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Passive RFID tags utilize an induced antenna coil Ampere’s law states that current flowing in a conductor
voltage for operation. This induced AC voltage is produces a magnetic field around the conductor. The
rectified to provide a voltage source for the device. As magnetic field produced by a current element, as
the DC voltage reaches a certain level, the device shown in Figure 1, on a round conductor (wire) with a
starts operating. By providing an energizing RF signal, finite length is given by:
a reader can communicate with a remotely located
device that has no external power source such as a EQUATION 1:
battery. Since the energizing and communication
between the reader and tag is accomplished through µo I 2
B φ = --------- ( cos α 2 – cos α 1 ) ( Weber ⁄ m )
antenna coils, it is important that the device must be 4πr
equipped with a proper antenna circuit for successful
RFID applications. where:
An RF signal can be radiated effectively if the linear
I = current
dimension of the antenna is comparable with the
wavelength of the operating frequency. However, the r = distance from the center of wire
wavelength at 13.56 MHz is 22.12 meters. Therefore, µ0 = permeability of free space and given
it is difficult to form a true antenna for most RFID appli- as 4 π x 10-7 (Henry/meter)
cations. Alternatively, a small loop antenna circuit that
In a special case with an infinitely long wire where:
is resonating at the frequency is used. A current
flowing into the coil radiates a near-field magnetic field α1 = -180°
that falls off with r-3. This type of antenna is called a α2 = 0°
magnetic dipole antenna.
Equation 1 can be rewritten as:
For 13.56 MHz passive tag applications, a few
microhenries of inductance and a few hundred pF of
EQUATION 2:
resonant capacitor are typically used. The voltage
transfer between the reader and tag coils is accom- µo I 2
plished through inductive coupling between the two B φ = --------- ( Weber ⁄ m )
2πr
coils. As in a typical transformer, where a voltage in the
primary coil transfers to the secondary coil, the voltage
in the reader antenna coil is transferred to the tag FIGURE 1: CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC
antenna coil and vice versa. The efficiency of the FIELD B AT LOCATION P DUE TO
voltage transfer can be increased significantly with high CURRENT I ON A STRAIGHT
Q circuits. CONDUCTING WIRE
This section is written for RF coil designers and RFID
Ζ
system engineers. It reviews basic electromagnetic
theories on antenna coils, a procedure for coil design, Wire
calculation and measurement of inductance, an
α2
antenna tuning method, and read range in RFID dL
applications.
α R
I
α1
P
0 X B (into the page)
r
2
µ o INa
B z = ---------------------------------
- X
2 2 3⁄2
2(a + r )
2 coil I
µ o INa 1 2 2 α
= ------------------ ----3- for r >>a
2 a R
r
where y r
P
I = current Bz z
a = radius of loop
V = V o sin ωt
r = distance from the center of loop
µ0 = permeability of free space and given as
4 π x 10-7 (Henry/meter)
FIGURE 3: DECAYING OF THE MAGNETIC
FIELD B VS. DISTANCE r
The above equation indicates that the magnetic field
strength decays with 1/r3. A graphical demonstration is B
shown in Figure 3. It has maximum amplitude in the
plane of the loop and directly proportional to both the
current and the number of turns, N. r-3
Equation 3 is often used to calculate the ampere-turn
requirement for read range. A few examples that
calculate the ampere-turns and the field intensity
necessary to power the tag will be given in the following
sections.
r
Tag
B = B0sin(ωt)
I = I0sin(ωt)
Reader
Electronics Tuning Circuit Reader Coil
EQUATION 7:
2
µ o πN 1 N 2 ( ab ) The induced voltage developed across the loop
M = -------------------------------------
-
2 2 3⁄2 antenna coil is a function of the angle of the arrival
2(a + r )
signal. The induced voltage is maximized when the
antenna coil is placed in parallel with the incoming
The above equation is equivalent to a voltage transfor-
signal where α = 0.
mation in typical transformer applications. The current
flow in the primary coil produces a magnetic flux that
causes a voltage induction at the secondary coil.
As shown in Equation 6, the tag coil voltage is largely
dependent on the mutual inductance between the two
coils. The mutual inductance is a function of coil
geometry and the spacing between them. The induced
voltage in the tag coil decreases with r-3. Therefore, the
read range also decreases in the same way.
From Equations 4 and 5, a generalized expression for
induced voltage Vo in a tuned loop coil is given by:
EQUATION 9: 3
---
2 2 2
(a + r )
V o = 2πfNSQB o cos α = 4 NI = K ------------------------
2
-
a
and 2B z
where: K = ---------
4 ⁄ ( 2) –2 µo
B o = ----------------------------------- = 0.0449 ( µwbm )
2πfNSQ cos α
By taking derivative with respect to the radius a,
where the following parameters are used in the
above calculation:
2 2 1⁄2 3 2 2 3⁄2
d ( NI ) 3 ⁄ 2 ( a + r ) ( 2a ) – 2a ( a + r )
Tag coil size = (85.6 x 54) mm2 (ISO card -------------- = K ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
da 4
size) = 0.0046224 m2 a
Frequency = 13.56 MHz 2 2 2 2 1⁄2
( a – 2r ) ( a + r )
Number of turns = 4 = K -------------------------------------------------------
3
-
a
Q of tag antenna = 40
coil
The above equation becomes minimized when:
AC coil voltage to = 4 VPP
turn on the tag The above result shows a relationship between the
cosα = 1 (normal direction, α = 0). read range versus optimum coil diameter. The optimum
coil diameter is found as:
–6 2 2 3⁄2
2 ( 0.0449 × 10 ) ( 0.1 + ( 0.38 ) )
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
–7 2
-
( 4π × 10 ) ( 0.1 )
EQUATION 15:
For a The resistance must be kept small as possible for 1
δ = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
higher Q of antenna circuit. For this reason, a larger –7 7
πf ( 4π × 10 ) ( 5.8 × 10 )
diameter coil as possible must be chosen for the RFID
circuit. Table 5 shows the diameter for bare and
0.0661
enamel-coated wires, and DC resistance. = ------------------ (m)
f
AC Resistance of Conductor
= 0.018 ( mm ) for 13.56 MHz
At DC, charge carriers are evenly distributed through
the entire cross section of a wire. As the frequency
= 0.187 ( mm ) for 125 kHz
increases, the magnetic field is increased at the center
of the inductor. Therefore, the reactance near the
center of the wire increases. This results in higher
impedance to the current density in the region. There- As shown in Example 4, 63% of the RF current flowing
fore, the charge moves away from the center of the in a copper wire will flow within a distance of 0.018 mm
wire and towards the edge of the wire. As a result, the of the outer edge of wire for 13.56 MHz and 0.187 mm
current density decreases in the center of the wire and for 125 kHz.
increases near the edge of the wire. This is called a The wire resistance increases with frequency, and the
skin effect. The depth into the conductor at which the resistance due to the skin depth is called an AC
current density falls to 1/e, or 37% (= 0.3679) of its resistance. An approximated formula for the AC
value along the surface, is known as the skin depth and resistance is given by:
is a function of the frequency and the permeability and
conductivity of the medium. The net result of skin effect
is an effective decrease in the cross sectional area of
the conductor. Therefore, a net increase in the AC
resistance of the wire. The skin depth is given by:
EQUATION 17:
l l πfµ
R ac = ------------------------ = ---------------- --------- (Ω)
σ ( w + t )δ (w + t) σ
Calculation of Inductance
Inductance of the coil can be calculated in many
different ways. Some are readily available from
references[1-7]. It must be remembered that for RF
coils the actual resulting inductance may differ from the
calculated true result because of distributed capaci-
tance. For that reason, inductance calculations are
generally used only for a starting point in the final
design.
a
a
X
X d
EQUATION 22:
a
b
where:
a = mean radius of loop in (cm)
d = diameter of wire in (cm) Figure 8 shows an N-turn inductor of circular coil with
multilayer. Its inductance is calculated by:
EQUATION 23:
2
( aN )
L = ----------------------------------- ( µH )
22.9a + 25.4l
where:
N = number of turns
l = length in cm
a = the radius of coil in cm
a
FIGURE 10: N-TURN SQUARE LOOP COIL
WITH MULTILAYER
b
ri b
c
a a
ro
where:
a = (ri + ro)/2
b = ro – ri (a) Top View (b) Cross Sectional View
ri = Inner radius of the spiral
ro = Outer radius of the spiral
Note: All dimensions are in cm
where:
t l
N = number of turns
C = x + y + 2h w
x = width of coil
y = length of coil
b = width of cross section EQUATION 28:
h = height (coil build up) of cross section w + t
L = 0.002l ln ------------ + 0.50049 + ------------
2l
( µH )
w + t 3l
Note: All dimensions are in cm
where:
h
b
EQUATION 29:
2 a2 2 0.2235
L = 0.0467aN log 10 2 ------------ – log 10 ( 2.414a ) + 0.02032aN 0.914 + ------------------ ( t + w )
t + w a
where:
L = in µH
a = side length in inches
t = thickness in inches
w = width in inches
N = total number of turns
w a
la
2a
lb
EQUATION 30:
2A 2A
L = 4lb ln + l a ln + 2 [a + l c − (l a + lb )] (nH )
a (l b + l c ) a (l a + l c )
where
units are all in cm, and a = radius of wire in cm.
2 2
lc = la + lb
A = la × lb
d
LT = Lo – M + – M– ( µH )
p q
where: k
LT = Total Inductance l2
Lo = Sum of self inductances of all straight
j and k in the above figure are indices of conductor, and
segments
p and q are the indices of the length for the difference
M+ = Sum of positive mutual inductances in the length of the two conductors.
M- = Sum of negative mutual inductances The above configuration (with partial segments) occurs
The mutual inductance is the inductance that is between conductors in multiple turn spiral inductor. The
resulted from the magnetic fields produced by adjacent mutual inductance of conductors j and k in the above
conductors. The mutual inductance is positive when configuration is:
the directions of current on conductors are in the same
direction, and negative when the directions of currents
are opposite directions. The mutual inductance EQUATION 34:
between two parallel conductors is a function of the 1
M j, k = --- { ( M k + p + M k + q ) – ( M p + M q ) }
length of the conductors and of the geometric mean 2
distance between them. The mutual inductance of two 1
= --- { ( M j + M k ) – M q } for p = 0 (a)
conductors is calculated by: 2
1
= --- { ( M j + M k ) – M p } for q = 0 (b)
EQUATION 32: 2
= Mk + p – Mp for p = q (c)
M = 2lF ( nH )
= Mk for p = q = 0 (d)
where l is the length of conductor in centimeter. F is the If the length of l1 and l2 are the same (l1 = l2), then
mutual inductance parameter and calculated as: Equation 34 (d) is used. Each mutual inductance term
in the above equation is calculated as follows by using
Equations 33 and 34:
EQUATION 33:
l 1 ⁄ 2 1⁄2 EQUATION 35:
l 2 2
F = ln --- + 1 + --- l- + ---
d
d d – 1 + --
d l
M k + p = 2l k + p F k + p
where d is the geometric mean distance between two where
conductors, which is approximately equal to the l k + p l k + p 2 1 ⁄ 2
distance between the track center of the conductors. F k + p = ln ------------- + 1 + -------------
d j, k d j, k
d j, k 2 1 ⁄ 2 d j, k
– 1 + ------------- + -------------
l k + p l k + p
M + = 2 ( M 1, 5 + M 1, 9 + M 1, 13 )
+2 ( M 5, 9 + M 5, 13 + M 9, 13 )
l2 l4
2 6 10 14 16 12 8 4 +2 ( M 3, 7 + M 3, 11 + M 3, 15 )
+2 ( M 7, 11 + M 7, 15 + M 11, 15 )
+2 ( M 2, 6 + M 2, 10 + M 2, 14 )
+2 ( M 6, 10 + M 6, 14 + M 10, 14 )
+2 ( M 4, 8 + M 4, 12 + M 4, 16 )
15
11 +2 ( M 8, 12 + M 8, 16 + M 12, 16 )
7
3 The total negative mutual inductance terms are:
l3
EQUATION 37:
M – = 2 ( M 1, 3 + M 1, 7 + M 1, 11 + M 1, 15 )
l2 l4 1 1
--- ---
3 l l 2 2 d 2 2 l3
3 1, 3
F 3 = ln ------------ + 1 + ----------- – 1 + ----------- + ----------
d
1, 3 d
1, 3 3 l d 1, 3
Gap 1 1
--- ---
1 l l 2 2 d 2 2 l1
1 1, 3
l1 l1’ F 1 = ln ------------ + 1 + ----------- – 1 + ----------- + ----------
d 1, 3 d
1, 3 l1 d 1, 3
L
L
C
(secondary coil)
(primary coil)
C2
C1
To reader electronics
(c) Transformer Loop Antenna
MCRF355 1
f tuned = ----------------------
2π L T C
Ant. Pad A 1
f detuned = ----------------------
2π L 1 C
L1
C L T = L 1 + L 2 + 2L m
where:
Ant. Pad B
L2 Lm = mutual inductance
VSS
= K L1 L2
L1 > L2
K = coupling coefficient of two inductors
(a) Two inductors and one capacitor 0≤K≤1
MCRF355
1
Ant. Pad A f tuned = ----------------------
C1 2π LC T
1
L f detuned = ----------------------
2π LC 1
Ant. Pad B
C2 C1 C2
VSS C T = --------------------
C1 + C2
C1 > C2
(b) Two capacitors and one inductor
MCRF360
Ant. Pad A 1
f tuned = ----------------------
2π L T C
L1
C = 100 pF 1
f detuned = ----------------------
2π L 1 C
Ant. Pad B
L2
VSS L T = L 1 + L 2 + 2L m
L1 > L2
(c) Two inductors with one internal capacitor
In a practical LC resonant circuit, the range of Q for This is called a resonance condition, and the
13.56 MHz band is about 40. However, the Q can be resonance frequency is given by:
significantly increased with a ferrite core inductor. The
system designer must consider the above limits for EQUATION 49:
optimum operation. 1
f 0 = -------------------
RESONANT CIRCUITS 2π LC
Once the frequency and the inductance of the coil are By applying Equation 48 into Equation 47, the imped-
determined, the resonant capacitance can be ance at the resonance frequency becomes:
calculated from:
EQUATION 50:
EQUATION 46:
Z = R
1
C = ----------------------2
L ( 2πf o )
where R is the load resistance.
reac tan ce
= ------------------------------- The above equation indicates that the induced voltage
resis tan ce
in the tag coil is inversely proportional to the square
root of the coil inductance, but proportional to the
ωL number of turns and surface area of the coil.
= ------- For inductance
r
Series Resonant Circuit
1
= --------- For capacitance A simple series resonant circuit is shown in Figure 19.
ωcr
The expression for the impedance of the circuit is:
f0 EQUATION 55:
= ----
B
Z ( jω ) = r + j ( X L – X C ) (Ω)
where: where:
The Q in a parallel resonant circuit is proportional to the The impedance in Equation 55 becomes minimized
load resistance R and also to the ratio of capacitance when the reactance component cancelled out each
and inductance in the circuit. other such that X L = X C . This is called a resonance
When this parallel resonant circuit is used for the tag condition. The resonance frequency is same as the
antenna circuit, the voltage drop across the circuit can parallel resonant frequency given in Equation 49.
be obtained by combining Equations 8 and 53:
jX L
V o = ------------------------------- V in
r + jX L – jX c
f
fo
S11 Z Z
f f f
fo fo fo
FIGURE 22: READ RANGE VS. TAG SIZE FOR TYPICAL PROXIMITY APPLICATIONS*
FIGURE 23: READ RANGE VS. TAG SIZE FOR TYPICAL LONG RANGE APPLICATIONS*
0.5-inch diameter
Tag Q tag ≥ 40
s
he
9 in c
7~ 1-inch diameter
ches Tag
21 in
14 ~
20 x 55 inch 2-inch diameter
Long Range 25 ~ 30 inches Tag
Reader
35 ~ 4
0 inch
es
Note: Actual results may be shorter or longer than the range shown, depending upon factors discussed above.
1 1, 9 1, 9 1, 9 1, 9
M 1, 9 = --- M 9 + 2δ + M 9 + δ – M 2δ + M δ
2
1 1, 5 1, 5 1, 5
M 1, 5 = --- M 1 + M 5 – M δ where:
2
where: 1, 9 1, 9
M 9 + 2δ = 2l 9 + 2δ F 9 + 2δ
1, 5 1, 5
M = 2l F 1, 9 1, 9
1 1 1 M = 2l F
9+δ 9+δ 9+δ
1, 5 1, 5
M5 = 2l 5 F 5 1, 9 1, 9
M 2δ = 2d 1, 9 F 2δ
1, 5 1, 5
M = 2d F 1, 9 1, 9
δ 1, 5 δ M = 2d F
δ 1, 9 δ
1, 5 l1 l1 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 5 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 5
F1 = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------
d d – 1 + ------------ + ------------ 1, 9 l 9 + 2δ l 9 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 9 2 1 ⁄ 2
1, 5 1, 5 l1 l1 F = ln ------------------ + 1 + ------------------ – 1 + -----------------
-
9 + 2δ d d l 9 + 2δ
1, 9 1, 9
1, 5 l5 l5 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 5 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 5 d 1, 9
F5 = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------ + ------------------
d 1, 5 d 1, 5 l5 l5 l 9 + 2δ
1, 5 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 5 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 5 1, 9 l9 + δ l 9 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 9 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------ F 9 + δ = ln -------------- + 1 + -------------- – 1 + -------------
-
δ d
1, 9 d
1, 9 l 9 + δ
d 1, 5 d 1, 5 lδ lδ
d 1, 9
δ = w+s + --------------
l 9 + δ
l = δ
δ
1, 9 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 9 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 9
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
2δ d d
1, 9 l 2δ l 2δ
1, 9
1, 9 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 9 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 9
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
δ
where d1,5 is the distance between track centers of d 1, 9 d 1, 9 lδ lδ
1, 13 1, 13 l 13 + 2δ l 13 + 2δ 2 1 § 2 d 5, 13 2 1 § 2
M = 2d F 5, 13
3δ 1, 13 3δ F
13 + 2δ
= ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + --------------------
-
d 5, 13 d 5, 13 l 13 + 2δ
1, 13 1, 13
M = 2d F
2δ 1, 13 2δ d 5, 13
+ ---------------------
l 13 + 2δ
1, 13 l 13 + 3δ l 13 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 13 + 3δ = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
d
1, 13 d 1, 13 5, 13 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 13 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
d
5, 13 d l 2δ
5, 13
d 1, 13 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 13
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 13 + 3δ l 13 + 3δ d 5, 13
+ ----------------
l 2δ
1, 13 l 13 + δ l 13 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 13 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 13 + δ = ln ----------------- + 1 + ----------------- – 1 + -----------------
d
1, 13 d
1, 13 l 13 + δ EQUATION A.6 Mutual inductance
d 1, 13 between conductors 9
+ -----------------
l 13 + δ and 13
1, 13 l 3δ l 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 13 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 3δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
d
1, 13 d l 3δ 9, 13 9, 13
1, 13 M 9, 13 = M 13 + δ – M δ
d 1, 13
+ ----------------
l 3δ where:
9, 13 9, 13
M 13 + δ = 2l 13 + δ F 13 + δ
1, 13 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 13 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
2δ d d
1, 13 l 2δ
1, 13 9, 13 9, 13
M = 2l F
δ δ δ
d 1, 13
+ ----------------
l 2δ
9, 13 l 13 + δ l 13 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 13 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ----------------- + 1 + ----------------- – 1 + -----------------
13 + δ d d l 13 + δ
9, 13 9, 13
EQUATION A.4 Mutual inductance
d 9, 13
between conductors 5 + -----------------
l 13 + δ
and 9
9, 13 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 13 2 1 ⁄ 2
5, 9 5, 9 F = ln ----------------- + 1 + ----------------- – 1 + ----------------
-
δ lδ
M = M –M d 9, 13 d 9, 13
5, 9 9+δ δ
where: d 9, 13
5, 9 5, 9 + ----------------
M = 2l F lδ
9+δ 1 9+δ
5, 9 5, 9
Mδ = 2l 1 F δ
5, 9 l9 + δ l 9 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 9 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln -------------- + 1 + -------------- – 1 + -------------
-
9+δ d d l 9 + δ
5, 9 5, 9
d 5, 9
+ --------------
l 9 + δ
5, 9 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 9 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------
d 5, 9 d 5, 9 lδ
d 5, 9
+ ------------
lδ
where: where:
3, 7 3, 7 3, 15 3, 15
M = 2l F M 15 + 3δ = 2l 15 + 3δ F 15 + 3δ
7+δ 7+δ 7+δ
3, 7 3, 7
M = 2l F 3, 15 3, 15
δ δ δ M 3δ = 2l 3δ F 3δ
3, 7 l7 + δ l 7 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 3, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 7 + δ = ln -------------- + 1 + -------------- – 1 + -------------
- 3, 15 l 15 + 3δ l 15 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 3, 15 2 1 ⁄ 2
d
3, 7 d
3, 7 l 7 + δ F = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + --------------------
-
3 + 3δ d d
3, 15 l 15 + 3δ
3, 15
d 3, 7
+ --------------
l 7 + δ d 3, 15
+ ---------------------
l 15 + 3δ
3, 7 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 3, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------
δ
d 3, 7 d 3, 7 lδ 3, 15 l 3δ l 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 3, 15 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ----------------
3δ
d 9, 13 d 3, 15 d 3, 15 l 3δ
+ ----------------
lδ d 3, 15
+ ----------------
l 3δ
EQUATION A.8 Mutual inductance δ = w+s
between conductors 3
and 11
EQUATION A.10 Mutual inductance
M = M
3, 11
–M
3, 11 between conductors 7
3, 11 11 + 2δ 2δ
and 11
where:
3, 11 3, 11 7, 11 7, 11
M = 2l F M 7, 11 = M 11 + δ – M δ
11 + 2δ 11 + 2δ 11 + 2δ
3, 11 3, 11 where:
M 2δ = 2l 2δ F 2δ
7, 11 7, 11
M = 2l F
3, 11 l 11 + 2δ l 11 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 3, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2 11 + δ 11 + δ 11 + δ
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + --------------------
-
11 + 2δ
d 3, 11 d 3, 11 l 11 + 2δ 7, 11 7, 11
Mδ = 2l δ F δ
d 3, 11
+ ---------------------
l 11 + 2δ 7, 11 l 11 + δ l 11 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 7, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 11 + δ = ln ----------------- + 1 + ----------------- – 1 + -----------------
d 7, 11 d 7, 11 l 11 + δ
3, 11 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 3, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
- d 7, 11
d
3, 11 d
3, 11 l 2δ + -----------------
l 11 + δ
d 3, 11 lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 7, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2
+ ---------------- 7, 11 lδ
l 2δ F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
δ d d
7, 11 lδ
7, 11
d 7, 11
+ ----------------
lδ
where: where:
2, 14 2, 14 6, 14 6, 14
M 14 + 3δ = 2l 14 + 3δ F 14 + 3δ M 14 + 2δ = 2l 14 + 2δ F 14 + 2δ
2, 14 2, 14 6, 14 6, 14
M = 2l F M 2δ = 2l 2δ F 2δ
3δ 3δ 3δ
2, 14 l 14 + 3δ l 14 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 14 2 1 ⁄ 2 6, 14 l 14 + 2δ l 14 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 14 2 1 ⁄ 2
= ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + --------------------
- F = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + l---------------------
F
14 + 3δ 14 + 2δ
d
2, 14 d
2, 14 l 14 + 3δ d 6, 14 d 6, 14 14 + 2δ
d 2, 14 d 6, 14
+ --------------------- + ---------------------
l 14 + 3δ l 14 + 2δ
2, 14 l 3δ l 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 14 2 1 ⁄ 2 6, 14 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 14 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 3δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
- F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
d
2, 14 d
2, 14 l 3δ d
6, 14 d
6, 14 l 2δ
d 2, 14 d 6, 14
+ ---------------- + ----------------
l 3δ l 2δ
where: where:
6, 10 6, 10 10, 14 10, 14
M = 2l F M = 2l F
10 + δ 10 + δ 10 + δ 14 + δ 10 + δ 10 + δ
6, 10 6, 10 10, 14 10, 14
= 2l δ F δ M = 2l F
Mδ δ δ δ
d 6, 10 d 10, 14
+ ----------------- + -------------------
l 10 + δ l 14 + δ
where: where:
4, 8 4, 8 4, 16 4, 16
M = 2l F M 16 + 3δ = 2l 16 + 3δ F 16 + 3δ
8+δ 8+δ 8+δ
4, 8 4, 8 4, 16 4, 16
Mδ = 2l δ F δ M = 2l F
3δ 3δ 3δ
l 8 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 4, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 4, 16 l 16 + 3δ l 16 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 4, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2
4, 8 l8 + δ F = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + l---------------------
F = ln -------------- + 1 + -------------- – 1 + -------------
- 16 + 3δ d d
8+δ d d
4, 8 l 8 + δ 4, 16 4, 16 16 + 3δ
4, 8
d 4, 8 d 4, 16
+ -------------- + ---------------------
l 8 + δ l 16 + 3δ
4, 8 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 4, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 4, 16 l 3δ l 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 4, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ F 3δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
d
4, 8 d lδ d
4, 16 d l 3δ
4, 8 4, 16
d 4, 8 d 4, 16
+ ------------ + ----------------
lδ l 3δ
where: where:
8, 16 8, 16
= 2l
l1 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d
M F
16 + 2δ 16 + 2δ 16 + 2δ 1, 3 l1 1, 3
F1 = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
8, 16 8, 16 d 1, 3 d 1, 3 l1 l1
M = 2l F
2δ 2δ 2δ
8, 16 l 16 + 2δ l 16 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 8, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + --------------------
-
16 + 2δ
d 8, 16 d 8, 16 l 16 + 2δ
EQUATION A.26 Mutual inductance
d 8, 16 between conductors 1
+ ---------------------
l 16 + 2δ and 7
8, 16 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 8, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 1, 7 1, 7
M 1, 7 = M 7 + δ – M δ
F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
2δ
d 8, 16 d 8, 16 l 2δ
d 8, 16 where:
+ ----------------
l 2δ 1, 7 1, 7
M 7 + δ = 2l 7 + δ F 7 + δ
1, 7 1, 7
Mδ = 2l δ F δ
EQUATION A.24 Mutual inductance
between conductors 12 1, 7 l7 + δ l 7 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln -------------- + 1 + -------------- – 1 + -------------
-
7+δ d d
1, 7 l 7 + δ
and 16 1, 7
d 1, 7
12, 16 12, 16 + --------------
M 12, 16 = M 14 + δ – M δ l 7 + δ
where: 1, 7 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------
12, 16 12, 16 δ
M = 2l F d 1, 7 d 1, 7 lδ
16 + δ 16 + δ 16 + δ
d 1, 7
12, 16 12, 16 + ------------
M = 2l F lδ
δ δ δ
d 12, 16
+ -------------------
l 16 + δ
d 12, 16
+ -------------------
lδ
5, 3 5, 3
1, 11 l 11 + 2δ l 11 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2 M = 2l F
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- – 1 + --------------------
- δ δ δ
11 + 2δ d d l 11 + 2δ
1, 11 1, 11
5, 3 l5 l5 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 3
d 1, 11 F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
5 d d
5, 3 l5 l5
+ --------------------- 5, 3
l 11 + 2δ
5, 3 l3 l3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 3
= ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2
F
1, 11 l 2δ 3
d 5, 3 d 5, 3 l3 l3
F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
-
2δ
d 1, 11 d 1, 11 l 2δ
5, 3 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 3
d 1, 11 F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
+ ---------------- δ d d
5, 3 lδ lδ
l 2δ 5, 3
d 1, 15 5, 7 l5 l5 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 7
+ --------------------- F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
l 15 + 3δ 5 d d
5, 7 l5 l5
5, 7
1, 15 l 3δ l 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 1, 15 2 1 ⁄ 2 5, 7 l7 l7 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 7
F 3δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- – 1 + ---------------
- F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
d 1, 15 d 1, 15 l 3δ 7 d
5, 7 d
5, 7 l7 l7
d 1, 15
+ ---------------- 5, 7 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 7
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
l 3δ δ d d lδ lδ
5, 7 5, 7
d 5, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 11
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
l 2δ l 2δ
5, 11 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d d
5, 11 5, 11
d 2 1⁄2 d
5, 11 5, 11
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
δ δ
where: where:
5, 15 5, 15 9, 3 9, 3 9, 3 9, 3
M = 2l F M 9 + 2δ = 2l 9 + 2δ F 9 + 2δ , M 9 + δ = 2l 9 + δ F 9 + δ
15 + 3δ 15 + 3δ 15 + 3δ
5, 15 5, 15 9, 3 9, 3 , 9, 3 9, 3
M 15 + 2δ = 2l 15 + 2δ F 15 + 2δ M 2δ = 2l 2δ F 2δ M = 2l F
δ δ δ
5, 15 5, 15 5, 15 5, 15
M
3δ
= 2l F
3δ 3δ , M
2δ
= 2l F
2δ δ 9, 3 l 9 + 2δ l 9 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------------ + 1 + ------------------
9 + 2δ d d 9, 3
5, 15 l 15 + 3δ l 15 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 9, 3
F 15 + 3δ = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
d 5, 15 d 5, 15 d 9, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 3
– 1 + ------------------ + ------------------
d 5, 15 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 15 l 9 + 2δ l 9 + 2δ
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 15 + 3δ l 15 + 3δ
9, 3 l9 + δ l 9 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 9 + δ = ln -------------- + 1 + --------------
5, 15 l 15 + 2δ l 15 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d
9, 3 d 9, 3
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
15 + 2δ d d 5, 15 ⁄
5, 15 d 9, 3 2 1 2 d
9, 3
– 1 + -------------- + --------------
d 5, 15 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 15 l 9 + δ l 9 + δ
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 15 + 2δ l 15 + 2δ
2δ 1 ⁄ 2
9, 3 2δ 2
2δ 1 ⁄ 2 F 2δ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------
5, 15 2δ 2 d
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d
9, 3 9, 3
d d
5, 15 5, 15
d 9, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 3
d 5, 15 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 5, 15 – 1 + ------------ + ------------
– 1 + ---------------- + ---------------- l 2δ l 2δ
l 2δ l 2δ
δ 1 ⁄ 2
9, 3 δ 2
5, 15 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 Fδ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------
= ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- d
Fδ
d d 9, 3 9, 3
d
5, 15
5, 15 1 ⁄ 2
d 9, 3 2 d 9, 3
d 2 ⁄2
1 d – 1 + ------------ + ------------
5, 15 5, 15
– 1 + ---------------- + ---------------- δ δ
δ δ
d 9, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 7 d 9, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 11
– 1 + ------------ + ------------ – 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
l9 l9 l9 l9
9, 7 l7 l7 2 1 ⁄ 2 9, 11 l 11 l 11 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ F 11 = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
7 d 9, 11 d 9, 11
d 9, 7 d 9, 7
d 9, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 7 d 9, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 11
– 1 + ------------ + ------------ – 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
l7 l7 l 11 l 11
9, 7 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 9, 11 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
δ
d 9, 7 d 9, 7 d 9, 11 d 9, 11
d 9, 7 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 7 d 9, 11 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 9, 11
– 1 + ------------ + ------------ – 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
lδ lδ lδ lδ
13, 15 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 13, 7 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------------- + 1 + ------------------- Fδ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
δ d d
d 13, 15 d 13, 15 13, 7 13, 7
where: where:
13, 3 13, 3 2, 8 2, 8 2, 8 2, 8
M = 2l F M 8 + 2δ = 2l 8 + 2δ F 8 + 2δ , M = 2l F
13 + 3δ 13 + 3δ 13 + 3δ 8+δ 8+δ 8+δ
13, 3 13, 3 2, 8 2, 8 , 2, 8 2, 8
M 13 + 2δ = 2l 13 + 2δ F 13 + 2δ M 2δ = 2l 2δ F 2δ M = 2l F
δ δ δ
13, 3 13, 3 13, 3 13, 3
M
3δ
= 2l F
3δ 3δ , M
2δ
= 2l F
2δ δ 2, 8 l 8 + 2δ l 8 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------------ + 1 + ------------------
8 + 2δ d d 2, 8
13, 3 l 13 + 3δ l 13 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 2, 8
F 13 + 3δ = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
d 13, 3 d 13, 3 d 2, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 8
– 1 + ------------------ + ------------------
d 13, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 13, 3 l 8 + 2δ l 8 + 2δ
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 13 + 3δ l 13 + 3δ
2, 8 l8 + δ l 8 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 8 + δ = ln -------------- + 1 + --------------
13, 3 l 13 + 2δ l 13 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d
2, 8 d 2, 8
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
13 + 2δ d d 13, 3 ⁄
13, 3 d 2, 8 2 1 2 d
2, 8
– 1 + -------------- + --------------
d 13, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 13, 3 l 8 + δ l 8 + δ
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 13 + 2δ l 13 + 2δ
2δ 1 ⁄ 2
2, 8 2δ 2
2δ 1 ⁄ 2 F 2δ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------
13, 3 2δ 2 d
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d
2, 8 2, 8
d d
13, 3 13, 3
d 2, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 8
d 13, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 13, 3 – 1 + ------------ + ------------
– 1 + ---------------- + ---------------- l 2δ l 2δ
l 2δ l 2δ
δ 1 ⁄ 2
2, 8 δ 2
13, 3 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 Fδ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------
= ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- d
Fδ
d d 2, 8 2, 8
d
13, 3
13, 3 1 ⁄ 2
d 2, 8 2 d 2, 8
d 13, 3 2 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 + ------------ + ------------
d 13, 3 δ δ
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
δ δ
6, 4 l6 l6 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 4 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 4
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------ 10, 8 l8 l8 2 1 ⁄ 2
6
d 6, 4 d 6, 4 l6 l6 F8 = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d 10, 8 d 10, 8
6, 4 l4 l4 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 4 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 4 d
10, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 8
F4 = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------ – 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
d
6, 4 d 6, 4 l4 l4 8 l l8
6, 4 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 4 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 4 10, 8 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------ F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
δ d d
6, 4 lδ lδ δ
6, 4 d 10, 8 d 10, 8
d 10, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 8
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
lδ lδ
2, 12 l 12 + 3δ l 12 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 6, 8 l6 l6 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 8
F 12 + 3δ = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------
F6 – 1 + ------------ + ------------
d 2, 12 d 2, 12 d
6, 8 d
6, 8 l6 l6
d 2, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 12
– 1 + --------------------- + --------------------- 6, 8 l8 l8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 8
l 12 + 3δ l 12 + 3δ F8 = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
d 6, 8 d 6, 8 l8 l8
2, 12 l 12 + 2δ l 12 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 8 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 8
12 + 2δ d
2, 12 d 2, 12 6, 8 lδ
Fδ = ln ------------ + 1 + ------------ – 1 + ------------ + ------------
d
6, 8 d
6, 8 lδ lδ
d 2, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 12
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 12 + 2δ l 12 + 2δ
2δ 1 ⁄ 2
2, 12 2δ 2
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d d
2, 12 2, 12
d 2, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 12
EQUATION A.47 Mutual inductance
– 1 + ---------------- + ---------------- between conductors 2
l 2δ l 2δ
2 1 ⁄ 2
and 16
2, 12 δ δ
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ---------------- 1 2, 16 2, 16 2, 16 2, 16
d
d
2, 12 2, 12 M 2, 16 = --- M 16 + 3δ + M 16 + 4δ – M 3δ + M 4δ
2
d 2 ⁄21 d
2, 12 2, 12
– 1 + ----------------
δ
+ ----------------
δ where:
2, 16 2, 16
M 16 + 3δ = 2l 16 + 3δ F 16 + 3δ
2, 16 2, 16
M = 2l F
16 + 4δ 16 + 4δ 16 + 4δ
2, 16 2, 16 2, 16 2, 16
M 3δ = 2l 3δ F 3δ , M = 2l F
4δ 4δ 4δ
2, 16 l 16 + 3δ l 16 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
16 + 3δ d d 2, 16
2, 16
d 2, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 16
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 16 + 3δ l 16 + 3δ
2, 16 l 16 + 4δ l 16 + 4δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
16 + 4δ
d 2, 16 d 2, 16
d 2, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 16
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 16 + 4δ l 16 + 4δ
2δ 1 ⁄ 2
2, 16 2δ 2
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d d
2, 16 2, 16
d 2, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 16
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
l 2δ l 2δ
2, 16 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d d
2, 16 2, 16
d 2, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 2, 16
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
δ δ
14, 16 l 14 l 14 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 14 = ln ------------------- + 1 + ------------------- 10, 12 l 10 l 10 2 1 ⁄ 2
d 14, 16 d 14, 16 F 10 = ln ------------------- + 1 + -------------------
d 10, 12 d 10, 12
d 14, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 14, 16
– 1 + ------------------- + ------------------- d 10, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 12
l 14 l 14 – 1 + ------------------- + -------------------
l 10 l 10
14, 16 l 16 l 16 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ------------------- + 1 + ------------------- 10, 12 l 12 l 12 2 1 ⁄ 2
16 d
14, 16 d 14, 16 F = ln ------------------- + 1 + -------------------
12
d 10, 12 d 10, 12
d 14, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 14, 16
– 1 + ------------------- + ------------------- d 10, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 12
l 16 l 16 – 1 + ------------------- + -------------------
l 12 l 12
14, 16 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ------------------- + 1 + ------------------- 10, 12 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2
d
14, 16 d 14, 16 Fδ = ln ------------------- + 1 + -------------------
d 10, 12 d 10, 12
d 14, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 14, 16
– 1 + ------------------- + ------------------- d 10, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 12
lδ lδ – 1 + ------------------- + -------------------
lδ lδ
6, 12 l 12 + 2δ l 12 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 12 + 2δ = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
d 6, 12 d 6, 12
d 6, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 12
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 12 + 2δ l 12 + 2δ
6, 12 l 12 + δ l 12 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 12 + δ = ln ----------------- + 1 + -----------------
d
6, 12 d 6, 12
d
6, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 12
– 1 + ----------------- + -----------------
l
12 + δ l 12 + δ
2δ 1 ⁄ 2
6, 12 2δ 2
F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
2δ d d
6, 12 6, 12
d 6, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 12
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
l 2δ l 2δ
6, 12 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
δ
d 6, 12 d
6, 12
d 2 1⁄2 d
6, 12 6, 12
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
δ δ
6, 16 l 16 + 3δ l 16 + 3δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 16 + 3δ = ln --------------------- + 1 + --------------------- 10, 4 l 10 + 2δ l 10 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
d 6, 16 d 6, 16 F 10 + 2δ = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
d 10, 4 d 10, 4
d 6, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 16
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 16 + 3δ l 16 + 3δ d 10, 4 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 4
– 1 + --------------------- + --------------------
-
l 10 + 2δ l 10 + 2δ
6, 16 l 16 + 2δ l 16 + 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln --------------------- + 1 + ---------------------
16 + 2δ d d 6, 16
6, 16 10, 4 l 10 + δ l 10 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F 10 + δ = ln ----------------- + 1 + -----------------
d 6, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 16 d 10, 4 d 10, 4
– 1 + --------------------- + ---------------------
l 16 + 2δ l 16 + 2δ d 10, 4 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 4
– 1 + ----------------- + -----------------
3δ l 3δ l 2 1 ⁄ 2 l 10 + δ l 10 + δ
6, 16
F 3δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d 6, 16 d 6, 16
10, 4 2δ 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ----------------- + 1 + -----------------
d 6, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 16 2δ
d 10, 4 d 10, 4
– 1 + ---------------- + ----------------
l 3δ l 3δ
d 10, 4 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 4
– 1 + ----------------- + -----------------
6, 16 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2 l 2δ l 2δ
F 2δ = ln ---------------- + 1 + ----------------
d
6, 16 d 6, 16
10, 4 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
d 6, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 6, 16 F
δ
= ln ----------------- + 1 + -----------------
– 1 + ---------------- + ---------------- d
10, 4 d 10, 4
l 2δ l 2δ
2 1⁄2
d 10, 4 d 10, 4
– 1 + ----------------- + -----------------
δ δ
14, 12 l 12 l 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 10, 16 l 16 + δ l 16 + δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
F = ln ---------------- + 1 + ------------------- F 16 + δ = ln ------------------- + 1 + -------------------
12 d d 14, 12
10, 8 d 10, 16 d 10, 16
d 14, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 14, 12 d 10, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 16
– 1 + ------------------- + ------------------- – 1 + ------------------- + -------------------
l 12 l 12 l 16 + δ l 16 + δ
14, 12 lδ lδ 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ------------------- + 1 + ------------------- 10, 16 l 2δ l 2δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
d
14, 12 d 14, 12 F = ln ------------------- + 1 + -------------------
2δ
d 10, 16 d 10, 16
d 14, 12 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 14, 12
– 1 + ------------------- + ------------------- d 10, 16 2 1 ⁄ 2 d 10, 16
lδ lδ – 1 + ------------------- + -------------------
l 2δ l 2δ
10, 16 δ δ 2 1 ⁄ 2
Fδ = ln ------------------- + 1 + -------------------
d 10, 16 d 10, 16
d 2 1 ⁄ 2 d
10, 16 10, 16
– 1 + ------------------- + -------------------
δ δ
12, 8 12, 8
M 12, 8 = M 12 + d – M d
12, 4 12, 4
M 12, 4 = M 12 + 2d – M 2d
8, 4 8, 4
M 8, 4 = M 8 + d – M d
Q3 =log((l_3/d13)+(1+(l_3/d13)^2)^0.5)-(1+(d13/l_3)^2)^0.5 + (d13/l_3)
• Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.
• There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip's Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
• Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
• Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products.
12/05/02