ONLINE EXAMINATION

1.0 Introduction:The purpose of this guide is to provide detailed guidance on designing and developing an
Online Examination System course for trainers and instructional designers who are new
to Online Examination System design. It also provides basic concepts and information on
the processes and resources involved in Online Examination System development, which
might be of interest to capacity-development managers.
The information in this guide is based on consolidated instructional design models and
learning theories and incorporates FAOs experience in delivering Online Examination
System courses in development contexts. While there are several definitions of Online
Examination System which reflect different perspectives, Online Examination System in
this document is defined.
Online Examination System can be defined as the use of computer and Internet
technologies to deliver a broad array of solutions to enable learning and improve
performance.
This guide focuses on formal learning, specifically on structured courses designed to meet jobrelated training goals.1 It does not address needs assessment or evaluation stages of a training
project, but rather the design, development and delivery activities which are specific to Online
Examination System. Its focus is on Online Examination System solutions suitable for
development contexts characterized by technology constraints, such as limited hardware
capabilities and low-bandwidth Internet connections.

geographically dispersed with limited time and/or resources to travel

busy with work or family commitments which do not allow them to attend courses on

specific dates with a fixed schedule

located in conflict and post-conflict areas and restricted in their mobility because of

security reasons
limited from participating in classroom sessions because of cultural or religious beliefs
facing difficulties with real-time communication (e.g. foreign language learners or very
shy learners

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Online Examination System can offer effective instructional methods, such as practicing with
associated feedback, combining collaboration activities with self-paced study, personalizing
learning paths based on learners needs and using simulation and games. Further, all learners
receive the same quality of instruction because there is no dependence on a specific instructor.

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2.0 Background:There are two general approaches to Online Examination System: self-paced and
facilitated/instructor-led.
Self-paced learners are alone and completely independent, while facilitated and
instructor-led Online Examination System courses provide different levels of support
from tutors and instructors and collaboration among learners.
Often, Online Examination System courses combine both approaches, but for simplicity
it is easy to consider the two separately.
Self-paced Online Examination Learners are offered e-learning courseware (also called
Web-based training (WBT)), which can be complemented by supplemental resources and
assessments. Courseware is usually housed on a Web server, and learners can access it
from an online learning platform or on CD-ROM. Learners are free to learn at their own
pace and to define personal learning paths based on their individual needs and interests.
E-learning providers do not have to schedule, manage or track learners through a process.
E-learning content is developed according to a set of learning objectives and is delivered
using different media elements, such as text, graphics, audio and video. It must provide as
much learning support as possible (through explanations, examples, interactivity,
feedback, glossaries, etc.), in order to make learners self-sufficient. However, some kind
of support, such as e-mail-based technical support or e-tutoring, is normally offered to
learners. When self-paced e-learning is offered through an Internet connection, there is
the potential to track learners actions in a central database.

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3.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE:Purpose:

The present manual work at an educational institution like course
registration, student registration, Faculty registration, notes preparation for
students takes too much time. Manual work can avail the above mentioned
facilities only during the working hours of the educational institution.
However, the Online Admission System remains all these drawbacks.
Students can now avail all these facilities round the clock. All this process
now takes less time and any information can be retrieved on time with
minimum delay. This website will reduce the workload on part of the
administration.
Scope:
Online Admission System portal will provide facilities like registration, upload
document forms, consulting, examination and certification of the course.
A. 24 x 7 Solution :

Minimizes time of processing - due to no time barrier, institutes

admission process time is reduced. Institutes can publish their
merit list lot earlier than they could have in case the same thing
was required to be done manually following the traditional way.

Maximizes Availability - allows candidates to fill application form

at their convenient time, our statistics from the past trend shows
that almost 40% of the application form are received during the
non-office hours (i.e. 6:00 P.M. to 08:00 A.M.).

B. No Geographical Boundary :

Institutes don't need take the burden of posting the application

form for outstation candidates.

Candidates can fill

convenient place.

application

form

from

anywhere

i.e.

C. No Long Queues :

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Candidates don't need to stand in long queues to get their

queries answered.

Candidates don't need to queue up to get application form and

submit the same.

Man Power Saving - Institutes don't need to assign additional

security to manage huge crowd.

D. Reduces Paper Work :

Institutes no longer require printing & storing forms.

Institutes no longer require collecting forms of all the candidates

and filing them. Institute can take the print of only candidates
who are admitted to the college.

Both these result in not only cost saving but also man power
saving.

E. Only Eligible Candidate Apply :

Minimizes Data Redundancy - checks can be provided so that

only eligible candidates can apply. Moreover the candidate data
is to be entered only once.

F. Reduces Human Involvement :

Releases institutes man power resources.

Institutes no longer require deputing personnel for addressing to

candidates / guardian's query.

Institutes no longer require deputing personnel to distribute and

collect forms.

Institutes no longer require deputing personnel to file collected

forms.

Enhance Productivity - as a result of this institute can utilize

these man power resources in other activities.
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G. Accurate and Reliable :

In the traditional way human error might creep in due to fatigue

and monotonous nature of work involving numbers.

Very Accurate and Reliable - The process is very accurate and

reliable due to limited human involvement.

H. Dynamic and User Friendly :

The entire process is very dynamic - any changes can be

reflected in real time & will immediately reach the candidates.

The process is simple & user friendly - similar to filing a form

manually, the difference being use of keyboard instead of pen.

I. Customizable Real Time Reports :

Institutes can monitor the ongoing process.

Have day to day summary of progress of the admission.

Great Flexibility - Various types of reports can be generated in

quick time with minor changes in the design.

4.0 SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES:4.1 FRONT END TOOL: PHP

Php has the following properties:

Platform independent

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Object-orientated programming language

Strongly-typed programming language

Interpreted and compiled language

Automatic memory management

WHY I AM USING FRONT END TOOL AS A PHP?

Windows means that you are still going to spend money. PHP was created by Sun Microsystems
as an extension to Php.
Despite having the same task, PHP and ASP achieves their tasks in different ways. ASP codes are
interpreted on the fly each time it is accessed while PHP pages can either be interpreted or
compiled into a servlet. This means that a PHP page actually takes a little bit longer to load
because it needs to be compiled first. But after it has loaded, it would actually perform faster just
as long as the code does not require any changes. Once the code changes, it needs to be
recompiled which takes longer PHP (Java Server Pages) and ASP (Active Server Pages) are two
of the commonly used server side scripting languages that are used today in web development.
ASP was created by Microsoft as part of its IIS that provides the user with tools needed to create
a web site on his Windows computer. It can be considered as free as ASP itself does not cost
money, but the fact that you need. In cases where code changes happens very often to the point
that the performance deteriorates a lot, the coder can opt to have his pages interpreted on the fly
just like ASP

with the more or less the same level of performance. PHP coders also have a choice of either
compiling into a Java servlet, which are still platform independent, or into the operating systems
native byte code.
As of today, most web developers are using either PHP or the improved version of ASP called
ASP.NET. For people who are using a web server thats running Microsoft Windows, using ASP
or PHP is already a given. Those who use open source software like Linux can choose between a
few options that are either free or not. Most people use other open source software like PHP
while PHP stands a distant second.
Here is a list of reasons why PHP is better than ASP:

PHP and ASP are both server side scripting languages.

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ASP costs money while PHP is free.

ASP code is interpreted while PHP code is compiled at run time.

PHP code can run faster than ASP if there are fewer changes.

Majority of Windows users use ASP while users of open source operating
systems like Linux use PHP among others.

Here is a list of reasons why PHP is better than PHP:

Anything you can do with PHP, you can do with PHP; the reverse is not true.

PHP is much more powerful, since it has access to all the Java libraries. PHP only has
access to PHP libraries.

PHP is Object-Oriented, so leads to cleaner code that's easier to debug, maintain, and
improve. (PHP also allows objects, but the object model is more primitive, and most
scripted pages ignore PHP objects and just use normal variables.)

The equivalent syntax in PHP is just as simple to learn, so you can get up and running
just as quickly -- that is, there's no extra startup cost in using Java, at least not a
significant one.

Java programmers (as opposed to 15-year-old hackers or HTML monkeys) appreciate the
importance of a clean language with complex OO data structures and strong typing.

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4.2 BACK END TOOL: MYSQL

MYSQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed,
distributed, and supported by MYSQL AB. MYSQL AB is a commercial company, founded by
the MYSQL developers. It is a second generation Open Source Company that unites Open
Source values and methodology with a successful business model.

MYSQL is a database management system.

MYSQL is a relational database management system.

MYSQL software is Open Source.

MYSQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

5.0 REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION

It is difficult to stop in-eligible candidates from applying.

It is a tedious and time consuming process to list out data of each candidate, manually
check them against documents submitted, resulting in delay and wastage of valuable
resources.

Multiple merit lists often leads to duplication of work for the institution, even
candidates / guardians have to visit again and again to check the latest merit list.

Wastage of institute's resources as same information has to be imparted to candidates /

guardians individually.

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Candidates / Guardians have to queue up numerous times i.e. to collect form, to submit
form, to view merit list, etc.

6.0 Data Flow Diagram:-

6.1 Zero Level DFD:-

User

Exam
Registrati

Online
Examination
System

Exam
Schedule

Admin

Success

0 Level DFD
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6.2 One Level DFD:-

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7.0 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS :Server side:

Hardware Requirements:
Processor

Pentium 4

RAM

512 MB.

HDD

80 GB.

Monitor

17 SVGA Color

Printer

Dot-Matrix, Laser Printer

Keyboard

Microsoft standard 108 keys normal

Mouse

Microsoft standard 3 button Optical

Software Requirements:

OS

Windows 7& Above

Data Base

MySQL 5.5

Language

PHP

Server

Apache Tomcat 7.0

Browser

Any JAVA Enabled (IE, OPERA etc.)

Front-End GUI

HTML, CSS, DHTML

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IDE-

Net Beans 8.0

Scripting Language-

JAVA SCRIPT, AJAX, JQUERY

8.0 Preliminary Product Description :Goals of proposed system:

Objectives of proposed system are as follows:
Manpower is reduced because user can test its skills in just one click.
Complete working is in computerized manner.
Cost effective, it avoids the extra cost wastes in collecting various books.
Report generation is easy, data handling is simple.
Reduce the effort in solve questionnaires.
Provide security of data, unauthorized access is denied.
Function and Operation of the system:
These are the following modules, the whole project is going to deal with which1

Registration Module:
It will register the customer in the system so that they can process further & can
interact with project. Its sub-processes are

User- It will give register in the system. Admin of any stream will be added here.

Login Module:
It will permit the authorized users to enter in the system & will protect from the
unauthorized users. Its sub-modules are13

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User- It will give all the rights to the user so that he can interact with the website up
to any extent.

Security Module:
It will give security to a new registration in the system. After being registered in
the system he will be able to process further.
4

Examination Module:
The module helps in download the documentation offered by this application.
With the help of this module the User will be able to know the availability of the
document they want.
5

Feedback:
It will take feedback from user & will give to employee & vice-versa for relative
solving problems.

9.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

9.1 IDENTIFICATION OF NEED:
The complete understanding of software requirements is essential to the success of a
software development effort. The requirements analysis task is a process of discovery, refinement
modeling and specification. The software scope initially established by the system engineer and
refined during software project planning is refined in detail. The required data, information and
control flow, and operational behavior are created. Alternative solution are analyzed and
allocated to various software elements.
Both developer and customer take an active role in requirements analysis and specification. The
customer attempts to reformulate a sometimes-nebulous concept of software function and
performance into concrete detail. The developer acts as interrogator consultant and problem
solver.
Requirements analysis is a software engineering task that bridges the gap between system
level software allocation and software design.
Requirement analysis enables the system engineer to specify software function and
performance indicate softwares interface with other system elements and establish constraints
that software must meet.

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Software requirements analysis may be divided into five areas of effort:

(a)

Problem recognition: The analyst studies the system specification and the software

project plan.
(b)
Evaluation and synthesis: Problem evaluation and solution synthesis is the next major
area of effort for analysis. Upon evaluating current problems and desired information (input and
output) the analyst begins to synthesize one or more solutions.
(c)
Modeling: The analyst then creates models of the system in an effort to better understand
data and control flow, functional processing and behavioral operation, and information content.
The model serves as a foundation for software design and as the basis for the creation of a
specification for the software.
(d)

Specification

e)

Review

9.2 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION:

The purpose of the preliminary investigation is to evaluate project request and determine the
feasibility of the system. The information or records that are collected during the preliminary
investigation are gathered through following ways:
1) Reviewing Organizational documents:

In the current system, I reviewed and collected all the necessary documents that contains the
records of details related to my project, registration form and other reports. After reviewing all
the documents, it is easy to examine how they manage the working, what are the format for
storing the records.
2) On-Site Observation:
In order to complement my onsite observations I undertook a simple interview of office bearers.
The results of which are broadly catalogued below. IN concurrence with onsite observation I
conducted some interviews. To get a closer look at the present working culture and identify the
problem domain I talked to some of office bearers. I emphasised on knowing about who is
behind the request for this work, who will use the software and what are the major requirements.
The preliminary investigation gave me clear information about the ills plaguing the present
system.

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10.0 FEASIBILITY STUDY:

Before getting started on the new system it was important to determine the feasibility
involved in the developed system so that the new system development could be develop.
Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is not worth doing. The process
followed in making this determination is called a feasibility study. This type of study determines
if a project can and should be taken. Once it has been determined that project is feasible, the
analyst can go ahead and the prepare the project specification which finalizes project
requirements.
Generally, feasibility studies are undertaken within tight time constraints and normally
culminate in a written and feasibility report.
The developed system is started after considering the main three type of feasibilities which are as
follows:

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10.1 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY:

As we know the technical feasibility is concerned with specifying equipment and
software that will successfully satisfy the user requirement. The technical needs of the
system may very considerably, but might include:

The facility to produce outputs in a given time.

Response time under certain conditions.

Ability to process a certain volume of transaction at a particular speed.

Facility to communicate data to distinct location.

In examining technical feasibility, configuration of the system is given more importance

than the actual make of hardware. The configuration should give the complete picture about the
systems requirements.

10.2 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY:

Economic analysis is the most frequently used technique for evaluating the effectiveness
of a proposed system. More commonly known as cost/benefits analysis the procedure is to
determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a purposed system and compare with
costs.
If benefits out weigh cost, a decision is taken to design and implement the system
otherwise further justification or alternative in the proposed system will have to be made if it is
to have a chance of being approved. This is an on going effort that improves accuracy at each
phase of the system life cycle.
The analysis part also clears the doubt of economic problems could be possible in
developing the system. As already mentioned that the company has to just pay the developed
software cost and not other investment is needed at the time of implementation of the new
system as the preliminary requirement are already exist in the company.

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Since the cost difference between the present system and the new proposed computerized system
will be large. Considering the fact that new system will require only one time monetary
investment whereas the present system keeps on adding to the cost in a daily basis. We can
conclude that the breakeven point will be reached
within a year, making this proposed computerized system economically feasible.

10.3 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY:

Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned into information system that will
meet the operating requirements of the organization. This test of feasibility asks if the system
will work when it developed and installed. Are there major barriers to implementation? Some of
the important questions that are useful to test the operational feasibility of a project are given
below:

Is there sufficient support for the project from the implementation? From user? If the
present system is well liked and used to the extent that persons will not be able to see
reasons for change, there may be resistance.

Are current business methods acceptable to the user? If they are not, user may welcome
a change that will bring about a more operational and useful system.

Have the user been involved in the planning and development of the project? If they are
involved at the earliest stage of project development, the chances of resistance can be
possibly reduced.

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Will the proposed system cause harm? Will it produce poorer result in any case or area?
Will the performance of staff member fall down after implementation?

Issue that appears to be quite minor at the early stage can grow into major
problem after implementation. Therefore, it is always advisable to consider operational
aspects carefully. The system is developed in keeping mind that it should be user friendly
and easy to operate hence the system is operational feasible.

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11.0 SOFTWARE

ENGINEERING PARADIGM

After getting detail of each section, whole process was re-evaluated and a proper design for the
system was brought into existence.

The activities are defined as follows:

1. Identification of the system or subsystems key Stakeholders
2.Determination of the stakeholders Win conditions
3. Negotiation of the stakeholders win conditions to reconcile them into a set of win-win
conditions for all concerned.

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12.0 SOFTWARE

REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

The software requirements specification is produced at the culmination of the

analysis task. The function and performance allocated to software as part of system engineering
are refined by establishing a complete information description a detailed functional and
behavioral description, a indications of performance requirements and design constraints,
appropriate validation criteria and other data pertinent to requirements.
1.

Introduction
a.

Purpose

b.

Scope

c.

Definition, Acronyms, Abbreviations

d.

References
e.

2.

3.

c.

Developers Responsibilities Overview

General Description
a.

Product Functions Overview

b.

User Characteristics

c.

General Constraints

d.

General Assumptions and Dependencies

Specific Requirements
a.

Inputs and Outputs

b.

Functional Requirements

External Interface Requirements

d.

Performance Constraints

e.

Design Constraints
(i)
(ii)

Software Constraints
Hardware Constraints

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4.

5.

Validation and Criteria

a.

Performance bounds

b.

Classes of tests

c.

Expected Software response

d.

Special Considerations

Acceptance Criteria

12.1. INTRODUCTION: This is the requirements document for the project that will be used throughout the
work. The system to be developed is based on the inputs given. This document follows the IEEE
standard for a requirement specification document, with some variations.

a). Purpose:
The purpose of this document is to describe the requirements of system to be
developed. It also describes the interfaces for the system.

b). Scope:
This document is the only one that describes the requirements of the system. It is
meant for use by the developers and will be the basis for validating the final delivered
system. Any changes made to the requirements in the future have to go through a formal
change approval process. The developer is responsible for asking for clarifications, where
necessary, and will not make any alterations without the permission of the client
.c).

Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations:

Not applicable.

d). References:
Not applicable.

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e). Developers Responsibilities Overview:

The developer is responsible for (i) developing the system, (ii) installing the
software on the clients hardware, (iii) conducting any user training that might be needed
for using the system, and (iv) maintaining the system for a period of one year after
installation.
]

12.2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: -

a). Product Functions Overview:

b). User Characteristics:

The main users of this system will be
who are somewhat literate with computers and can use programs efficiently.

c). General Constraints:

The system should run on win 95 /98/2000 or above.

d). General Assumptions and Dependencies:

Not applicable.

12.3 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS:

(a). Functional Requirements:
They are define all the functional areas or modules in the proposed system in which
if we give proper inputs, what are expected outputs to be generated.
It present description of each function required to solve the problem. A processing
narrative is provided for each function, design constraints are stated and justified,
performance characteristics are stated, and one or more diagrams are included to
graphically represent the overall structure of the software and interplay among
software functions and other system elements under this topic, the functional
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working of the various modules give the complete picture for the data flow from
one location to other.

(b). Behavioral Requirements:

In this aspect, the proposed system forms various operations efficiently with respect
the given constraints. The proposed system provides logical behavior in all
situations. All the necessary and initial constraints are precisely included in the
system. For instance, if you enter the record in character in a field where only the
numeric data is allowed then proper error messages are displayed that shows what
the error the user has committed

(c).Performance Requirements:
Performance of any system can be measured as in terms of possible outcomes with
respect to time. The proposed system is capable to produce desired outputs in few
seconds. Queries are designed in such a way so that user can extract the required
information in minimum amount of time say 90% of responses within less than 5
seconds. System also focused on to maintain data consistency as well as on the sorting
of data, so that user get the useful information in well formatted manner.

(d).Interface Requirements:
The system provides easy to use interface that facilitates the user with easy and
quick access of information, Screens and forms are designed in simple and
systematic way so the user can access maximum information in minimum clicks.
Buttons are properly labeled so that they can show that for what functions they are
used. Uses of graphics and images make GUI (Graphical User Interface) more
attractive with user point of view.

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12.4 .VALIDATION CRITERIA:

Probably the most important section of a software requirements specification is validation
criteria. The specification of validation criteria acts as an implicit review of all other
requirements. The tests must be conducted to validate function, performance and constraints.

12.5.ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA:
Before accepting the system, the developer must demonstrate that the system works on
the course data for the last 4 semesters. The developer will have to show through test cases that
all conditions are satisfied.

13.0 SYSTEM DESIGN

13.1 Input Design:

When designing input, the objective is to ensure that the data that will be processed
by the system is collected and entered into the system efficiently, according to the specified
requirements, and with the minimum of errors. In description with the client, the designer
will choose a method of input, which is cost effective and acceptable to the end users. The
process of input design, like output design, which was described earlier, consists of four
stages.

Firstly, identifying the inputs into the system, by listing the data flows on the required
logical data flow diagram which cross the system boundary on their way in

Then determining the content of these inputs by inspecting the data dictionary

Next choosing an appropriate input device to change the user's data into a form which can
be read and processed by the computer system

And finally completing the detailed design work involved in specifying forms, input
screens and other data collection documents.
Project development required complete analysis of system right from the scratch
Analysis

of

the system required great attention on big as well as minute transactions This

required exhaustive study of Manual management system. Manual system was divided in various
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sections, which were dealt individually. Getting detail of each section was a tedious and a time
consuming task. This involved various meetings with head of each individual section. After
getting detail of each section whole process was re-evaluated and a proper design for the system
was brought into existence. Designing process is carried on very carefully as this serves as
backbone for development of any software. Thus synopsis of the package was prepared.
After Design phase attention was laid upon source code of the package.
Whole project was divided into small modules. Source code for each module was individually
prepared and tested both syntactically and logically (Modular Testing). In cases modules were
further divided into units and tested (Unit Testing). These units were merged to get modules and
these modules were further available for integration (Integration Testing). Various tests were
conducted on the package to demonstrate that the system satisfies all the requirements stated in
requirements documentation (Acceptance Testing).
Implementation is said to be done when the package has been prepared and is running
successfully.
Maintenance of the package would require further enhancement of the package as per
requirements of the company.

13.2. Data Base Model Applied: The data in a database is organized according to the data
structure 'imposed' upon it by the physical data model. The physical data model is normally
produced during the physical data design stage in the development life cycle and tailored
specifically to the selected, or imposed, database type. The database model applied is Relational
Database Management System.
Relational Databases (RDBMS) - The relational database model resulted from an IBMsponsored research project by Dr. E.F.Codd. The relation model attempts to overcome
some the failings of the hierarchical and network database model, and provides easy-touse and flexible data structure.

The relational model includes data structure (table), operators that can be used to manage
the data in data structure, and some integrity rules that ensure that the data obeys the
business rules defined for the system.
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The relational model is based on relational algebra concepts and theory. Relational theory
uses the words "relations" to mean tables, "tuples" to mean rows, and "attributes" to mean
columns in relations.

Relational database are the most common type of database management systems in use
today.
Relational database includes Oracle, DB2, Ingress, Informix, Sybase, and

SQL Server.

Another important concept in relational databases is that relationships between tables are
not hard-coded in the structure of the data that is there are no pointers in the data to relate
one table to another. This means that we can specify the relationships between two sets of
data at development time rather than

when the tables are first created. This greatly

improves the flexibility of the database management system.

Relational Database Properties-A relational database management system

(RDBMS) has the following properties:

Represents data in the form of tables

Does not hard-code relationships between tables

Doesn't require the user to understand its physical implementation

Provides information about its contents and structure in system tables

Can be manipulated through SQL commands

Supports the concept of NULL values

In this project the database used is SQL.

Overview of SQL:
A relational database is an extremely simple way of thinking about and managing the data used
in a business. It is nothing more than a collection of tables of data.

A relational database management system such as SQL server gives you a way of
doing things in an understandable and reasonably uncompelled way. SQL server basically
does three things:
1. Lets you put data into it.
2. Keeps the data.
3. Lets you get the data out and work with it.
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The information stored in SQL server is kept in tables. There are three major characteristics of
the tables.
Columns
Rows
Name

13.3. Tables of Information:

SQL stores information in tables. These tables have one or more
columns. The columns heading describe the kind of information kept
in the column. The information is stored row after row. Each unique
set of data gets its own row.
Even though the tables are independent, we can easily see that they are related. A column in one
table is related to a column in the other table. This relationship is the basis for the name
relational database. This is the basic idea of a relational (sometimes called a relational model).
Data is stored in tables. Tables have columns, rows, and names. Tables can be related to each
other if each has a column with a common type of information.
The retrieval of data from a database can be faster with primary key which is a field that
uniquely identifies each record in a table.

To cascade updating and deletion of related fields, we enforce the referential integrity.
Whenever a change is made to primary key.
SQL server, objects can be defined as reusable software codes which are location independent
and perform a specific task on any application environment with little or no change to the code.
SQL products are based on a concept known as the Client/Server Technology. This concept
involves segregating the processing of an application between two systems. A client or front-end
database application also interacts with the database by requesting and receiving information
from the database server. It acts as an interface between the user and the database. Further, it
also checks for validation against the data entered by the user. The database server or backend is
used to manage the database tables optimally among multiple clients who concurrently request
the server for the same data. It also enforces data integrity across all client applications and
controls database access and other security requirements.
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SQL is a RDBMS and consists of a comprehensive set of application building and enduser products, aimed at providing complete solutions. SQL applications are potable across a
variety of platforms and operating systems. It provides a flexible DBMS called SQL server
for storage and management of information used by all applications.
Tables can be related to each other if each has a column with a common type of information.
SQL avoids specialized, academic terminology in order to make the product more
approachable. A column may be called an attribute, a row may be called a tuple, and a table
may be called an entity.
SQL was the first company to release a product that used the English-based Structured
Query Language or SQL. This language allows end users to extract information themselves,
without using a systems group for every little report. SQL is an astonishingly capable tool.

Some benefits of using SQL are:

Large Databases
Many Users (multiple user can work)
Portable
Backup & Recovery features
Security
Client/Server Support
Data entities & Key Fields
Entity & Attributes

13.4 Relationship Diagrams:

A relationship is defined as "an association among entities". A relationship type is an
association of entity, while a relationship instance is an association of entity instances.

One-to-One
If in an entity there is a one field, which is not repeated, and another entity it is related
and also entered once is called One-to-One relationship.
One-to-Many (or Many-to-One)
In One-to-Many relationship in one table field is not repeated and in another table which is
related to the first table the field has to be repeated like in the current project in consumer
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master file consumer number is not repeated and booking file there is repetitions of consumer
number whenever consumer booked the refill.
Many-to-Many
In many to many relations ship both table can have repetitive data.

13.5. Screen Designs

The quality of screen design can have a direct impact on the performance of the users of
the system, and the designer needs to consider the format as well as the content of the screens on
which the dialogue, or interaction, between the user and the system is based. A number of
features of screen design are worth discussing here:

Text Must be easily readable. In addition to choosing an appropriate font and size for
the characters, readability can be improve by using lower and upper case letters, rather
than the approach sometimes adapted in screen design of using all upper case evenly.
Space text, with an unjustified right margin is easier to read than right justified text,
which has spaces of varying sizes between the words. The use of concise phrase, familiar
vocabulary and appropriate abbreviations make it easier for the reader to understand the
text. The most visible section of the screen is the upper left-hand corner
And it is a good idea to locate important messages in this area. Again it is important that
he designers understand the characteristics of the user in order to deliver quality products.
Beginners, who are usually looking at their fingers, will noticed error messages which
appear on the button line on the screen, where as the top right corner of the screen is a
more appropriate location for experienced keyboard operators.

Colour-Another set of the design option is possible; in addition to those described

above, if the display is in color. Being in a different color to be rest or being enclosed in a
colored box can highlight text. Background colors can be changed or a design convention can be
used in which different types of information are displayed in different colors. The consistent use
of colors on screens within the same system is important, and the designer must be wary of using
to many colors or creating lurid combination as these will work against the effectiveness of the
screen design.

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Graphics graphic scan be used to provide good effect in displaying information.

They can be colored, solid, three-dimensional or animated, and the designer must decide on what
is appropriate to the purpose. Another use of graphics is as an integral part of the structure of the
dialogue-known as a graphical user interface (GUI).

Animation- Although this is little used in screen design, it can be a powerful

technique for attracting the attention of the user, because the eye is always drawn to a moving
object; to mark the position of an object, for example, a blinking cursor can be used; or to
communicate a message, a clock with a moving hand, or an hourglass with moving sand,
indicate to the user that they have to wait while some processing is carried out by the machine.

13.6. Program Design: Programming Language Used

PHP
PHP is Microsofts new version of PHP for the managed environment. PHP brings about
significant changes from its predecessor, most notably by supporting strongly typed and
precompiled languages such as JSP and ASP. With PHP you can also design web application
GUIs using the drag-and-drop form design approach that made Visual Basic popular. PHP is a
server-side technology that requires the installation of XAMPP Server.
With redesigned PHP to address its limitations. To accomplish this task, backwards-compatibility
with ASP had to be sacrificed. As we will see, migrating PHP scripts to the managed
environment is not always a straightforward task. Since PHP is in such wide use, however, PHP
scripts execute without modification on a machine with the PHP engine, PHP, is not modified
when installing the PHP Server). Thus, XAMPP Server and PHP scripts on the same machine.
Some features of PHP are as follows:

Separation of code from content.

Support for compiled languages

Greater support for different browsers via server-side

Intuitive GUI design.

13.7. File Design

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The way in which data is organized and accessed can be crucial to the effectiveness of a
computer system. Data can be stored in files or in a database.

Types of Files
Master file contain records, which are critical to the system and its users. The records in
master file store permanent information of long-term value to an organization and are used
regularly in the organizations key system.
Transaction files contain transient data relating to business activities, such as telephone calls
logged. They are used mainly to update master files. Transaction files usually contain records
relating to a particular period part of time.

13.8. Dialog Types

(a). Common Dialogs
There are a number of different approaches which can be taken when designing
conversation or dialog between the user and the computer system. Essentially a dialogue
consists of the user responding to a prompt from the computer by providing input. The
computer processes this input and a response its output to the screen, which in turn may
prompt the user for the next input.
The main dialogue types are summarized below. It is up to the designers having
considered the alternatives, to decide which of these is most appropriate, based on the
requirements and characteristic of the end users.

(b). Menus
Menus are widely used in screen design because they require minimal effort, and
skill, on the part of the user. This in turn reduces the training requirement when preparing
individuals to used the system. A common approach is to structure the menus hierarchically
in a' nest'; selecting an option is chosen, and so on. This allows the number of alternatives on
any one screen to be kept to a minimum.

(c). User Support

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When designing off-line help, which is usually paper-based but which could also be
in the form of audio or videotapes, a key principle is to think the needs of the users who will
be referring to them. They will be keen to find a quick solution to their problem.

And will frequently be anxious and in a hurry. Manuals should therefore be

kept simple and not overloaded with information, and should be relevant to the
common types of problems encountered by users. The most useful way of
developing such material is by working closely with end users and modifying the
text in the light of the difficulties they experience when using the system.
On-Line help can be basic, usually in a concise form with reference to a manual
where more detailed information can be obtained; it can be context-sensitive, providing
appropriate information about the particular function being used at the time the help is
requested; or it can be intelligent, responsive to the route a user has followed while
navigating through an application and their needs when the help screen is called.
User support will also take the form of training for those who will be interacting
with the computer system. Again, this can be provided off-line,
in the form of a training event (either a taught course or an open learning
program, or on-line, as a tutorial, which takes the user through the functions of the system
and then through a series of structured exercises.
It must not be forgotten, when designing a computer system that users are part of
this system, and can be considered almost as an extension of the computer. Their role
must be defined and designed like any other component of the system, and thought must
be given early on as to how they can best be supported in carrying out this role.

14.0 DATA STRUCTURES:

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Admin Table:-

User Table:-

User Master:34

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Test table:-

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Question table:-

Subject table:-

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Result table:-

Answer table:-

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15.0 Code Efficiency:

Code of the software is said to be efficient, if the complexity of all types is
minimum. In the code of the developed software, I have tried to minimize the space and
time complexity, so the code is efficient.
The complexities can be minimized in three ranges. They are called as organized simplicity,
disorganized complexity and organized complexity.

Organized simplicity:Organized simplicity is represented by systems that are adequate models of some
real world phenomena and yet consist of a very small number of variables, which depend
on each other in highly deterministic fashion.

Disorganized complexity:-

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Disorganized complexity possesses characteristics that are represented by the

system,

with every large number of variables and high degrees of randomness.

Organized complexity:Organized complexity is methodologically undeveloped in the sense that neither

analytical nor statistical methods are adequate for dealing with systems that fit into it.
Computational complexity:Computational complexity is a characterization of time and space requirements for
solving a problem by a particular algorithm. Either of these requirements is usually
expressed in terms of a single that represent the size of the problem.
Although computational complexity has been predominantly studied in terms of the
time it takes to perform a computation, the amount of computer memory is required
frequently just as important. This requirement is usually called the space requirement. It is
expressed in the terms of a space complexity function, analogous to the time complexity
function.

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15.1 Validation checks:

Validation refers to a set of activities that ensure that software that has been built is
traceable to customer requirements. Validation can be defined in many ways, but a simple
definition is that validation succeeds when software functions in a manner that can be
reasonably expected by the customer. Validation checks specify the limit of the software up
to which software is valid also validation checks controls the security of the software. In
this application I have used PHPvalidation controls and java script both , the controls are:

Regular Expression Validator

Required Field Validator

Common Regular Expression validator

Custom validation

Compare validator

Login:Page Name

Name of Validator

TextBox Name

Description

Index.php

Required Field

txt_login-id

if the area will blank then

Validator

error message will occur plz.

Fill email id.

Index.php

Check
database

from

the txt_login_id
where

email id is valid.

Check

from

the

database

where email id is present or

not then error message will
occur. Invalid email id.
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Index.php

Required Field

txt_password

Validator

If the field will blank then

error message will occure plz.
Fill password.

RegistrationPage:Page Name

Name of Validator

TextBox Name

Description

Index.php

Required Field

txt_password

Check the field if blank then

Validator

Index.php

Compare validator

error message will occur *

txt_password

Compare to txt_confirm text

field id the password will not
same then error message will
orrure.

Index.php

Required Field
Validator

Ddl_gender

Check
default

the

select

value

field

then

is

error

message will occur *

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15.2 Optimization

of Code:

Object oriented programming principles have been implemented during coding for this
software. Choice of Visual Basic as a language for my project was based on the fact that this
language utilizes the principles of OOPS to a greater degree. By creating code objects, code
reusability increases to a greater extent. With less code more efficiency can be achieved. Objectoriented means that we organize software as a collection of discrete object that incorporate both
data structure and behavior. In conventional programming, data structure and behaviour are
loosely connected.

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16.0 IMPLEMENTATION:

A crucial phase in systems life cycle is the successful implementation of the new system
design. Implementation means converting a new system design into operation. This involves
creating computer-compatible files, training the operating staff before the system is up and
running. A major factor in conversion is not disrupting the functioning of the organization.
The implementation phase of software development is also concerned with translating design
specification into source code. It is necessary to write source code and internal and
documentation so that conformance of the code to its specification can be easily verified, and so
that debugging, testing and modification are eased. This can be achieved by making the source
code as clear and straight forward as possible. The implementation team should therefore be
provided with-defined set of software requirements, an architectural design specification and a
detailed design description.
User training is another important area, which is responsible for minimizing resistance to change
and giving the new system a chance to provide its worth. Training aids, such as user-friendly
manuals, data dictionary, and jobs performance aids that communication information about the
new system; help-screens provide the user with a good start on the new system.
Following conversion, it is desirable to review the performance of the system and to
evaluate it against established criteria. Software maintenance follows conversion, which includes
minor enhancements or corrections to problems that surface late in the system's operating.

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16.1 Conversion:
The objective of conversion is to put the system into operation while holding costs, risks and
personal problems to a minimum. It involves three major steps:

Creating computer-compatible files

Training the operating staff

Installing hardware/software

Procedure and documents are unique to the conversion phase. These are shown below:
Conversion begins with a review of the project plan, the system test documentation, and

the implementation plan. The parties involved are the user, the project team, programmers, and
operators.

The conversion portion of the implementation plan is finalized and approved.

Files are converted.

Parallel processing between the existing and the new systems is initiated.

Results of computer runs and operators for the new system are logged on a special
form.

Assuming no problems, parallel processing is discounted. Implementation results are

documented for reference.

Conversion is completed. Plans for the post-implementation review are prepared.

Following the review, the new subsystem is officially operational.
File Conversion: File conversion involves capturing data and creating a computer file from existing files.
There can be problems like staff shortage for loading data. Also, specialized training
necessary tom prepares records in accordance with the new system specifications. In most
cases, an outside agency performs this function for a flat rate .If a computerized system
already exists, and then copying existing files for the new system is a concern area. If a
computerized system already exists, then copying existing files for the new system is a
concern area. Program can be written to copy files intact for the new system and test
programs on both systems. A file comparison program can be used for this purpose.
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Many systems are prone to errors because of insufficient attention given to data entry control or
protective features like audit control trails. These items must be part of the overall plan for
conversion. Before a data entry operator starts working, a data entry validation program can be
written to keep track of wrong data entered.
At the time installation of the software it is required that SQL server must be installed on the
server of the company and it must contain the data files related to the software before
implementing the developed system on all machines machine connected to the server. For this
the exported data is imported to the client machine and the database is checked that all tables are
properly imported to the client machine or not as the software is developed in SQL server data
base and also going to be implemented in oracle there is no other conversion is required.
A good audit control trail is the key to detecting fraud and errors in data entry.

User Training:
Analysis of user training focuses on two factors-user capabilities and the nature of the system
being installed. The requirements of the system also range from very simple tasks like using
a pocket calculator to complex tasks like learning to program a database system. Tasks that
require the user to follow a well-defined, concrete, step-by-step procedure-require limited
problem solving .For this, the training level and duration is basic and brief.

Training Aids:
The most frequently used user training aids are:

User manualContains information about functionality of the software available to the user, what each
option can do, how these are executed and how diagnostic should be handled. The manual should
be organized and indexed for quick reference. Graphics, pictures and schematic diagrams
enhance the readability of the manual. The software is prohibited with both offline and online
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help. Offline help is document (User manual), which is the prohibited with the software that also
contains user form feed, which can be used by the client company to report any bugs in the
software. Offline help helps the user to read the functionality and operation manuals about the
software. Online help is the help, which is available to the user at his figure tips, and user can get
instant help whenever he faces any problem regarding the software operations. Online help helps
the user to get the immediate support, as it is not possible to read the manual for a small problem
when the user is sitting on the computer and he feels comfortable if he gets the help by pressing
<f1> key.

Help screensThis feature is available in every software. The user selects a help option from a menu.
The system accesses the necessary description or information for user reference.

Data DictionaryCan be part of user manual, describing data element names used in the manual.

Job AidsCommunicate essential information about certain jobs. Forms are used to show the relevant
information. For example:
Color printing in forms to highlight headings.
Color to identify pieces of hardware, cables etc.
Wall charts to illustrate schematics of processing information.
Flowcharts to guide the user for detecting and handling errors, restarting the system etc.

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17.0 Hardware/Software Installation: Adequate time and resources for installation of software and hardware must be allotted in
the development schedule. Users can be trained on the installation procedure. The detailed
instructions can be a part of the user manual.

18.0 MAINTENANCE

Software maintenance is used to describe the software engineering activities that occur
following delivery of a software product to the customer

Activities involved in maintenance of a software product include:

Analysis activities

Standards and guidelines

Design activities

Implementation activities

Supporting documents

Configuration management is concerned with tracking and controlling of the work

product that constitute a software product

Configuration management tools include

Configuration management data bases

Version control libraries

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Automated tools to support software maintenance include technical support tools

and managerial support tools

Other automated tools include

Text editor

Debugging aids

Linkage editor

Computer Maintenance covers a wide range of activities. Many activities performed during
development to enhance the maintainability of the system are as follows---

o Analysis Activities: The analysis phase of software development is concerned with

determining customer requirements and constraints, and establishing feasibility of the
product. From maintenance view point, the most important activities that occur during
analysis are establishing standards and guidelines for the project and the work products to
ensure uniformity of the products; setting of milestones to ensured that the work products
are produce on schedule; specifying quality assurance procedures to ensure development
of high quality documents; identifying product enhancements that will most likely occur
following initial delivery of the system; and estimating the resources( personnel,
equipment, floor space) required to perform the maintenance activities.

o Standards and Guidelines: Various types of standards and guidelines we

developed to enhance the maintainability of our software.

o Design Activities: Design is concerned with developing the functional components,

conceptual data structures and interconnection in a software system. The most important
activity for enhancing maintainability during the design.

Automated tools to support software maintenance include technical support tools and
managerial support tools. Tools to support the technical aspects of software maintenance
span the spectrum from analysis and design tools to implementation to debugging and
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testing tools.

Automated tools include text editors debugging aids, cross-reference

generators, linkage editors, comparators, complexity metric calculators, and version

control system and configuration management databases.
Text editor permits rapid, efficient modification of source programs, test data and supporting
documents. Text editors can be used to insert and replace segments of source code, internal
comments, test data and supporting documents; to systematically change all occurrences of an
identifier or other textual strings to locate all references to a given identifier or other string of
text; and to save both old and new versions of a routine, test file or document. A syntax-directed
text editor can ensure that all cross-references in text editor can ensure that all cross-references in
the supporting documents are correctly updated.

Debugging aids provide traps, dumps, and traces assertion checking and history
file aid in locating the causes of known errors. System-level-cross-reference generators
provide cross-reference listings for procedure calls, statements usage and data references.
Cross-references directories provide the calling structures of who calls whom and from
where, and procedures names and statement numbers where formal parameters local
variables and global variables are defined, set and used.
As we already know maintenance of the software is an important part of using it. Thus
various maintenance procedures have to be followed.

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19.0 TESTING TECHNIQUES & STRATEGIES:

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the
ultimate review of specification, design and coding testing requires that the developer discard
preconceived notions of the correctness of software just developed and overcome a conflict
of interest that occurs when errors are uncovered.
Testing is a process of executing a program care is one that have a high probability of
finding an as yet undiscovered error. A successful test is one that uncovers an as-yet
undiscovered error.
Testing is the necessary part of the project the various methods are used for testing the
software. The new look to the project is given by the perfect testing. I prefer the black box
testing method.
Black - box testing , focuses on the functional requirements of the software. That is black - box
testing enables the software engineer to derive sets of input conditions that will fully exercise all
functional requirements for a program. Black - box testing is not an alternative to white - box
techniques. Rather, it is a complementary approach that is likely to uncover a different class of
errors than white - box methods.

19.1 Black-box testing attempts to find errors in following categories

(1)

In correct or missing functions.

(2)

Interface errors.

(3)

Errors in data structures or external data base access.

(4)

Performance errors.

(5)

Initialization and termination errors.

Firstly, test the incorrect or missing function in the project design, testing all
modules and their dependent modules such as for new care, detail of old care, forwarding

of case reminder of case and disposal of case.

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Secondly, test the interface of the software. The input and output of the project also
depends upon the interface use, so that all links should be display accordingly.
Thirdly, testing on the data that are use, it should be properly fitted. The connectivity
should be proper.
Fourthly, the performance error, testing is also done on the performance error, checking
the display time, loading time, clear picture and message.
Finally, testing on the idealization and termination error, test the proper loading of the
input data easily connection of the data and display of cases.
Unlike white - box testing, which is performed early in the testing process, black- box
testing tends to be applied during later stages of testing. Because black - box testing purposely
disregards control structure, alteration is focused on the information domain.
By applying black box techniques, we derive a set of test cases that satisfy the following
criteria
(1)

Test cases that reduce, by a count that is greater that one, the number of additional test

cares that must be designed to achieve reasonable testing.

(2)

Test cases that tell us something about the presence or absence of classes of errors

rather than errors associated only with specify test at hand.

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19.2 SECURITY MEASURES

The software will provide Data Backup and Restoration facility. The data can also be stored on
secondary storage media. When the closing of financial year takes place the data related to the
previous year is stored and the records not relevant are removed from the database. There is also a
provision for User Management and handling of User Rights.

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20.0 COST ESTIMATION OF THE PROJECT:

For a given set of requirements it is desirable to know how much it will cost to develop
the software to satisfy the given requirements, and how much time development will take. These
estimates are needed before development is initiated. The primary reason for cost and schedule
estimation is to enable the client or developer to perform a cost benefit analysis and for project
monitoring and control. A more practical use of these estimates is in bidding for software
projects, where the developers must give cost estimates to a potential client for the development
contract.
For a software development project, detailed, and accurate cost and schedule estimates
are essential prerequisites for managing the project.. Cost and schedule estimate are required to
determine the staffing level for a project in different phase. It can be safely said that cost and
schedule estimates are fundamental to any form of management and are generally always
required for a project .
Cost in a project is due to the requirement for software, hardware, and human resources.
Hardware resources are such thing as the computer time, terminal time, and memory required for
the project, whereas software resources include the tool and compilers needed during
development .The bulk of the cost of software development is due to the human resources
needed, and most cost estimation procedure focus on this aspect. Most cost estimates are
determined in terms of person-month (PM). By properly including the overheads in rupees cost
of a person-month, besides including the direct cost of the person month, most costs for a project
can be incorporated by using PM as the basic measure. Estimates can be based on subjective
opinion of some person or determined through the use of models.
The costs associated with the system are expenses, outlays or losses arising from developing and
using a system. But the benefits are the advantages received from installing and using this
system.
The estimation of cost of the project is a difficult task but we can estimate the cost of the project
by various methods. I am using the COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model). The model has
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Model 1: -

The basic COCOMO model computed software development effort land

cost as a function of program size expressed in estimated lines of code.

Model 2: -

The intermediate COCOMO model computer software.

development effort as a function of program size and a set of cost drivers that include
subjective assessments of product, hardware personnel and project attributes.

Model 3: -

The advanced COCOMO model incorporates all characteristics of the

intermediate version with an assessment of the cost drivers impact on each step (analysis, design
etc.) of the software engineering process.

The COCOMO model is defined for three classes of software projects are:

1)Organic Mode: -

Relatively small, simple projects in which small teams with

good application experience work to a set of less than rigid requirements.

2)Semidetached Mode: -An intermediate (in size and complexity) software project
in which teams with mixed experience levels must meet a mix of rigid and less than rigid
requirements.

3)Embedded Mode: - A software project that must developed within a set of tight
hardware, software and operational constraints.

The basis COCOMO equation takes the form.

21.0 FUTURE SCOPE:

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Online Examination System projects will focus on defining and implementing systems that will
support the University in delivering the University Education Strategy.

Online Examination System projects will:

define and priorities user requirements

implement systems to meet an agreed subset of user requirements
make recommendations about the direction of eLearning systems
identify co-dependencies within other University systems and processes upon which the
full implementation of eLearning systems is dependent.

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22.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Software Engineering, Roger S. Pressman, McGraw-Hill

An integrated approach to software engineering, Pankaj Jalote, Narosa Publishing

House

System Analysis And Design, Elias M Awad, Galgotia Publication

Mastering In ASP.Net, Evangelos Petroutsos, BPB Publications

Oracle8i , The Complete Reference, Kevin Loney & George Koch, Tata McGraw Hill

Crystal Report 8.0, Seagate Crystal Report CD

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