AQUINAS UNIVERSITY OF LEGAZPI

COLLEGE OF LAW
2nd
Semester SY 2014-2015

torts and damages

Course Outline
I.

Atty. LedillaLIlibeth H. Llagas, Ed. D.

Law Lecturer

TORTS
A. Definition
B. Classes
a. Intentional Torts (Human Relations and Human Dignity: Arts. 19, 20, 21, 26, et. al.)
b. Negligence Torts (found in Art. 2176, et. al.)
c. Strict Liability Torts (Art 2183, Art. 2187, Arts. 694 and 695)

II. INTENTIONAL TORTS (SPECIAL TORTS ON HUMAN RELATIONS AND HUMAN DIGNITY)
A. Elements
B.
Scope: Human Relations
1. Catch-all Provisions (Arts. 19, 20, 21)
a. Abuse of Right (Article 19)
Cases: Tan vs Northwest Airlines, Inc., 327 SCRA 263
Globe Mackay Cable and radio Corp. and Herbert C. Hendry vs. CA and
Tobias, GR No. 81262, Aug. 25, 1983
MWSS vs. Act Theater Inc., GR No. 147076, June 17, 2004
Cebu Country Club, Inc., et. al. vs. Ricardo F. Elizagaque, GR No. 160273,
Jan. 18, 2008
Heirs of PurisimaNala, et. al. vs. ArtemioCabansag, GR No. 161188,
Jun 13, 2008
Gonzales vs. PCIB, et. al., GR No. 180257, Feb. 23, 2011
b. Acts Contra Bonus Mores (Art. 21)
Cases: Tanjancovs CA, et. al., GR No. L-18630
Bakshvs CA, et. al., GR No. 97336, Feb 19, 1993

Seduction and Sexual Assault

Case:
Pe, et. al. vsPe, GR No. L-17396

Desertion by a Spouse
Case: TenchavesvsEscano, et. al., GR No. L-19671

Trespass and Deprivation of Property

Cases:
Cogeo-Cubao Operators and Drivers Association vs CA, GR No. 100727,
Mar
18, 1992
Manila Gas Corp vs CA, GR No. L-44190, Oct 30, 1980
Manila Electric Co., et. al. vs CA, GR No. L-39019, Jan 22, 1988
Antonio Diaz vs. Davao Light and Power Co., Inc., GR No. 160959, Apr. 3,
2007

Abortion and Wrongful Death

Case: Geluzvs CA, et. al., GR No. L-16439

Illegal Dismissal
Cases: Bernardo vs NLRC, Mar 15, 1996
Globe Mackay Cable and Radio Corp., et. al. vs CA, et. al., GR No. 81262,
Aug 25, 1989

Malicious Prosecution
Cases:
Globe Mackay Cable and Radio Corp. and Herbert C. Hendry vs. CA
and
Tobias, GR No. 81262, Aug. 25, 1983
Bayani vs. Panay Electric Co., Inc., GR No. 139680, Apr. 12, 2000
Lao vs. CA, L-47013, Feb. 17, 2000
C. Magbanua, et. al. vs. P. S. Junsay, et. al., GR No. 132659, Feb. 12, 2007
Limanch-O Hotel & Leasing Corp., et. al. vs. City of Olongapo, et. al.,
GR No. 185121, Jan. 18, 2010

Public Humiliation
Cases: Grand Union Supermarket, IncvsEspino, Jr., GR No. L-48250, Dec 28, 1979
Patricio vsLeviste, GR NO. 51832, Apr 26, 1989
Maria Ford vs CA, GR Nos 51171-72, Jun 4, 1990
2. Unjust Enrichment (Art 22)
* Requisites
Case: Romago Electric Co., Inc. vs. CA, GR No. 130721, May 26, 2005
Vicente S. Almario vs. PAL, Inc., GR No. 170928, Sep. 11, 2008
Flores vs. Sps. Lindo, GR No. 183984, Apr. 13, 2011
3. Benefited by the Act or Event (Art 23)
4. Leniency to the Disadvantaged (Art 24)
Case: Sps. Tan vs. Mandap, GR No. 150925, May 27, 2004
Payugo vs. Astorga, GR No. 130982, Sep. 16, 2005
5. Human Dignity (Art 26)
a. Violation of Right to Privacy
* Intrusion
Cases: Angeles, et. al. vs Hon. Sison, et. al., GR No. L-4551, Feb 16, 1982
Socorro Ramirez vs CA, Sep 28, 1995

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Gaananvs IAC, 145 SCRA 112

Valmontevs Belmonte, Jr., 170 SCRA 256
Jerome Castro vs. Pp., GR No. 180832, Jul. 23, 2008

Publication of Private Facts

Cases: Cordero, et. alvsBuigasco, et. al., GR No. 34130-R, Apr 17, 1972
Ayer productions Pty. Ltd. VsCapulong, GR Nos 82380 and 82398, Apr 29,
1988
Aquino-Sarmiento vsMorato, et. al., GR No 92541, Nov 13, 1991
St. Louis Realty Corp. vs CA, 133 SCRA 179, 1984
De Los Reyes, et. al. vs Mobil Oil Phils, Inc, 25 CAR 2s 1089, 1978
b. Interference with Family and Other Relations
Case: TenchavezvsEscao, GR No. L-19671, Nov 29, 1965
c. Vexation and Humiliation

Discrimination

Sexual Harassment (RA 7877)

Cases: Globe Mackay Cable and Radio Corp., et. al. vs CA, et. al.,
GR No. 81262, Aug 25, 1989
International School Alliance of Educators vsQuisumbing, GR No 128846,
Jan 1, 2000
Concepcionvs CA, et. al., GR No. 120706, Jan 31, 2000
Villaramavs NLRC and Golden Donuts, Inc., GR No. 106341, Sep 2, 1994
Phil Aeolus Automotive United Corp vs NLRC and Cortez, GR No. 124617
Apr 28, 2000
Manaloto, et. al. vs. Veloso III, GR No. 171365, Oct. 6, 2010
6. Refusal/Neglect to Perform Official Duty (Art 27)
Cases: Javellana vs. Tayo, 6 SCRA 1042
Amaro vs. Sumanguit, 5 SCRA 707
Phil. Match Co., Ltd. Vs. City of Cebu, 81 SCRA 99
7. Torts with Independent Civil Actions (Arts 32, 33, 34)
a. Violation of Civil and Political Rights (Art 32)
Case: Aberca, et. al. vsVer, et. al., GR No. L-69866, Apr 15, 1988
b. Defamation, Fraud, and Physical Injuries
Cases: Newsweek, Incvs CA, 142 SCRA 171, 1986
Santos vs CA, GR No. L-45031, Oct 21, 1991
Borjalvs CA, GR No 126466, Jan 14, 1999
Manuel vs Cruz-Pano, GR No. L-46079, Apr 17, 1989
Silva, et. al. vs Peralta, GR No. L-13114, Nov 25, 1960
Madejavs Caro, 126 SCRA 293
NavarettevsGeneroso, 325 SCRA 540
Safeguard Security Agency, Inc., et. al. vsTangco, et. al., GR No. 165732,
Dec. 14, 2006
c. Neglect of Duty (Art 34)
d. Civil Liability Arising from Delict
II. NEGLIGENCE/NEGLIGENCE TORTS: QUASI-DELICTS (CULPA AQUILIANA or CULPA EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL)
A. Statutory Basis and Requisites (Art 2176)
Case: FGU Corp. vs. CA, 18 SCRA 155
Air France vs. CA, Mar 21, 1989
Air France vs. Carroscoso, GR No. L-21438
Go vs. CA, 272 SCRA 752
B. Negligence
a. Definition and Test Art. 1173)
b.
Nature
Cases: Ongvs Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil 398, 1958
Civil Aeronautics Administration vs CA and Simke, GR No L-51806, Nov 8,
1988
Wild valley Shipping Co., Ltd. Vs. Phil President Lines, Inc., GR no. 119602
Valenzuela vs. CA, 253 SCRA 303 (1996)
Garcia vs. People, GR No. 153591, Feb 23, 2004
Corinthian Gardens Association, Inc. vs. Tanjangco, June 27, 2008
C. Distinguished from
a. Culpa Contractual
b. Culpa Criminal
Case: Calalas vs. Sunga, 332 SCRA 356
D. Principles Applied
a. Proximate Cause (Art. 2179)
*Disinguished from
i. Remote cause
ii. Nearest cause
iii. Concurrent cause
b. Contributory Negligence: Its Effect (Art. 2179)
c. Imputed Contributory Negligence
d. Attractive Nuisance Rule
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e. Fortuituous Events/ its Exceptions (Art. 1174)

f. Last Clear Chance: Antecedent and Supervening Negligence
g. Assumption of Risk
h. ResIpsa Loquitur: When applied and When not Applied
i. Captain of the Ship Doctrine
j. Doctrine of Informed Consent
Cases: Taylor vs. Meralco, 16 Phil 8
Vda. De Bataclan, et. al. vs. Medina, 102 Phil 111
Tuazon vs. Luzon, Jan 28, 1961
Europa vs. Hunter Garments Manufacturing, Inc., Jul 18, 1999
PLDT vs. CA, Sep 29, 1989
Kim vs. Phil. Aerial Taxi Co. vs. CA,
Mallari Sr. vs. Bulletin Publishing Corp, 324 SCRA 147
Remman Enterprises Inc. vs. Lat, 330 SCRA 145
Bank of the PhilIslands vs. Napiza, 326 SCRA 641
M. H. Rakes vs. AtlanticGulf, 7 Phil 359
Phoenix Construction, Inc. vs. IAC, GR No. L-65295, Mar 10, 1987
Del Rosario vs. Manila Electric and Railroad Co., 57 Phil 478
MA-Ao Central Co., Inc. vs. CA. Aug 27, 1990
Ramos vs. CA, GR No. 124354, Dec. 29, 1999; MR, April 11, 2002
Dr. Rubi Li vs. Sps. Soliman as parents of deceased Angelica Soliman,
GR No. 165279, June 7, 2011
Mercury Drug Corp. vs. Sebastian Baking, GR No. 156037, May 28, 2007
Metrobank vs. Cabilzo, GR No. 154469, Dec. 6, 2006
Delsan Transport Lines, Inc. vs. American Home Assurance Corp., GR No. 149019,
Aug 15, 2006
Picart vs. Smith, 37 Phil 309
Glan Peoples Lumber and Hardware vs. IAC, GR No. 70493, May 18, 1989
Canlas vs. CA, et. al., GR No. 112160, Feb 28, 2000
Lapanday Agricultural and Dev. Corp. vs. Angala, GR No. 153076, Jun 21, 2007
Cantre vs. Sps. Go, GR No. 160889, Apr 27, 2007
Professional Services, Inc. vs. Sps. Agana& other consolidated cases,
GR. No. 126297, Jan. 31, 2007
Vergara vs. CA, 154 SCRA 564
Jimmy Co, et. al. vs. CA, et. al., GR No. 124922, Jun 22, 1998
Sicam&Agencia de R. C. Sicam , Inc. vs. Lulu & Cesar Jorge, GR No. 159617,
Aug. 8, 2007
Cayao-Lasam vs. Sps. Ramolete, GR No. 159132, Dec. 18, 2008
E. Civil Liability (Art 2177)
a. under Quasi-Delict (Art. 2176)
b. under Revised Penal Code (under Art. 103)
c. Limitation
Cases: Elcano vs. Hill, 77 SCRA 98
Andamo vs. IAC, Nov. 6, 1990
Heirs of TeodoroGuaring, Jr. vs. CA, et. al., 269 SCRA 283, Mar 7, 1997
LuisitoBasilio vs. CA, et. al., GR No. 113433, Mar 17, 2000
Ace Haulers Corp. vs. CA, et. al., GR No. 127934, Aug 23, 2000
PepeCatacutan, et. al. vs. Heirs of Norman Kadusale, et. al., GR No. 131280,
Oct. 18, 2000
L. G. Foods Corporation &gabor vs. Hon. Agraviador, et. al., GR No. 158995,
Sep. 26, 2006
Safeguard Security Agency, Inc. vs. Tangco, Dec. 14, 2006
F. Other Coverages (Art 2178)
a. Business Torts: Negligence/Omission of Diligence
o In the performance of every kind of obligation (Art. 1172)
o By the obligor (Art. 1173)
o Unfair Competition (Art 28)
Cases:
Philip Yu vs. CA, GR No. 86683, Jan. 21, 1993
Gilchrist vs. Cuddy, 29 Phil 542
So Ping Bun vs CA, GR No. 120554, Sep 21, 1999
Bayne Adjusters and Surveyors Inc. vs. Insurance Co. of North America,
323 SCRA 231
Food Terminal Inc. vs. Basic Foods Corp., GR No. 108397, Jun 21, 2000
Reyes vs. Sisters of MercyHospital, GR No. 130547, Oct. 3, 2000
Shell Co. of the Philippines, Ltd vs Insular Petroleum Co., Ltd., GR No. L19441, Jun 30, 1964
G. Responsibility of other persons: Vicarious Liability (Art 2180)
a. Nature of Liability
b. Civil Code and Family Code Provisions Reconciled
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* Family Code (Articles 221, 211, 21, 214, 216, 236)

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c. Available Defense
Cases: Liability of parents and Guardians
Exconde vs. Capuno, 101 Phil 843
Cuadra, et. al. vs. Monfort, 35 Phil 160 (1970)
Tamargo, et. al. vs. CA, et. al., 209 SCRA 518 (1992)
Libi, et. al. vs. IAC, et. al., 214 SCRA 16 (1992)
Liability of Owners and Managers and Employers:
Phil. Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc. vs. Phil. American Forwarders, Inc.,
63 SCRA 231
University of the East vs. Jader, 325 SCRA 804
Chapman vs. Underwood, Mar 28, 1914
Fontanilla vs. Maliamar, GR No. 55963 and NIA vs. Fontanilla,
Dec 1, 1989
Franco vs. IAC, Oct 5, 1989
Castilex Industrial Corp. vs Vasquez, Jr., GR No. 132266, Dec 21,
1999
Valenzuela vs. CA, 253 SCRA 303 (1996)
NPC vs. CA, 294 SCRA 209 (1998)
Pilipinas Shell Petroleum vs. CA , 221 SCRA 389 (1993)
Carticiano vs. Nuval, GR No. 138054, Sep 28, 2000
Jose vs. Abraham, 322 SCRA 25
Viron Transportation Co, Inc. vs. De los Santos, GR No. 138296,
Nov. 22, 2000
Pestano vs. Sumayang, GR No. 139875, Dec 4, 2000
Rafael Reyes Trucking Corporation vs. D y, 329 SCRA 600
Steinmetz vs. Valdez, 72 Phil 92
Phil. Rabbit vs. Pp., 427 SCRA 456, (2004)
Santos vs. Pizardo, et. al., GR No. 151452, Jul. 29, 2005
Sps. Hernandes vs. Sps. Dolor, GR No. 160286, Jul. 30, 2004
Cerezo vs. Tuazon, GR No. 141538, Mar. 23, 2004
Professional Services, Inc. vs. Sps. Agana, GR Nos. 126297, 126467,
127590, Jan. 31, 2007
Liability of schools, teachers, and administrators:
St.FrancisHigh School vs. CA, GR No. 82465, Feb 25, 1991
Amadora, et. al. vs. CA, et. al., GR No. L-47745, Apr 15, 1988
Ylarde vs. Aquino, 163 SCRA 697, Jul 29, 1988
Pasco vs. CFI, Apr 25, 1988
PSBA vs. CA, 205 SCRA 729 (1992)
St. Marys Academy vs. Capistrano, GR No. 143363, Feb. 6, 2002
St. Josephs College, et. al. vs. Jayson Miranda, represented by his
father, Rodolfo S. Miranda, GR No. 182353, Jun 29, 2010
Liability of the State:
City of Manila vs. IAC, Nov 15, 1989
Genson vs. Adarle, Aug 31, 1987
Municipality of San Fernando La Union vs. Firme, Apr 8, 1991
PNR vs. IAC, 217 SCRA 637 (1992)
a. Provisions applicable in motor vehicle mishap

Liability of owner if in the vehicle (Art 2184)

Liability of joint-tortfeasors ( Art 2194)

Obligation as owner (Art 2186)

Case: St. Marys Academy vs. Carpitanos, 376 SCRA 473 (2002)
FEB Leasing & Finance Corporation(now BPI Leasing Corp.) vs. Sps.
Baylon, et. al., GR No. 181398, June 29, 2011.

Presumptions of negligence of a driver (Art 2184; Art 2185)

b. Reliefs:

Reimbursement for whatever has been paid (Art 2181)

Property owned by minor or insane person may be held liable

(Art 2182)
III. STRICT LIABILITY TORTS
A. Possessors or users of Animals (Art 2183)
a. Exceptions:
i. Force majeure
ii. Fault of third persons
Case: Vestil vs. IAC, et. al., GR No. 74431, Nov. 6, 1989
B. Nuisance (Art 694 and Art 695)
Case: The Homeowners Associations of El Deposito, et. al. vsLood, 47 SCRA 174,
(1972)
Bengzon vs. Province of Pangasinan, Jan 9, 1936
Velasco vs Manila Electric Co., 40 SCRA 342 (1971)
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C. Product Liability (Art 2187)

a. Consumer Act
Case: People vs. Siy Cong Bien, 30 Phil 577

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D. Liability of provinces, cities, and municipalities (Art 2189)

Cases:Guilatco vs. City of Dagupan, 171 SCRA 382
City of Manila vs. Teotico, 22 SCRA 267
E. Proprietor of building (Art. 2190)
a. Exception : Any defect in the construction (Art 2192)
Case: De Roy vs. CA, 157 SCRA 757
F. Thrown/Falling Objects (Art. 2193)
Case: Dingcong vs. Kanaan, 72 Phil 14
G. Liability of Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194)
Cases: Metro Manila Corp. vs. CA, 298 SCRA 495
Manio vs. Gaddi, 44 SCRA 198
Phil. Shipping Co. vs. Garcia, 6 Phil 281
Corpus vs. Paje, 28 SCRA 1062
Construction Dev. Corp. of the Phil. vs. Strella, et. al., GR No. 147791,
Sept. 8, 2006
IV. DAMAGES
A. Definition
a. Injury
b. Damage
c. Damages
B. When liability attaches & when it does not
a. Damnum et Injuria : Damage with Injury
b. Damnum absqueInjuria: Damage without Injury
Cases: Farolan vs. Solmac Mktg. Corp., GR No. 83589, Mar 13, 1991
Custodio, et. al. vs CA, et. al., 253 SCRA 483
Algarra vs. Sandejas, 27 Phil 284
Saba vs. CA, 189 SCRA 50, Aug 24, 1990
Pantaleon vs. American Express Internatl., Inc., GR No. 174269
Aug. 25, 2010
C. Kinds of Damages (Art 2197)
a. Actual or Compensatory Damages (Arts 2199-2215)
i. Concept (Art 2199)
ii. Extent and Measure of Damages (Art 2201; Art 2202)
iii. Kinds/Scope
1. Value of Loss (DaoEmergente) (Art 2200)
2.
Unrealized Profit (LucroCesante) (Art 2200)
* Loss of Earning Capacity/Loss of Capacity to Earn (Art 2206)
* Injury to business standing or commercial credit (Art 2205)
Cases: Filipinas Synthetic Fiber Corporation vs. De Los Santos, et. al.,
GR No. 152033, Mar. 16, 2011
Heirs of Simeon Borladovs CA, 363 SCRA 753
CatungalvsHao, 355 SCRA 29
Producers Bank of the Phil vs CA, 365 SCRA 326
PpvsArabia, 365 SCRA 34
Ppvs Singh, 360 SCRA 404
PpvsPajotal, 368 SCRA 674
Pp. vs. Abrazaldo, GR No. 124392, Feb. 7, 2003
Lamberi vs. Castillon, GR No. 160709, Feb. 23, 2005
Sps. Quisumbingvs MERALCO, GR No. 142943, 3 Apr 2002
Ppvs Gutierrez, Jr., 302 SCRA 643
Rosales vs. CA, GR No. 126395, Nov. 16, 1998
The Heirs of George Poe vs. Malayan Insurance Co., inc.,
GR No. 156302, Apr. 7, 2009
Heirs of Marcial Ochoa vs. G & S Transport Corp., GR Nos. 170071
& 170125, Mar. 9, 2011
Pp vs. Bgy. Captain Tomas, Sr., et. al., GR No. 192251,
Feb. 16, 2011
PpvsMangahas, 311 SCRA 384
Pan Malayan vs CA, Apr 3, 1990
Rizal Surety & Insurance Co. vs MRR Co., 23 SCRA 205
3. Fixed Damages/Civil Indemnity (Art 2206)
Cases: PpvsIlagan (en banc), GR No. 144595, Aug 6, 2003
Ppvs De Castro (en banc), GR Nos. 148056-61, Oct 8, 2003
PpvsCanoy (en banc), GR Nos. 148139-43, Oct 15, 2003
Ppvs Pascua, GR No. 151858, Nov 27, 2003
PpvsOlaybar, GR No. 150630-31, Oct 1, 2003
Pp vs. Esquibel, GR No. 192465, June 8, 2011
Torts and Damages: Outline
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Pp vs. Anticamara, et. al., GR No. 178771, June 8, 2011

4.
Attorneys Fees (Art 2208)
Cases: Bicarmevs CA, GR 51914, Jun 6, 1990
Universal Shipping Lines, Inc. vs IAC, Jul 31, 1990
Radiowealth Finance Co. vs International Corp. Bank,
Feb 28, 1990
Dr. Reyes vs CA, GR No. 154448, Aug 15, 2003
Great Asian Sales Center Corp. vs CA, GR No. 5774, Apr 25, 2002

FBNI vs. AMEC, GR No. 141994, Jan. 17, 2005

Interest (Art 2209-2212)
*BSP Circular No.799, Series of 2013
Cases: TioKheChiovs CA, GR 76101-02, Sep 30, 1991
Crismina Garments, Incvs CA, GR No. 128721, Mar 9, 1999
Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Chief, PNP vs.
De Guzman, GR No. 175021, Jun 15, 2011
Nacar vs. Gallery Frames and/or Bordey, Jr., GR No. 189871,
August 13, 2013 (En banc)
iv. Mitigation of Liability (Arts 2203, 2204, 2214, 2215)
Doctrine of Avoidable Consequences (Art 2203)
b. Moral Damages (Arts 2217-2220)
i. Scope/Concept (Art 2217)
ii. Proof and Proximate Cause (Art 2216)
iii. Cases when award is proper (Arts 2219-220)
iv. Factors to consider amount
Cases: Cacherovs Manila Yellow Taxicab Co., Inc, 101 Phil 523
Filinvest Credit Corp vs Mendez, Jul 31, 1987
Guitavs CA, Nov 11, 1985
Heirs of Justivavs CA, Jan 31, 1963
Expert Travel & Tours, Inc. vs CA and Ricardo Lo, GR No. 130030,
Jun 25, 1999
PpvsBagcal, 350 SCRA 402
PpvsPlazo, 350 SCRA 433
Morris vs CA, 352 SCRA 428
Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co. vs Wong, 359 SCRA 608
PpvsGivera, 349 SCRA 513
Triple Eight Integrated Services, Inc. vs NLRC, 299 SCRA 608
Litonja Group of Companies vsVigan, 360 SCRA 194
Escarlos, GR No. 148 912, Sep 10. 2003
Pp vs. Pirame, 327 SCRA 552
Northwest Orient Airlines vs. CA, 186 SCRA 440
Bagumbayan Corp. vs. IAC, 132 SCRA 441
R & B Surety and Insurance Co. vs. IAC, 129 SCRA 736
Mayo vs. Pp., 204 SCRA 642
Martinez (en banc), GR No. 137519, Mar 16, 2004
QC Govt. vs. Dacara, GR No. 150304, Jun 15, 2005
Buenaventuravs CA, et. al., GR Nos. 127358 & 127449, Mar 31,
2005
Pp. vs. Junior Bang-Ayan, GR No. 172870, Sep 22, 2006
Garcia vs. People of the Phil., GR No. 171951, Aug. 28, 2009
Pp. vs. Lazaro (Bening), GR No. 186379, Aug. 19, 2009
Pp. vs. Laboa, GR No. 185711, Aug. 24, 2009
Meralco Vs. Sps. Edito and Felicidad Chua, et al.,
G.R. No. 160422. July 5, 2010
c. Nominal Damages (Arts 2221-2225)
i. Concept (Art 2221)
ii. Cases when award is proper (Art 2222)
Cases: Robes-Francisco Realty and Development Corp vs CFI, 86 SCRA 59
Sumaplongvs CA, 268 SCRA 764, 775-776, 1997
Japan Airlines vs CA, 294 SCRA 19, 1998
Vda. De Medina vsCresencia, 99 SCRA 506, 510
Armovitvs CA, 184 SCRA 476
Reyes vs. Registry of Deeds, et. al., GR No. 166516, Sep. 3, 2009
Regala vs. Carin, GR No. 188715, Apr 6, 2011-08-31
Pp vs. Marquez, GR No. 181440, Apr 13, 2011
d. Temperate or Moderate Damages (Arts 2224-2225)
i. Concept (Art 2224)
ii. When may be recovered (Art 2224)
Cases: Plenovs CA, GR No. 56505, May 9, 1988
Ramos, et al. vs CA, GR No. 124354, Dec 29, 1999
GSIS vsLabung-Deang, 365 SCRA 341
De la Cruz, GR No. 152176, Oct. 1, 2003
Pp. vs. Ismael Mokammad, et. al., GR No. 180594, Aug. 19, 2009
5.

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Pp vs. NganoSugan, et. al., GR No. 192789, Mar 23, 2011

Pp vs. Abao, GR No. 188323, Feb. 26, 2011
e. Liquidated Damages (Arts 2226-2228)

i. Concept (Art 2226)

ii. Nature (Art 2227)

iii. When court to determine measure of damages (Art 2228)

Cases: Radiowealth Finance Co. vsSps. Del Rosario, GR No. 138739, Jul 6, 2000
Filinvest vs. CA, GR No. 138980, Sep 20, 2005
Urban Consolidated ConstructorsPhil., Inc. vs. The Insular Life,
GR No. 180824, Aug. 24, 2009
f. Exemplary or Corrective Damages (Arts 2229-2235)
i. Nature (Arts 2229-2233)
ii. When awarded (Arts 2230-2232)
Cases: Martinez (en banc), GR No. 137519, Mar 16, 2004
People vsMangompit, Jr. 353 SCRA 833
People vs Carmen, 355 SCRA 267
People vsBataller, 361 SCRA 302
Pacific Airways, Ltd. Vs NLRC, 362 SCRA 316
People vsRemudo, 364 SCRA 61
People vsAriola, 366 SCRA 539
Ledesma vs. CA, 160 SCRA 449
Palisoc vs. Brillantes, 41 SCRA 548
Suariovs BPI, Aug 25, 1989
Pp. vs. Garchitorena, et. al., GR No. 175605, Aug. 28, 2009
Pp. vs. Diaz, et. al., GR No. 185841, Aug. 4, 2009
Pp. Vs. Saludo GR No. 178406, Apr 6, 2011
Reyes vs. Tuparan, GR No. 188064, Jun 1, 2011
Pp. Vs. Dumadag, GR No. 176740, Jun 22, 2011