Section 1

State whether the following statements are True or False

1-The inner product operation must satisfy 2 conditions.
a- True
b- False
Because: Symmetry axiom - Additively axiom - Homogeneity axiom - Positivity axiom
2-If the columns of A are linearly independent, the equation Ax=b has exactly one least
squares solution
a-True
b-False

A is invertible so we can solve

Ax =

b for x by taking the inverse.

3- In a inner product space (V,(<,.>)) if x and y are unit vectors orthogonal to each other
then || x+y ||=2
a-True
b-False
4-The inner product of two vectors cannot be a negative real number
a-True
b-False
5- if we have
a-True
b-False

then

is

Section 2
1- Which of the following sets of vectors are orthogonal with respect to the Euclidean inner
product on R2
a- (0,6), (7,0)
b- (3,4),(2,6)
c- (6,9),(5,2)
d- (0,0), (0,6)

2-if
a-9
b-5
c-

d-7

so

equal

Solution : (

(u , v)

uv

9
3 3
3
=
=
18 30 2 3 3 5 2 15

3-Find the cosine of the angle, , between p = x - x2, and q = 2 + 2x + 2x2

a-0
b-3
c-6
d-9

solution : p=(0,1,-1 ) & q= (2,2,2 )

p ,q >(1 2)( 1 2 )=22=0

cos =0

4-Let <u, v> be the Euclidean inner product on R2, and

let

then

is

a-8
b-27
c-6
d-9
Solution : ( u , v )=( 4 3 )+ (5 3 )=12+15=27
5-A straight line is
a- y=ax+b
b-a+bx+cx2
d- a+bx+c2+dx3
d-none of the above

Section 3
1-Compute u, v using the inner product on M22.

Solution : ( u , v )=( 9 1 ) + (8 9 )+ ( 9 1 ) +( 1 18 )
9+ (72 )+ 9+18=54

2- Let R3 have the Euclidean inner product. Find the cosine of the angle, ,
between =(-1,6,2) and
Solution :

(4,3,-5)

( u , v )=(1 4 ) + ( 6 3 ) + ( 2 5 ) =4+18+10=4

||u||=12+ 62+ 22= 1+ 36+4= 41

||v||= 42 +32 +52= 16+ 9+ 25= 50

(

(u , v)
4
4
=
=
uv 41 50 5 82

3- Find the least squares solution of the linear equation

Solution :

A AX= A b

[[

( AT A ) = 21 25
1

[ ][

1 1
A T A= 1 2 4 2 3 = 21 25
1 3 5
25 35
4 5

25 35

]]

1
1
=
110
( 21 35 )( 25 25 )

[]

2
A T b= 1 2 4 1
1 3 5
2

[ ][ ]

35
1 35 25
110
=
110 25 21
25
110

25
7
110
22
=
21
5
110
22

5
22
21
110

[ ][][ ][ ]

7
1 T
T
22
X =( A A ) A b=
5
22

5
28 25
31
+
22
8
11 11
22
=
=
21
5
20 21
19
+
110
11 22
22

4-calculate (u-2v, 3u+4v).

Solution : ( u2 v )=1( 2 4 ) ,6( 2 3 ) , 2( 2 5 )= (9,0,12 )
( 3 u ,2 v ) =( 3 1 )+ ( 4 4 ) , ( 3 6 )+ ( 4 3 ) , ( 3 2 ) + ( 4 5 ) =(13,30,14 )

5- Apply the Gram Schmidt process to transform the basis vectors

u1=(1,1,1), u2=(0,1,1), u3=(0,0,1), into a orthogonal basis(v1,v2,v3)
Solution :
Step1 : v 1=u 1=( 1,1,1 )

Step2 :

v 2=u 2 proj w 1 u2

2
2 1 1
( 0,1,1 ) ( 1,1,1 )=
, ,
3
3 3 3

(u , v )
2

||v 1||

v1

v 3=u3 proj w 1 u3

v 1= (1,1,1 ) , v 2=

( u3 , v 1 )
v 1

v2

1
1
3 2 1 1
1 1
( 0,1,1 ) ( 1,1,1, )
, , = 0, ,
3
2 3 3 3
2 2
3

( 23 , 13 , 13 ) , v (0, 12 , 12 )
3

From the orthogonal basis from

|v 1|=

)(

( 13 , 13 , 13 )

v
q 1 1

q2

v2

||v 2||

R3

2 1 1
,
,
6 6 6

the norm of these vector are :

q3

v3

||v3||

= 0,

1 1
,
2 2

6- Find the least squares solution of the linear equation

x1

- x 2 =4

3 x1 +2 x 2

=1

2 x 1+ 4 x 2

=3

Solution :

[ ] []

1 1
4
A= 3
2 b= 1
2 4
3

A AX= A b

A A=

[ ][

1 1
1 3 2
14 3
3
2 =
1 2 4
3 21
2 4

the normal system A AX=A b :

][ ] [ ]

14 3 x1 = 1
3 21 x2
10

A b=

( A A ) = 14 3
3 21
T

[][ ]

4
1 3 2
1
1 =
1 2 4
10
3

1
1
=
( 14 21 ) 3 3 285

[ ][ ]
[ ][ ][ ][ ]

21
1 21 3
285
=
285 3 14
3
285

3
7
285
95
=
14
1
285
95

7
1 T
T
95
X =( A A ) A b :
1
95

1
95
14
285

1
7 2
17
+
95
1
95 19
95

=
=
14
10
1 28
143
+
285
95 57
285

x 1=

17
143
, x 2=
95
285

7- Find the error :

bAx =

[ ][ ]

95
1232
17
285
285
4
1 1
4
95
439
154
=1
=
1 3
2
143
285
285
3 2 4
3
285
95
4
57
3

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]

least-squares error :

[ ]

1232
285
4
154
b Ax= 1
=3.782
285
3
4
3

[]