL> CREATE INDEX T1_IDX ON T1(YEAR)
ANO_2014 INDEXING OFF;

LOCAL;
LOCAL INDEXING FULL;
LOCAL INDEXING PARTIAL;
GLOBAL;
GLOBAL INDEXING FULL;
GLOBAL INDEXING PARTIAL;
149
ndices - Guidelines
Geral
Controle: HINTs INDEX, INDEX_COMBINE, NO_INDEX, FULL;
Crie ndices em colunas utilizadas na clusula WHERE;
Crie ndices em colunas utilizadas em JOINs;
Crie ndices em colunas de alta seletividade;
Crie ndices em colunas de baixa seletividade mas que contenham dados com
seletividades muito distintas;
Prefira ndices PRIMARY KEY, se o modelo permitir;
Prefira ndices UNIQUE, se o modelo permitir, mas PRIMARY KEY no possvel;
Crie ndices compostos em colunas utilizadas frequentemente na mesma clusula

WHERE;
Em ndices compostos, utilize as colunas com maior seletividade esquerda;
Se um valor de uma coluna indexada no for utilizado em uma clusula WHERE,

verifique se este valor pode ser trocado para NULL;
Busque sempre minimizar a quantidade de ndices de uma tabela;
Considere o espao utilizado por um ndice (60% - 40%).
150
ndices - Guidelines
DML
Crie ndices em Foreign Keys (FKs) que sofrem DML de forma concorrente;
Evite ndices em colunas que sofrem muitos UPDATEs;
Evite ndices em tabelas que sofrem muitos INSERTs ou DELETEs.

Tipos
Prefira ndices BTREE em colunas de alta seletividade (CPF, NF);
Prefira ndices BITMAP em colunas de baixa seletividade (ESTADO, CIDADE);
Evite ndices em colunas utilizadas em clusula WHERE apenas com funes;
Utilize ndices de funo em colunas utilizadas em clusula WHERE mais

frequentemente com funes;
Prefira ndices BITMAP para grandes tabelas;
Evite ndices BITMAP em colunas que sofrem muito DML, principalmente de forma
concorrente;
Prefira parties HASH em ndices pequenos que sofrem DML em alta concorrncia;
Utilize IOTs em PKs frequentemente utilizadas na clusula WHERE.
151
ndices - Table Clusters
Utilize se as tabelas so frequentemente utilizadas em JOINs (NF e ITEM_NF);

Utilize se as tabelas sofrem mais JOINs do que operaes DML;
Evite se utilizado FTS de apenas uma das tabelas;
Evite para linhas largas (PEDIDO_NOTA_FISCAL com OBS);
Evite se o nmero de linhas nas chaves das duas tabelas muito diferente.
152
BITMAP x BTREE
COUNT(1)
10936000
- - Sem ndice.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER)) FROM T; - - Sem ndice.

COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER))
28
Decorrido: 00:00:26.75
SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER)) FROM T; - - Com ndice BTREE.
28
SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER)) FROM T; - - Com ndice BITMAP.
28
153
BITMAP x BTREE
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T;
COUNT(1)
10936000
SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER)) FROM T;
28
SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OBJECT_NAME)) FROM T; -- Com ndice BTREE
COUNT(DISTINCT(OBJECT_NAME))
40998
SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OBJECT_NAME)) FROM T; Com ndice BITMAP
COUNT(DISTINCT(OBJECT_NAME))
40998
154
ndices e Access Paths
155
ndices e Access Paths
156
Lab 7.1: DML e BITMAP Index

1a Sesso:
2a Sesso:
SQL> CREATE BITMAP INDEX

IDX_BITMAP_T314 ON T314(C1);
SQL> INSERT INTO T314 VALUES (1);
SQL> COMMIT;

SQL> COMMIT;

SQL> COMMIT;

COMMIT;


157
Lab 7.2: Impacto de ndices

Execute novamente o melhor script de INSERT, mas com a adio de ndices
como abaixo.
$
$
$
$
cd /home/oracle
time perl ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsGOOD_PERFECT.pl 10000
SQL> DROP INDEX IDX_BITMAP_T314;

SQL> CREATE INDEX IDX_BTREE_T314 ON T314(C1);
$ time perl ConnectGOOD_CommitGOOD_BindsGOOD_PERFECT.pl 10000
SQL> DROP INDEX IDX_BTREE_T314;
158

Com o usurio SCOTT, crie uma tabela de testes, e verifique o tempo de sua
duplicao.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
CREATE TABLE T7 AS SELECT * FROM ALL_OBJECTS;

INSERT INTO T7 SELECT * FROM T7;
COMMIT;
SQL> CREATE TABLE T8 AS SELECT * FROM T7 WHERE 1=0;

SQL> SET TIMING ON
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
INSERT INTO T8
TRUNCATE TABLE
INSERT INTO T8
TRUNCATE TABLE
INSERT INTO T8
TRUNCATE TABLE
SELECT * FROM T7;

T8;
SELECT * FROM T7;
T8;
SELECT * FROM T7;
T8;
159

Verifique o tempo de sua duplicao, mas com ndices.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
CREATE INDEX T8_IDX_01 ON T8(OWNER);

TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
CREATE INDEX T8_IDX_02 ON T8(OBJECT_NAME);

TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
160

Verifique o tempo de sua duplicao, mas um ndice composto.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
DROP INDEX T8_IDX_01;

CREATE INDEX T8_IDX_03 ON T8(OWNER,OBJECT_NAME);
TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
TRUNCATE TABLE T8;
161

Verifique o uso dos ndices.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
CONN SCOTT/TIGER
CREATE INDEX T8_IDX_01 ON T8(OWNER);
CREATE INDEX T8_IDX_02 ON T8(OBJECT_NAME);
ALTER INDEX T8_IDX_01 MONITORING USAGE;
ALTER INDEX T8_IDX_02 MONITORING USAGE;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
FROM
'
COL INDEX_NAME FORMAT A40

SELECT INDEX_NAME, MONITORING, USED FROM V$OBJECT_USAGE;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T8 WHERE OWNER = 'SCOTT';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T8 WHERE OWNER = 'SYS';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T8 WHERE OWNER = 'SYSTEM';
SELECT INDEX_NAME, MONITORING, USED, START_MONITORING
V$OBJECT_USAGE;
162
Estatsticas
163
Estatsticas e SQL Engine

Optimizer Statistics
Table statistics
Number of rows
Number of blocks
Average row length
Column statistics
Number of distinct values (NDV) in column
Number of nulls in column
Data distribution (histogram)
Extended statistics
Index statistics
Number of leaf blocks
Average data blocks per Key
Levels
Index clustering factor
System Statistics
I/O performance and utilization
CPU performance and utilization
164
Estatsticas - Tabela
DBA_TABLES / ALL_TABLES / USER_TABLES
165
Estatsticas - ndices
DBA_INDEXES / ALL_INDEXES / USER_INDEXES
166
Estatsticas - Colunas
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS / ALL_TAB_COLUMNS / USER_TAB_COLUMNS
167
Estatsticas - Histogramas
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS / ALL_TAB_COLUMNS / USER_TAB_COLUMNS
DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS / ALL_TAB_HISTOGRAMS / USER_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
168
Histogramas
- Buckets: mximo de 255 (2048 12c);
- Frequency Histograms;
- Height-Balanced Histograms;
- Top Frequency Histograms (12c);
- Hybrid Histograms (12c).
http://docs.oracle.com/database/121/TGSQL/tgsql_histo.htm
169
Frequency Histograms
Utilizados se:
- Se o NDV menor ou igual que a quantidade de Buckets indicados na coleta;
- utilizado AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE na execuo da coleta.
170
Height Balanced Histograms

Utilizados se:
- Se o nmero de Buckets indicados na coleta menor que o NDV.
171
Top Frequency Histograms (12c)

Utilizados se:
- Se o NDV maior que a quantidade de Buckets indicados na coleta;
- utilizado AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE na execuo da coleta;
- Se o percentual de linhas ocupadas pelos Top Values igual ou maior que p, sendo
que p = (1-(1/Buckets))*100.
172
Hybrid Histograms (12c)

Utilizados se:
- Se o nmero de Buckets indicados na coleta menor que o NDV;
- utilizado AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE na execuo da coleta;
- Se os crittios para Top Frequency Histograms no se aplicam.
173
Extended Statistics Column Groups
174
Extended Statistics Column Groups

SQL> CONN SH/SH
SQL> SELECT DBMS_STATS.CREATE_EXTENDED_STATS(USER, 'CUSTOMERS')
FROM DUAL;
SQL> BEGIN
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS( 'SH','CUSTOMERS',
METHOD_OPT=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE SKEWONLY ' || 'FOR COLUMNS SIZE
SKEWONLY (CUST_STATE_PROVINCE,COUNTRY_ID)');
END;
/
SQL> SELECT SYS.DBMS_STATS.SHOW_EXTENDED_STATS_NAME('SH','CUSTOMERS',
'(CUST_STATE_PROVINCE,COUNTRY_ID)') COL_GROUP_NAME
FROM DUAL;
SQL> SELECT EXTENSION_NAME, EXTENSION FROM USER_STAT_EXTENSIONS
WHERE TABLE_NAME='CUSTOMERS';
175
175
Extended Statistics Expression
176
Extended Statistics Expression

SQL> CONN SH/SH
SQL> SELECT DBMS_STATS.CREATE_EXTENDED_STATS(USER, 'CUSTOMERS')
FROM DUAL;
SQL> BEGIN
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS('SH','CUSTOMERS'
,METHOD_OPT => 'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE SKEWONLY FOR COLUMNS
(LOWER(CUST_STATE_PROVINCE)) SIZE SKEWONLY');
END;
/
177
177
Coleta de Estatsticas - ANALYZE

ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE;
ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE;
ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE FAST;
ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE ONLINE;
UTLCHAIN.SQL / UTLCHN1.SQL
ANALYZE TABLE emp LIST CHAINED ROWS INTO CHAINED_ROWS;
178
179
180
Estatsticas: Coleta Automtica

Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection
SQL> SELECT CLIENT_NAME, STATUS FROM DBA_AUTOTASK_CLIENT;
SQL> BEGIN
DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.DISABLE (
CLIENT_NAME => 'AUTO OPTIMIZER STATS COLLECTION'
,OPERATION
=> NULL
,WINDOW_NAME => NULL
);
END;
/
SQL> BEGIN
DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.ENABLE (
CLIENT_NAME => 'AUTO OPTIMIZER STATS COLLECTION'
,OPERATION
=> NULL
,WINDOW_NAME => NULL
);
END;
/
181
Estatsticas: Coleta Manual

Procedures para coleta
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_INDEX_STATS
182
182
Estatsticas: Opes de Coleta

ESTIMATE_PERCENT (Percentual ou DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE)
EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DATABASE_STATS
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => 10);
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE);
DEGREE (Quantidade ou DBMS_STATS.DEFAULT_DEGREE)
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => 10, DEGREE=>2);
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => 10, DEGREE=>DBMS_STATS.DEFAULT_DEGREE);
CASCADE (TRUE, FALSE, ou AUTO_CASCADE)
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => 10, DEGREE=>2, CASCADE=>TRUE);
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => 10, DEGREE=>2, CASCADE=>AUTO_CASCADE);
183
183

OPTIONS (GATHER, GATHER_STALE, GATHER_EMPTY, GATHER_AUTO)
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => 10, DEGREE=>2, CASCADE=>TRUE,
OPTIONS=>'GATHER_STALE');
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => 10, DEGREE=>2, CASCADE=>AUTO_CASCADE
OPTIONS=>'GATHER_AUTO);
GRANULARITY (ALL, AUTO, DEFAULT, GLOBAL, GLOBAL AND PARTITION,
PARTITION, SUBPARTITION)
OPTIONS=>'GATHER_AUTO, GRANULARITY=ALL);
OPTIONS=>'GATHER_AUTO, GRANULARITY=AUTO);
184
184

NO_INVALIDATE (TRUE, FALSE, ou DBMS_STATS.AUTO_INVALIDATE)
OPTIONS=>'GATHER_AUTO, GRANULARITY=AUTO, NO_INVALIDATE=TRUE);
OPTIONS=>'GATHER_AUTO, GRANULARITY=AUTO,
NO_INVALIDATE='DBMS_STATS.AUTO_INVALIDATE');
185
185

METHOD_OPT
FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 100
FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO
FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE REPEAT
FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE SKEWONLY
FOR ALL INDEXED COLUMNS SIZE 100
FOR ALL INDEXED COLUMNS SIZE AUTO
FOR ALL INDEXED COLUMNS SIZE REPEAT
FOR ALL INDEXED COLUMNS SIZE SKEWONLY
FOR COLUMNS C1 SIZE 100
FOR COLUMNS C1 SIZE AUTO
FOR COLUMNS C1 SIZE REPEAT
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE,
METHOD_OPT=>'FOR ALL INDEXED COLUMNS SIZE AUTO');
186
186

Coleta geral
(ESTIMATE_PERCENT => DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE,
DEGREE=>2,
CASCADE=>AUTO_CASCADE
OPTIONS=>'GATHER_AUTO,
GRANULARITY=>AUTO,
NO_INVALIDATE=>'DBMS_STATS.AUTO_INVALIDATE',
METHOD_OPT=>'FOR ALL INDEXED COLUMNS SIZE 1');
Coleta por exceo

EXEC DBMS_STATS.UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS('SCOTT','EMP');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS('SCOTT','EMP');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS ('SCOTT', 'EMP',
ESTIMATE_PERCENT=>100, DEGREE=>1, CASCADE=>TRUE, OPTIONS=>'GATHER',
GRANULARITY=>'ALL',NO_INVALIDATE=>TRUE,METHOD_OPT=>'FOR ALL INDEXED
COLUMNS SIZE AUTO');
EXEC DBMS_STATS.LOCK_TABLE_STATS('SCOTT','EMP');
187
187
Estatsticas: Consulta
Tabela
SELECT TABLE_NAME, NUM_ROWS, BLOCKS, EMPTY_BLOCKS, AVG_SPACE,
CHAIN_CNT, AVG_ROW_LEN, SAMPLE_SIZE, LAST_ANALYZED FROM USER_TABLES
ORDER BY 1;
ndices
SELECT TABLE_NAME, INDEX_NAME, NUM_ROWS, BLEVEL, LEAF_BLOCKS,
DISTINCT_KEYS, CLUSTERING_FACTOR, AVG_LEAF_BLOCKS_PER_KEY,
AVG_DATA_BLOCKS_PER_KEY, SAMPLE_SIZE, LAST_ANALYZED FROM USER_INDEXES
ORDER BY 1,2;
Colunas
SELECT TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, NUM_DISTINCT, NUM_NULLS, DENSITY,
LOW_VALUE, HIGH_VALUE, DATA_LENGTH, AVG_COL_LEN, SAMPLE_SIZE,
LAST_ANALYZED FROM USER_TAB_COLUMNS ORDER BY 1,2;
Histogramas
SELECT H.TABLE_NAME, H.COLUMN_NAME, C.HISTOGRAM, H.ENDPOINT_NUMBER,
H.ENDPOINT_ACTUAL_VALUE, H.ENDPOINT_REPEAT_COUNT FROM
USER_TAB_HISTOGRAMS H, USER_TAB_COLUMNS C WHERE H.TABLE_NAME =
C.TABLE_NAME AND H.COLUMN_NAME = C.COLUMN_NAME AND HISTOGRAM <> 'NONE'
ORDER BY 1,2,4;
188
Outras Estatsticas
Fixed Objects Statistics (V$SQL, V$SESSION, etc.)
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_FIXED_OBJECTS_STATS;
Dictionary Statistics (DBA_SEGMENTS, DBA_TABLES, etc.);
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DICTIONARY_STATS;
189
System Statistics
Consulta
SQL> SELECT PNAME, PVAL1 FROM SYS.AUX_STATS$;
Remoo
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_SYSTEM_STATS;
Coleta NOWORKLOAD
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS;
Coleta WORKLOAD
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS('START');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS('STOP');
190
Lab 8.1: System Statistics

Verifique e guarde os planos de execuo do captulo de JOINs.
Colete as estatsticas de sistema durante uma carga, e verifique sua alterao.
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS('START');
$ cd /home/oracle/swingbench/bin/
$ ./charbench -uc 10 -cs //nerv01/ORCL
...
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS('STOP');
Verifique novamente os planos de execuo do captulo de JOINs.
191
Estatsticas Pendentes
192
Lab 8.2: Estatsticas Pendentes

Colete estatsticas, e verifique-as antes de publica-las.
SQL> CONN SH/SH
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.SET_TABLE_PREFS
('SH','CUSTOMERS','PUBLISH','FALSE');
SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_TAB_PENDING_STATS;
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS('SH','CUSTOMERS');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.PUBLISH_PENDING_STATS('SH','CUSTOMERS');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.SET_TABLE_PREFS
('SH','SALES','PUBLISH','FALSE');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS('SH','SALES');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_PENDING_STATS('SH','SALES');
193
Restore de Estatsticas
194
Lab 8.3: Restore de Estatsticas

Execute o Restore de uma estatstica anterior.
SQL> CONN OE/OE
SQL> COL TABLE_NAME FORMAT A10
SQL> SELECT
TABLE_NAME,
TO_CHAR(STATS_UPDATE_TIME,'YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS') AS
STATS_MOD_TIME
FROM
DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
WHERE TABLE_NAME='ORDERS'
AND OWNER='OE'
ORDER BY STATS_UPDATE_TIME DESC;
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS('OE', 'ORDERS');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.RESTORE_TABLE_STATS( 'OE','ORDERS',
TO_TIMESTAMP('2015-01-28:15:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS') );
195
Transporte de Estatsticas
196
Transporte de Estatsticas
Origem
EXEC DBMS_STATS.CREATE_STAT_TABLE (ownname => 'HR', stattab =>
TESTE_STATS'));
EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS ('HR');
BEGIN DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS (ownname => 'HR', stattab =>
'TESTE_STATS'
$ expdp HR/HR DIRECTORY=dump_directory DUMPFILE=TESTE_STATS.dmp
TABLES=TESTE_STATS
Destino:
$ impdp PORTILHO DIRECTORY=dump_directory DUMPFILE=TESTE_STATS.dmp
TABLES=TESTE_STATS
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS(ownname => 'HR', stattab =>
'TESTE_STATS');
197
Lab 8.4: Coleta de Estatsticas

Verifique os planos de execuo dos SQL abaixo.
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON EXPLAIN
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T1 WHERE ID =
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T2 WHERE ID =
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME FROM T1 WHERE ID <
1;
1;
5;
5;
10;
10;
Remova as estatsticas e verifique novamente os planos de execuo.

SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS('SCOTT','T1');
Desabilite as estatsticas dinmicas, e verifique novamente os planos de execuo.
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING=0;
Colete as estatsticas com os parmetros padro, e verifique novamente os planos de
execuo.
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS('SCOTT','T1');
198
Lab 8.5: Coleta de Estatsticas

SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_TYPE), OBJECT_TYPE FROM T7 GROUP BY OBJECT_TYPE
ORDER BY 1;
SQL> CREATE INDEX IND_T7_01 ON T7(OBJECT_TYPE);
SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON EXPLAIN
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'SYNONYM';
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'PACKAGE';
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'DIRECTORY';
Remova as estatsticas e verifique novamente os planos de execuo.
Reabilite as estatsticas dinmicas, e verifique novamente os planos de execuo.
Colete as estatsticas com os parmetros padro, e verifique novamente os planos de
execuo.
Colete as estatsticas com Histogramas incorretos para o NDV, e com o tamanho exato do
NDV, e verifique novamente os planos de execuo.
199
Modelagem
200
PKs: Surrogate or Natural?

Natural Keys (RG, CPF, Nota Fiscal, Matrcula, Aplice...)
Naturalidade no entendimento das colunas;
Reduo da largura da linha;
Menor quantidade de JOINs para exibir o resultado final;
Validao natural de regras de negcio.
Surrogate Keys (SEQUENCE, IDENTITY, MAX + 1 com FOR UPDATE)
Alteraes com menor impacto;
Reduo da largura das chaves;
Reduo da possibilidade de concorrncia em alteraes de campos;
Composio desnecessria;
Simplicidade de JOINs.
201
Lab 9.1: Data Types

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
CREATE TABLE T91 (ID VARCHAR(255), NAME VARCHAR(255));

CREATE INDEX T91_IDX ON T91(ID);
CREATE INDEX T1_IDX ON T1(ID);
COMMIT;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SET AUTOTRACE ON
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T1 WHERE ID=1;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T91 WHERE ID=1;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T91 WHERE ID='1';
202
Extrao de Planos de Execuo
203
Fontes de Planos de Execuo

- PLAN_TABLE, carregada por EXPLAIN PLAN / DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY ou
AUTOTRACE (e SQL Developer, Toad, etc.);
- VIEWs de planos compilados e armazenados na Library Cache;
- Tabelas de AWR / STATSPACK;
- Arquivos Trace (10046, 10053, etc.).
204
Explain Plan
Sintaxe:
EXPLAIN PLAN [SET STATEMENT_ID=id] [INTO table] FOR statement;
Exemplo:
SQL> EXPLAIN PLAN SET STATEMENT_ID='TESTE1' FOR
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP;
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY);
Limitaes do Explain Plan:
- o Plano, no a Execuo;
- No utiliza Bind Peeking / ACS;
- Todas Variveis Bind so consideradas VARCHAR2;
- Depende do ambiente de execuo (trigger de logon?).
205
Views
Dynamic Performance Views:
- V$SQL_PLAN
- V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS
- V$SQL_WORKAREA
- V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS_ALL (V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS +
V$SQL_WORKAREA)
Chave < 10g: ADDRESS, HASH_VALUE, CHILD_HUMBER
Chave >= 10g: SQL_ID
Exemplo:
SQL> SELECT STATUS, SQL_ID, SQL_CHILD_NUMBER
FROM V$SESSION
WHERE USERNAME = 'SCOTT';
SQL> SELECT *
FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR('a10jnjwd22gs8', 0));
SQL> SELECT *
FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR('a10jnjwd22gs8'));
206
AWR
Tabelas:
- STATS$SQL_PLAN (STATSPACK)
- DBA_HIST_SQL_PLAN
- DBA_HIST_SQLTEXT
- DBA_HIST_SQLSTAT
- DBA_HIST_SQLBIND
Exemplo:
SQL> SELECT SQL_ID, SQL_TEXT
FROM DBA_HIST_SQLTEXT
WHERE SQL_TEXT LIKE '%SELECT ENAME FROM EMP%';
SQL> SELECT *
FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_AWR('a10jnjwd22gs8'));
Requer Licena Diagnostics Pack
207
AWR
SQL Statement
@$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/awrsqrpt.sql
Enter value for report_type: html
Enter value for num_days: 1
Enter value for begin_snap: 40
Enter value for end_snap: 41
Enter value for sql_id: 062savj8zgzut
Enter value for report_name: AWR_SQL_01.html
SQL Statement (Specific Database Instance)
@$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/awrsqrpi.sql
208
208
Execution Plan
SQL> SELECT /*+ GATHER_PLAN_STATISTICS */ COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE
OBJECT_TYPE = 'SYNONYM';
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'ALLSTATS LAST'));
SQL> SELECT
OBJECT_TYPE
SQL> SELECT
OBJECT_TYPE
/*+ GATHER_PLAN_STATISTICS */ COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE

= 'PACKAGE';
/*+ GATHER_PLAN_STATISTICS */ COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE
= 'DIRECTORY';
209
209
Execution Plan
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS(USER);
SQL> SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, DNAME, LOC FROM EMP, DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND DEPT.DEPTNO IN (10);
SQL> SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, DNAME, LOC FROM EMP, DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND DEPT.DEPTNO IN (10,20);
SQL> SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, DNAME, LOC FROM EMP, DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
SQL> SELECT /*+ GATHER_PLAN_STATISTICS */ EMPNO, ENAME, DNAME, LOC FROM EMP, DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND DEPT.DEPTNO IN (10);
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND DEPT.DEPTNO IN (10,20);
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
210
210
Execution Plan
211
211
Execution Plan
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET STATISTICS_LEVEL=ALL;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
CONN SCOTT/TIGER
ALTER SESSION SET STATISTICS_LEVEL=ALL;
SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'SYNONYM';
SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'ALLSTATS LAST'));
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'PACKAGE';

SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'DIRECTORY';
212
212
Execution Plan
SQL> COL SQL_TEXT FORMAT A150
SQL> SELECT SQl_ID, CHILD_NUMBER, SQL_TEXT FROM V$SQL WHERE SQL_TEXT LIKE '%T7%';
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR('d43dypzv2mdyz', 0, 'ALLSTATS
LAST'));
213
213
Execution Plan
214
214
Execution Plan
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
CONN SCOTT/TIGER
ALTER SESSION SET OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING = 0;
EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'T7');
SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE
SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL,
= 'TABLE';
'ALLSTATS LAST'));
= 'DIRECTORY';
'ALLSTATS LAST'));
= 'SYNONYM';
'ALLSTATS LAST'));
215
215
Execution Plan
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'T7');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'T7', ESTIMATE_PERCENT=>100,
METHOD_OPT=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 1');
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'TABLE';
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'SYNONYM';
216
216
Execution Plan
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'T7');
SQL> EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'T7', ESTIMATE_PERCENT=>100,
METHOD_OPT=> 'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 5');
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'TABLE';
SQL> SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SCOTT.T7 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'SYNONYM';
217
217
Execution Plan
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
EXEC DBMS_STATS.DELETE_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'T7');

EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(USER, 'T7');
= 'TABLE';
'ALLSTATS LAST'));
= 'DIRECTORY';
'ALLSTATS LAST'));
= 'SYNONYM';
'ALLSTATS LAST'));
218
218
Adaptive Plans
219
219
Lab 10.1: Adaptive Plans

Execute o SQL abaixo duas vezes, comparando o Plano Real de Execuo.
$ sqlplus OE/OE
SQL> SELECT o.order_id, v.product_name
FROM
orders o,
( SELECT order_id, product_name
FROM
order_items o, product_information p
WHERE p.product_id = o.product_id
AND
list_price < 50
AND
min_price < 40 ) v
WHERE o.order_id = v.order_id;
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(FORMAT=>'+ALLSTATS'));
SQL> SELECT o.order_id, v.product_name
FROM
orders o,
( SELECT order_id, product_name
FROM
order_items o, product_information p
WHERE p.product_id = o.product_id
AND
list_price < 50
AND
min_price < 40 ) v
WHERE o.order_id = v.order_id;
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(FORMAT=>'+ALLSTATS'));
220

Verifique a diferena entre os dois Cursores.
SQL> SELECT CHILD_NUMBER, CPU_TIME, ELAPSED_TIME, BUFFER_GETS
FROM
V$SQL
WHERE SQL_ID = 'gm2npz344xqn8';
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR('gm2npz344xqn8',0));
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR('gm2npz344xqn8',1));
221

Execute o SQL abaixo duas vezes, comparando o Plano Real de Execuo.
$ sqlplus OE/OE
EXPLAIN PLAN FOR
SELECT product_name FROM order_items o, product_information p
WHERE o.unit_price = 15
AND
quantity > 1
AND
p.product_id = o.product_id;
SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY);
AND
quantity > 1
AND
SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(FORMAT=>'+ALLSTATS LAST'));
AND
quantity > 1
AND
SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(FORMAT=>'+ALLSTATS LAST
+ADAPTIVE'));
222
Anlise de Planos de Execuo
223
Anlise de Plano
224
Anlise de Plano
- Stand-alone Operations: apenas uma operao filho;
- Unrelated-combine Operations: operaes filho so executadas de forma
independente;
AND-EQUAL, BITMAP AND, BITMAP MINUS, CONCATENATION, CONNECT BY
WITHOUT FILTERING, HASH JOIN, INTERSECTION, MERGE JOIN, MINUS,
MULTI_TABLE INSERT, SQL MODEL, TEMP TABLE TRANSFORMATION,
UNION-ALL.
- Related-combine Operations: a primeira operao filho executada apenas uma
vez, e controla a execuo das outras operaes filho, de forma intercalada;
NESTED LOOPS, UPDATE, CONNECT BY WITH FILTERING, BITMAP KEY
ITERATION;
- Blocking Operations (SORT)
- Nonblocking Operations (FILTER)
225
Stand-alone Operation
226
226
Stand-alone Operation - STOPKEY
227
227
Stand-alone Operation - STOPKEY
228
228
Stand-alone Operation - FILTER
229
229
Unrelated-combine Operation
230
230
Related-combine Operation
231
231
Lab 11.1: Anlise de Plano

Execute o SQL abaixo e analise seu plano de execuo.
SQL> CONN HR/HR
SQL> SELECT e.employee_id, j.job_title, e.salary, d.department_name
FROM employees e, jobs j, departments d
WHERE e.employee_id < 103
AND e.job_id = j.job_id
AND e.department_id = d.department_id;
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR
(NULL, NULL, 'ALLSTATS LAST'));
232

SQL> CONN SHSB/SHSB
SQL> SELECT *
FROM
(SELECT times.calendar_quarter_desc,
customers.cust_first_name,
customers.cust_last_name,
customers.cust_id,
SUM(sales.amount_sold),
rank() over(PARTITION BY times.calendar_quarter_desc
ORDER BY SUM(amount_sold) DESC) AS
rank_within_quarter
FROM sales,
customers,
times
WHERE sales.cust_id = customers.cust_id
AND times.calendar_quarter_desc = '2002-2'
AND times.time_id = sales.time_id
GROUP BY customers.cust_id,
customers.cust_first_name,
customers.cust_last_name,
customers.cust_id,
times.calendar_quarter_desc)
WHERE rank_within_quarter < 16;
233

SQL> CONN SHSB/SHSB
SQL> SELECT channel_desc, calendar_week_number, countries.country_iso_code,
TO_CHAR(SUM(amount_sold), '9,999,999,999') SALES$
FROM sales, customers, times, channels, countries
WHERE sales.time_id=times.time_id AND sales.cust_id=customers.cust_id AND
sales.channel_id= channels.channel_id
AND customers.country_id = countries.country_id
AND channels.channel_desc IN
('Internet','Partners') AND times.calendar_year = '1998'
AND times.calendar_week_number IN ('23','24')
AND countries.country_iso_code IN ('ES','FR')
GROUP BY CUBE(channel_desc, calendar_week_number, countries.country_iso_code);
SQL> SELECT channel_desc, calendar_week_number, countries.country_iso_code,
TO_CHAR(SUM(amount_sold), '9,999,999,999') SALES$
FROM sales, customers, times, channels, countries
WHERE sales.time_id=times.time_id AND sales.cust_id=customers.cust_id AND
sales.channel_id= channels.channel_id
AND customers.country_id = countries.country_id
AND channels.channel_desc IN
('Internet','Partners') AND times.calendar_year = '2010'
AND times.calendar_week_number IN ('37','38')
AND countries.country_iso_code IN ('US','ZA')
GROUP BY CUBE(channel_desc, calendar_week_number, countries.country_iso_code);
234

SQL> CONN SHSB/SHSB
SQL> SELECT SUM(amount_sold),
t.calendar_month_desc,
t.calendar_week_number,
c.country_name
FROM sales s,
times t,
countries c,
customers cu
WHERE s.time_id
= t.time_id
AND t.calendar_month_desc = '2010-11'
AND cu.country_id
= c.country_id
AND s.cust_id
= cu.cust_id
AND c.country_iso_code = 'DK'
group by t.calendar_month_desc,
t.calendar_week_number,
c.country_name;
235

SQL> CONN SHSB/SHSB
SQL> SELECT t.time_id,
to_char(SUM(amount_sold),
'9,999,999,999') AS sales,
to_char(AVG(SUM(amount_sold)) over(ORDER BY t.time_id range BETWEEN INTERVAL '2'
DAY preceding AND INTERVAL '2' DAY following),
'9,999,999,999') AS
centered_5_day_avg
FROM sales s,
times t
WHERE t.calendar_month_desc IN('1996-01','1996-02','1996-03','1996-04')
AND s.time_id = t.time_id
GROUP BY t.time_id
ORDER BY t.time_id;
SQL> SELECT t.time_id,
to_char(SUM(amount_sold),
'9,999,999,999') AS sales,
to_char(AVG(SUM(amount_sold)) over(ORDER BY t.time_id range BETWEEN INTERVAL '2'
DAY preceding AND INTERVAL '2' DAY following),
'9,999,999,999') AS
centered_5_day_avg
FROM sales s,
times t
WHERE t.calendar_month_desc IN('2007-10','2007-11','2007-12','2008-01')
AND s.time_id = t.time_id
GROUP BY t.time_id
ORDER BY t.time_id;
236

SQL> CONN SHSB/SHSB
SQL> WITH v AS
(SELECT p.Prod_Name Product_Name,
t.Calendar_Year YEAR,
t.Calendar_Week_Number Week,
SUM(Amount_Sold) Sales
FROM Sales s,
Times t,
Products p
WHERE s.Time_id
= t.Time_id
AND s.Prod_id
= p.Prod_id
AND p.Prod_name
IN ('Envoy External Keyboard')
and T.CALENDAR_YEAR IN (2003,2004)
AND t.Calendar_Week_Number = 21
GROUP BY p.Prod_Name,
t.Calendar_Year,
t.Calendar_Week_Number
)
...
237

...
SELECT Product_Name Prod,
YEAR,
Week,
Sales,
Weekly_ytd_sales,
Weekly_ytd_sales_prior_year
FROM
(SELECT --Start of year_over_year sales
Product_Name,
YEAR,
Week,
Sales,
Weekly_ytd_sales,
LAG(Weekly_ytd_sales, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY Product_Name, Week ORDER BY YEAR)
Weekly_ytd_sales_prior_year
FROM
...
238

...
(SELECT -- Start of dense_sales
v.Product_Name Product_Name,
t.Year YEAR,
t.Week Week,
NVL(v.Sales,0) Sales,
SUM(NVL(v.Sales,0)) OVER (PARTITION BY v.Product_Name, t.Year ORDER BY
t.week) weekly_ytd_sales
FROM v PARTITION BY (v.Product_Name)
RIGHT OUTER JOIN
(SELECT DISTINCT Calendar_Week_Number Week,
Calendar_Year YEAR
FROM Times
WHERE Calendar_Year IN (2003,2004)
) t
ON (v.week = t.week
AND v.Year = t.Year)
) dense_sales
) year_over_year_sales
where year = 2004
AND WEEK = 21
ORDER BY 1,2,3;
Execute novamente os SQLs do SHSB e analise os planos, mas com o usurio

SHSBP.
239
Estabilidade de Plano
240
Evoluo de Shared SQL

- Bind Variable
- CURSOR_SHARING
- Bind Variable Peeking (9i)
- Extended Cursor Sharing / Adaptive Cursor Sharing (11gR1)
- Cardinality Feedback (11gR2)
- Adaptive Optimizer / Automatic Reoptimization / Adaptive Plan (12cR1)
241
Estabilidade do Plano
HINTs (Session: _OPTIMIZER_IGNORE_HINTS = TRUE)
Parmetros de Controle do CBO
Parmetros ocultos de Controle do CBO
Stored Outlines
SQL Profiles (DBA_SQL_PROFILES)
SQL Plan Baselines
242
Baselines
243
Baselines
Consulta:
DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
Carregar Baselines Automaticamente:
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET OPTIMIZER_CAPTURE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES=TRUE;
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET OPTIMIZER_USE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES=TRUE;
Carregar Baselines manualmente:
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SPM.LOAD_PLANS_FROM_CURSOR_CACHE(ATTRIBUTE_NAME=>'SQL
TEXT', ATTRIBUTE_VALUE=>'%SELECT ID, NAME FROM T1%')
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SPM.LOAD_PLANS_FROM_CURSOR_CACHE(SQL_ID=>'1234567890',
PLAN_HASH_VALUE=>'ABCDEFGH');
Remover Baselines:
SQL> EXEC
DBMS_SPM.DROP_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE(SQL_HANDLE=>'SYS_SQL_1234567890');
244
Baselines
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET OPTIMIZER_CAPTURE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES=TRUE;
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET OPTIMIZER_USE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES=TRUE;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
FROM
CONN SCOTT/TIGER
CREATE TABLE T AS SELECT * FROM ALL_OBJECTS;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER)) FROM T;
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SQL_HANDLE, PLAN_NAME, ENABLED, ACCEPTED, FIXED
DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES;
SQL> CREATE BITMAP INDEX T_INDEX_01 ON T(OWNER);

SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER)) FROM T;
SQL> SELECT SQL_TEXT, SQL_HANDLE, PLAN_NAME, ENABLED, ACCEPTED, FIXED
FROM DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES;
245
Ferramentas Avanadas
246
Lab 12.1: SQLT - Instalao

MOS Doc ID 215187.1: SQLT Diagnostic Tool
Execute a instalao do SQLT.
$ unzip sqlt.zip
$ cd sqlt/install
SQL> @install
<ENTER>
Nerv2015 <ENTER>
Nerv2015 <ENTER>
USERS <ENTER>
TEMP <ENTER>
SCOTT <ENTER>
T <ENTER>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
GRANT
GRANT
GRANT
GRANT
GRANT
SQLT_USER_ROLE
SQLT_USER_ROLE
SQLT_USER_ROLE
SQLT_USER_ROLE
SQLT_USER_ROLE
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
OE;
SH;
SHSB;
SHSBP;
HR;
247
Lab 12.2: SQLTXPLAIN - Extrao

Verifique os SQL_ID dos SQL executados pelos dois SCHEMAS.
SQL> SELECT SQL_ID, SQL_TEXT FROM V$SQL WHERE
PARSING_SCHEMA_NAME = 'SHSB';
SQL> SELECT * FROM DBA_HIST_SQLTEXT WHERE SQL_ID IN (SELECT
SQL_ID FROM DBA_HIST_SQL_PLAN WHERE OBJECT_OWNER = 'SHSBP');
Extraia o Relatrio SQL dos SQL_ID executados pelos dois SCHEMAS.
@$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/awrsqrpt.sql
Extraia o Relatrio SQLT dos SQL_ID executados pelos dois SCHEMAS.
$ cd sqlt/run
$ sqlplus SHSB/SHSB
SQL> @sqltxtract 2jb7w23a4ad72
Nerv2015 <ENTER>
$ unzip sqlt_s36985_xtract_grgrdq5ja4a1x.zip
$ firefox sqlt_s36985_main.html
248
SQLHC
MOS Doc ID 1366133.1: SQL Tuning Health-Check Script (SQLHC)

Verificaes:
- CBO Object Statistics
- CBO Parameters
- CBO System Statistics
- CBO Data Dictionary Statistics
- CBO Fixed-objects Statistics
249
Lab 12.3: SQLHC

Extraia o SQLHC dos SQLs analizados pelo SQLT.
$ cd /home/oracle
$ unzip sqlhc.zip
$ cd sqlhc
$ sqlplus SYSTEM/Nerv2015
SQL> @sqlhc.sql T 2jb7w23a4ad72
250
DBMS_SQLTUNE
251
Lab 12.4: DBMS_SQLTUNE

Execute o SQL_TUNE nos SQLs analizados pelo SQLT.
SQL> CONN / AS SYSDBa
SQL> DECLARE RET_VAL VARCHAR2(4000);
BEGIN
RET_VAL := DBMS_SQLTUNE.CREATE_TUNING_TASK(SQL_ID => '2hr53jd1gg9u2', SCOPE
=> DBMS_SQLTUNE.SCOPE_COMPREHENSIVE, TIME_LIMIT => 60, TASK_NAME => 'Portilho
Tuning Task', DESCRIPTION => 'Portilho Tuning Task');
END;
/
SQL> EXEC DBMS_SQLTUNE.EXECUTE_TUNING_TASK('Portilho Tuning Task');
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
FROM
SET LONG 9000

SELECT DBMS_SQLTUNE.REPORT_TUNING_TASK('Portilho Tuning Task') FROM DUAL;
SELECT DBMS_SQLTUNE.SCRIPT_TUNING_TASK('Portilho Tuning Task') RECOMMENTATION
DUAL;
Remova o SQL_TUNE executado, aps executar a correo.

SQL> EXEC DBMS_SQLTUNE.DROP_TUNING_TASK('Portilho Tuning Task');
252
Rows x Sets
253
Rows x Sets
Isto no representa uma tabela!
254
Rows x Sets
Quais os empregados que passaram a mesma quantidade de anos em cada cargo ocupado?
Mtodo procedural:
- Listar todos os empregados;
- Listas todos os cargos, data inicial e final destes empregados, calculando a quantidade de anos;
- Armazenar estes dados em formato temporrio;
- Para cada empregado, verificar se todos as quantidades de anos so iguais;
- Descartar os empregados que no possuem todas as quantidade de anos iguais.
Mtodo por conjunto:
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID
FROM JOB_HISTORY
GROUP BY EMPLOYEE_ID
HAVING
MIN(ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE, END_DATE) / 12,0)) =
MAX(ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE, END_DATE) / 12,0)
255
Rows x Sets
Qual a quantidade mdia de dias entre os pedidos de um cliente?
Mtodo procedural:
- Liste todos os pedidos do cliente X;
- Selecione os pedidos e suas datas;
- Para cada pedido, selecione a data do pedido anterior;
- Calcule qual a quantidade de dias entre a data do pedido e a data anterior;
- Calcule a mdia destas quantidades.
Mtodo por conjunto:
SELECT
(MAX(TRUNC(ORDER_DATE)) - MIN(TRUNC(ORDER_DATE))) / COUNT(ORDER_ID)
FROM ORDERS
WHERE CUSTOMER_ID = 102 ;
256
Rows x Sets
Crie uma tabela com os clientes pequenos, outra com os clientes mdios, e outra com os
clientes grandes.
Mtodo procedural:
- Selecionar os clientes que compraram menos de 10000;
- Inseri-los na tabela SMALL_CUSTOMERS;
- Selecionar os clientes que compraram entre 10000 e 99999;
- Inseri-los na tabela MEDIUM_CUSTOMERS;
- Selecionar os clientes que compraram mais de 100000;
- Inseri-los na tabela LARGE_CUSTOMERS;
Mtodo por conjunto:
INSERT ALL
WHEN SUM_ORDERS < 10000 THEN INTO SMALL_CUSTOMERS
WHEN SUM_ORDERS >= 10000 AND SUM_ORDERS < 100000 THEN INTO
MEDIUM_CUSTOMERS
ELSE INTO LARGE_CUSTOMERS
SELECT CUSTOMER_ID, SUM(ORDER_TOTAL) SUM_ORDERS
FROM OE.ORDERS
GROUP BY CUSTOMER_ID;
257
Rows x Sets
Altere o bnus para 20% de quem candidato mas ainda no tem bnus, remova de quem
ganha mais de 7.500, e marque como 10% o bnus de quem ainda no candidato mas recebe
menos que 7.500.
Mtodo procedural:
- Selecione os empregados que devem receber a alterao de 20%;
- Faa a alterao dos empregados que devem receber a alterao de 20%;
- Selecione os empregados que devem receber a alterao de 10%;
- Faa a alterao dos empregados que devem receber a alterao de 10%;
- Selecione os empregados que no devem mais ser candidatos a bnus;
- Remova os empregados que no devem mais ser candidatos a bnus.
Mtodo por conjunto:
MERGE INTO BONUS_DEPT60 B
USING (SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, SALARY, DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID = 60) E
ON (B.EMPLOYEE_ID = E.EMPLOYEE_ID)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET BONUS = E.SALARY * 0.2 WHERE B.BONUS = 0
DELETE WHERE (E.SALARY > 7500)
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (B.EMPLOYEE_ID, B.BONUS)
VALUES (E.EMPLOYEE_ID, E.SALARY * 0.1)
WHERE (E.SALARY < 7500);
258
Otimizaes
259
Lab 13.1: Append e Redo

Crie uma tabela de testes, e execute uma gravao, com parmetros diferentes.
SQL> CREATE TABLE T131 AS SELECT * FROM ALL_OBJECTS WHERE 1=0;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY

INSERT INTO T131 SELECT
STATISTICS
* FROM ALL_OBJECTS;
* FROM ALL_OBJECTS;
* FROM ALL_OBJECTS;
SQL> INSERT /*+ APPEND */ INTO T131 SELECT * FROM ALL_OBJECTS;

O que aconteceu?

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
ALTER TABLE T131 NOLOGGING;

INSERT /*+ APPEND */ INTO T131 SELECT * FROM ALL_OBJECTS;
Qual a diferena exibida pelo SET AUTOTRACE TRACEONLY STATISTICS?
260
Paralelismo
Permite Query, DML e DDL.
Quantos processos de paralelismo utilizar?
Um objeto pode ter Parallel permanente, independente do SQL:
SQL> ALTER TABLE SCOTT.T PARALLEL 4;
O Parallel SQL pode ser utilizado diretamente no SQL:
SQL> SELECT /*+ PARALLEL(T2 4) */ COUNT(*) FROM T2;
SQL> SELECT /*+ PARALLEL(T2 4,2) */ COUNT(*) FROM T2;
261
Paralelismo
Parmetros:
PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS = Nmero entre 0 e PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS.
PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS = De 0 a 3600.
PARALLEL_MIN_PERCENT = De 0 a 100.
PARALLEL_DEGREE_POLICY = MANUAL, LIMITED ou AUTO.
PARALLEL_MIN_TIME_THRESHOLD = AUTO | Segundos.
PARALLEL_ADAPTIVE_MULTI_USER = true ou false.
PARALLEL_DEGREE_LIMIT = CPU, IO ou Nmero.
PARALLEL_SERVERS_TARGET = Nmero entre 0 e PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS.
PARALLEL_THREADS_PER_CPU = Qualquer nmero.
PARALLEL_EXECUTION_MESSAGE_SIZE = De 2148 a 32768
PARALLEL_FORCE_LOCAL = true ou false.
PARALLEL_INSTANCE_GROUP = Oracle RAC service_name ou group_name.
PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING: Deprecated.
PARALLEL_IO_CAP_ENABLED = Deprecated.
262
Paralelismo
SQL> SELECT SID, SERIAL#, QCSID, QCSERIAL# FROM V$PX_SESSION;
SID
SERIAL#
QCSID QCSERIAL#
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------202
5249
12
387
20
3587
12
387
75
4043
12
387
141
233
12
387
204
751
12
387
16
229
12
387
73
3279
12
387
137
403
12
387
203
1137
12
387
18
103
12
387
79
5
12
387
134
3431
12
387
206
5
12
387
19
5
12
387
76
31
12
387
140
5
12
387
12
387
12
263
Lab 13.2: Paralelismo

Abra a sesso com o SCOTT com SET TIMING ON.
Em seguida, faa o teste do PARALLEL.
SQL> INSERT INTO T132 SELECT * FROM T132;
SQL> COMMIT;
Repita a operao com PARALLEL, e compare.
SQL> SET TIMING ON
Qual a diferena exibida pelo SET TIMING ON?
264
Lab 13.3: RESULT_CACHE

Execute o teste do RESULT_CACHE.
SQL> COMMIT;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SET TIMING ON
SET AUTOTRACE ON
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T133;
SELECT /*+ RESULT_CACHE */ COUNT(*) FROM T133;
SQL> DELETE FROM T133 WHERE ROWNUM = 1;

SQL> SELECT /*+ RESULT_CACHE */ COUNT(*) FROM T133;
265
Compression
10g OLAP
11g OLTP
12c InMemory
266
Lab 13.4: Compression

Execute o teste do COMPRESSION.
SQL> COMMIT;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SET TIMING ON
SQL> ALTER TABLE T134 COMPRESS;

SQL> ALTER TABLE T134 MOVE;
267
Lab 13.5: CTAS

Execute o teste de DELETE x CTAS (CREATE TABLE AS SELECT).
SQL> COMMIT;
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T135 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'SYNONYM';
SQL> SET TIMING ON
SQL> DELETE FROM T135 WHERE OBJECT_TYPE = 'SYNONYM';
SQL> ROLLBACK;
SQL> CREATE TABLE T135TEMP AS SELECT * FROM T135 WHERE
OBJECT_TYPE != 'SYNONYM';
SQL> DROP TABLE T135;
SQL> ALTER TABLE T135TEMP RENAME TO T135;
268
SQL: Melhores Prticas
269
Melhores Prticas
Menos mais.
Prefira SQL (MERGE?), se lhe atender.
Evite trocar entre PL/SQL e SQL (context switch).
Evite acesso desnecessrio a DUAL (operaes aritmticas, SEQUENCEs).
Troque UTL_FILE por EXTERNAL TABLES.
Utilize variveis BIND em SQLs repetitivos.
Variveis BINDs impedem SQL Injection.
No utilize Binds se o tempo total de compilao no for relevante quanto ao tempo

total de resposta.
A maneira mais rpida de se fazer um grande UPDATE / DELETE no fazer.
Evite Row-by-Row.
Evite Nested Row-by-Row.
Evite WHERE CAMPO LIKE 'A%' em colunas de baixa seletividade.
Evite mais ainda WHERE CAMPO LIKE '%A%'.
Evite o abuso de VIEWs, TRIGGERs, DBLINKs.
270

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Oracle Tuning: SQL

Ricardo Portilho Proni

Dicas de SQL Tuning?

Sintaxe Oracle ou ANSI?

SELECT(1) ou SELECT COUNT(*)?

Ordem da clusula WHERE?

Evite Listas IN?

NESTED LOOPs ruim?

< > melhor que BETWEEN?

Lab 1 Lendas de SQL

Lab 1.1: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Lab 1.2: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Coloque sua sesso em TRACE 10053, e execute os comandos abaixo.

Edite o seu arquivo de TRACE.

Lab 1.3: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Lab 1.4: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Procure pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Lab 1.5: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Lab 1.6: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Lab 1.7: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Lab 1.8: Lendas de SQL - COUNT(*)

Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Lab 1.9: Lendas de SQL - ANSI

E.ENAME, E.JOB, D.DNAME

Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Lab 1.10: Lendas de SQL- Listas IN

Procure novamente pelo texto Final query:

Final query after transformations:******* UNPARSED QUERY IS *******

Top Ten Mistakes

Fonte: Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide

- O que voc aprendeu sobre carros, quando aprendeu a dirigir?

Cost Based Optimizer

SQL Tuning Guide

Oracle Optimizer Blog

Cost Based Optimizer

WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY (AUTO / MANUAL)

OPTIMIZER_INDEX_CACHING (0 a 100, padro 0)

Configurao do CBO - OLTP

WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY (AUTO / MANUAL)

Configurao do CBO - OLAP

WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY (AUTO / MANUAL)

SQL Developer: Plano de Execuo

SQL Developer: Plano de Execuo

SQL Trace (Event 10046): Nveis

SQL Trace (Event 10046): Ativao

SQL Trace (Event 10046): Ativao

SQL Trace (Event 10046): Ativao

SQL Trace (Event 10046): Ativao

SQL Trace (Event 10046): Ativao

SQL Trace (Event 10046): tkprof

SQL Trace (Event 10053)

Lab 2 SQL Trace

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *

Final query after transformations:* UNPARSED QUERY IS *