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work done = 75 kJ
2. Calculate the work done when a mass of weight 200 N is lifted vertically by a crane to a height
of 100 m.
When work is done in lifting then:
work done = (weight of the body) (vertical distance moved)
Weight is the downward force due to the mass of an object. Hence
work done = 200 N 100 m = 20000 J = 20 kJ
3. A motor supplies a constant force of 2 kN to move a load 10 m. The force is then changed to a
constant 1.5 kN and the load is moved a further 20 m. Draw the force/distance graph for the
complete operation, and, from the graph, determine the total work done by the motor.
The force/distance graph is shown below.
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
1
2
base height =
1
2
1
2
80 mm 40 N
(80
103
m) 40 N = 1.6 J
5. A spring requires a force of 50 N to cause an extension of 100 mm. Determine the work done in
extending the spring (a) from 0 to 100 mm, and (b) from 40 mm to 100 mm.
The work diagram is shown below.
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
1
2
base height =
1
2
(100
103
m) 50 N = 2.5 J
= (60
10
m)(20 N) +
1
2
(60
103
m)(30 N)
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
= (500
10
5) +
1
2
(500
10
5) +
1
2
(300
103
+ (300
4)
103
6)
Efficiency, =
5886
7850
= 0.75 or 75%
2. Determine the output energy of an electric motor which is 60% efficient if it uses 2 kJ of
electrical energy.
useful output energy
input energy
Efficiency, =
from which,
thus
60
100
output energy
2000 J
output energy =
60
100
3. A machine that is used for lifting a particular mass is supplied with 5 kJ of energy. If the
machine has an efficiency of 65% and exerts a force of 812.5 N to what height will it lift the
mass?
useful output energy
input energy
Efficiency, =
65
100
i.e.
from which,
output energy
5000 J
output energy =
65
100
5000 = 3250 J
from which,
height =
=4m
4. A load is hoisted 42 m and requires a force of 100 N. The efficiency of the hoist gear is 60% and
that of the motor is 70%. Determine the input energy to the hoist.
Output energy = work done = force distance = 100 N 42 m = 4200 J
output energy
input energy
from which,
i.e.
60
100
4200
input energy
100
60
= 7000 J
The input energy to the gears is the same as the output energy of the motor. Thus, for the motor,
output energy
input energy
efficiency =
i.e.
70
100
7000
input energy
100
70
= 10000 J = 10 kJ
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
Power =
from which, work done = power time = 10000 W 60 s = 600000 J = 600 kJ
2. Determine the power required to lift a load through a height of 20 m in 12.5 s if the force
required is 2.5 kN.
Work done = force distance moved = 2500 N 20 m = 50000 J
work done
time taken
Power =
50000 J
12.5s
= 4000 W or 4 kW
(a)
hence
25000 J = force 50 m
25000 J
50 m
(b) Power =
= 500 N
25000 J
40s
= 625 W
4. A car towing another at 54 km/h exerts a steady pull of 800 N. Determine (a) the work done in
1
4
1
4
h, at 54 km/h =
54
4
= 13.5 km.
10.8 106 J
15 60 s
work done
time taken
= 12000 W or 12 kW
5. To what height will a mass of weight 500 N be raised in 20 s by a motor using 4 kW of power?
Work done = force distance. Hence, work done = 500 N height.
work done
time taken
Power =
= 160 m
207
6. The output power of a motor is 10 kW. Determine (a) the work done by the motor in 2 hours,
and (b) the energy used by the motor if it is 72% efficient.
(a) Work done = power time taken
= 10 kW 2 h = 20 kWh = 20000 60 60 Ws
= 72 MJ
output energy
input energy
(b) Efficiency =
i.e.
72
100
72
input energy
100
72
= 100 MJ
7. A car is travelling at a constant speed of 81 km/h. The frictional resistance to motion is 0.60 kN.
Determine the power required to keep the car moving at this speed.
Power = force velocity
81000 m
60 60 s
= 13500 N m/s
= 13500 J/s = 13.5 kW
8. A constant force of 2.0 kN is required to move the table of a shaping machine when a cut is
being made. Determine the power required if the stroke of 1.2 m is completed in 5.0 s.
Work done in each cutting stroke = force distance
= 2000 N 1.2 m = 2400 J
work done 2400 J
time taken
5s
Power required =
= 480 W
9. The variation of force with distance for a vehicle that is decelerating is as follows:
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
Distance (m)
600
500
400
300
200
100
Force (kN)
24
20
16
12
If the vehicle covers the 600 m in 1.2 minutes, find the power needed to bring the vehicle to
rest.
The force/distance graph is shown below.
Work done = area under the force/distance graph
1
2
base height =
1
2
600 m 24 kN
= 7200 kJ
work done 7200 kJ
= 100 kW
10. A cylindrical bar of steel is turned in a lathe. The tangential cutting force on the tool is 0.5 kN
and the cutting speed is 180 mm/s. Determine the power absorbed in cutting the steel.
Power absorbed in cutting the steel = force velocity
= 0.5 kN 180 mm/s
= 500 N 0.180 m/s
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
= 90 J/s = 90 W
i.e.
32.6
(0.4)(9.81)
from which, maximum height, h =
= 8.31 m
2. A ball bearing of mass 100 g rolls down from the top of a chute of length 400 m inclined at an
angle of 30 to the horizontal. Determine the decrease in potential energy of the ball bearing as it
reaches the bottom of the chute.
opposite
h
hypotenuse 400
With reference the above diagram, sin 30 =
from which,
3. A vehicle of mass 800 kg is travelling at 54 km/h when its brakes are applied. Find the kinetic
energy lost when the car comes to rest.
Kinetic energy =
1
2
mv =
1
2
(800 kg)
54
m / s
3.6
4. A body of mass 15 kg has its speed reduced from 30 km/h to 18 km/h in 4.0 s. Calculate the
power required to effect this change of speed.
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
1
2
1
2
2
1
mv
2
2
mv
18
3.6
1
2
30
3.6
m/s = 5 m/s.
2
1
2
2
m(v - v ) =
1
2
(15)(8.3333 - 5 ) = 333.329 J
time taken
4.0s
Braking power =
= 83.33 W
5. Supplies of mass 300 kg are dropped from a helicopter flying at an altitude of 60 m. Determine
the potential energy of the supplies relative to the ground at the instant of release, and its kinetic
energy as it strikes the ground.
Potential energy of supplies at release = mgh
2
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis
1
2
mv =
1
2
At the maximum height, the velocity of the canister is zero and all the kinetic energy has been
converted into potential energy. Hence,
potential energy = initial kinetic energy = 200000 J
Then,
200000
(10)(9.81)
from which,
height h =
= 2039 m
20000
20000
gh
(9.81)(25.0)
from which,
mass, m =
= 81.55 kg
Kinetic energy =
1
2
mv
i.e. 8000 =
v2
from which,
1
2
(81.55)v
2 8000
81.55
2 8000
81.55
= 14.0 m/s
213
8. A pile-driver of mass 400 kg falls freely through a height of 1.2 m on to a pile of mass 150 kg.
Determine the velocity with which the driver hits the pile. If, at impact, 2.5 kJ of energy are lost
due to heat and sound, the remaining energy being possessed by the pile and driver as they are
driven together into the ground a distance of 150 mm, determine (a) the common velocity after
impact, (b) the average resistance of the ground.
1
2
mv
2gh
from which,
velocity v =
(2)(9.81)(1.2)
=
= 4.85 m/s.
1
2
mv =
1
2
(400)(4.85)
= 4704.5 J = 4.705 kJ
Kinetic energy after impact = 4.705 2.5 = 2.205 kJ
Thus the pile-driver and pile together have a mass of 400 + 150 = 550 kg and possess kinetic
energy of 2.205 kJ
Hence,
2205 =
1
2
mv =
1
2
(550)v
2 2205
550
from which,
velocity v =
= 2.83 m/s
i.e.
from which,
resistance =
2205
0.150
= 14700 N
0.1 m rotating about its centre at 50 rpm. Take the density of the disc material as 7860 kg/m .
Angular velocity, = 2
rad
rev
50
rev
min
1min
60s
= 7860
kg
m3
= 5.236 rad/s
R2
2
0.3 m 0.1 m
0.32 m 2
2
i.e.
I = 10 kg m
Hence,
kinetic energy =
1 2 1
1
I 10 kg m 2 (5.236) 2 2
2
2
s
kg m 2
137.1 2
s
= 137.1 J
2. If the disc of Problem 1 had a hole in its centre of 0.2 m diameter, what would be its kinetic
energy?
2
2
R 12
R
t
2
2
R 12
2
215
= 7860
0.3
kg
m3
0.3
0.1
0.12 m 2
m 0.1 m
i.e.
I = 9.877 kg m
Hence,
kinetic energy =
1 2 1
1
I 9.877 kg m 2 (5.236) 2 2
2
2
s
= 135.4 J
3. If an annulus of external diameter 0.4 m and internal diameter 0.2 m were rotated about its centre
at 100 rpm, what would be its kinetic energy? Assume the uniform thickness of the annulus is
3
= 7860
R 12
2
2
kg
m3
2
2
0.2
R 12
0.1
0.2
2
m 0.08 m
0.12 m 2
2
i.e.
I = 1.482 kg m
Angular velocity, = 2
Hence,
rad
rev
kinetic energy =
100
rev
min
1min
60s
= 10.47 rad/s
1 2 1
1
I 1.482 kg m 2 (10.47)2 2
2
2
s
= 81.2 J
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John Bird & Carl Ross Published by Taylor and Francis