The document summarizes an experiment to separate and purify a three-component mixture containing o-toluic acid, fluorene, and 1,4-dibromobenzene. The mixture was dissolved in methylene chloride and centrifuged to isolate 1,4-dibromobenzene. The liquid was washed with sodium hydroxide to remove o-toluic acid, which was precipitated from the solution using hydrochloric acid. Fluorene was isolated from the remaining liquid by evaporation. The procedure achieved 92.95% recovery of the components with yields over 90% for each. Melting point tests confirmed the identity of the separated substances.
The document summarizes an experiment to separate and purify a three-component mixture containing o-toluic acid, fluorene, and 1,4-dibromobenzene. The mixture was dissolved in methylene chloride and centrifuged to isolate 1,4-dibromobenzene. The liquid was washed with sodium hydroxide to remove o-toluic acid, which was precipitated from the solution using hydrochloric acid. Fluorene was isolated from the remaining liquid by evaporation. The procedure achieved 92.95% recovery of the components with yields over 90% for each. Melting point tests confirmed the identity of the separated substances.
The document summarizes an experiment to separate and purify a three-component mixture containing o-toluic acid, fluorene, and 1,4-dibromobenzene. The mixture was dissolved in methylene chloride and centrifuged to isolate 1,4-dibromobenzene. The liquid was washed with sodium hydroxide to remove o-toluic acid, which was precipitated from the solution using hydrochloric acid. Fluorene was isolated from the remaining liquid by evaporation. The procedure achieved 92.95% recovery of the components with yields over 90% for each. Melting point tests confirmed the identity of the separated substances.
Experiment 10: A Separation and Purification Scheme
Name: Colin Kenney
Date: June 16, 2015 Prelab / Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to devise a purification and separation scheme for a certain three component mixture. The mixture under study was 50% o-toluic acid, 40% fluorene, and 10% 1,4 dibromobenzene. The following reagents were available for use during this experiment: 1 M sodium hydroxide, 6 M sodiumhydroxide, 1 M hydrochloric acid, 6 M hydrochloric acid, 1 M sodium bicarbonate, saturated sodium chloride, diethyl ether, 95% ethanol, methanol, isopropyl, alcohol, acetone, hexane, toluene, methylene, chloride, and granular anhydrous sodium sulfate. The goal of this experiment was to use these reagents, as well as techniques and procedueres from previous labs, and isolate two of the three compounds contained in the mixture with as high yield as possible. Procedure Approximately 0.5 grams of the mixture was weighed and the mass recorded. To dissolve the mixture, it was mixed with 4 mL of methylene chloride. The solution was centrifuged and liquid was transferred to a second tube. The solid that remained, 1,4 dibromobenzene, was then weighed and recorded. The liquid was then washed with two 4 mL portions of 1 M sodium hydroxide. After each washing, the top aqueous layer was removed with a filter-tip pipet and moved into a beaker. Then 6 M HCl was added to the beaker until the pH was approximately 1-2. The solution was stirred and cooled in an ice bath for five minutes before being vacuum filtrated. The solid, o-toluic acid, was then dried in the oven and its mass was recorded. To the centrifuged liquid, anhydrous sodium sulfate was added and the solution was shaken before sitting for five minutes. The liquid was then transferred to a beaker and the liquid was evaporated in a warm water bath. The mass of the solid that remained, fluorene, was then recorded. Finally, the melting points of the final two solids were measured and recorded. Materials 2 centrifuge tubes 4 mL methylene chloride 8 mL 1 M NaOH 2 filter-tip pipets 1-2 mL 6 M HCl Erlenmeyer flask Funnel and filter paper Large beaker for ice bath Heating plate 1 small beaker Data and Calculations Weight of unkown: 0.5095 g Weight of centrifuge tube 1: 3.6278 g
Weight of tube 1 and 1,4 dibromobenzene: 3.6748
Weight of watch glass and filter paper: 58.7191 g Weight of watch glass, filter paper, and o-toluic acid: 58.9592 g Weight of beaker: 21.0387 Weight of beaker and fluorene: 21.2249 Weight of 1,4 dibromobenzene = 3.6748 g 3.6728 g = 0.047 g Weight of o-toluic acid = 58.9592 g - 58.7191 g = 0.2401 g Weight of fluorene = 21.2249 - 21.0387 = 0.1862 g Theoretical yields: o-toluic acid = (0.5)(0.5095) = 0.2548 fluorene = (0.4)(0.5095) = 0.2038 1,4 dibromobenzene = (0.1)(0.5095) = 0.05095 Percent recovery = (0.047 + 0.2401 + 0.1862) / 0.5095 = 92.95% Percent composition: Percent o-toluic acid = 0.2401/ 0.5095 = 47.12% Percent fluorene = 0.1862 / 0.5095 = 36.55% Percent 1,4 dibromobenzene = 0.047 / .5095 = 9.2% Percent yield: o-toluic acid = 0.2401 / 0.2548 = 94.23% fluorene = 0.1862 / 0.2038 = 91.36% 1,4 dibromobenzene = 0.047 / 0.05095 = 92.30% Melting point ranges: o-toluic acid = 101-103 C fluorene = 110 114 C Results The three components of this mixture, o-toluic acid, 1,4 dibromobenzene, and fluorene were obtained with a 92.95% recovery. The three respective components were also recovered with decently high yields of 94.23%, 91.36%, and 92.30%. The melting point ranges of o-toluic acid and fluorene were measured to be 101-103 C and 110-114 C, respetively. The three compounds were all white solids. Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to devise an experimental procedure and separation scheme for a three component mixture of o-toluic acid, fluorene, and 1,4 dibromobenzene. To a great extent, the purpose of this exerpiment was met as the devised procedure was succesful in identifying and separating the three components in this mixture. The separation of the compounds is corrborated by the fact that accurate melting point ranges for o-toluic acid and fluorene were obtained. The true melting points for otoluic aid and fluorene are 104-105 C and 116 C respectively, which are close to the measured melting points of 101-103 C and 110-114 C. This indicates that the obtained compounds, although not completely pure, were separated with relatively low impurities.