05 | SET Operators, Windows Functions,

and Grouping

Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Jump Start

05 | SET Operators, Windows Functions, and Grouping
SET operators, Windows functions, GROUPING sets (PIVOT, UNPIVOT, CUBE, ROLLUP)

06 | Modifying Data

INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, use of defaults, constraints, and triggers, OUTPUT

07 | Programming with T-SQL

Using T-SQL programming elements, implementing error handling, understanding and implementing transactions

08 | Retrieving SQL Server Metadata and Improving Query Performance

Querying system catalogs and dynamic management views, creating and executing stored procedures, improving SQL
Server query performance

<SELECT query_1>
<set_operator>
<SELECT query_2>
[ORDER BY <sort_list>]

Purchasing

Sales

-- only distinct rows from both queries are returned

SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail

Purchasing

Sales

-- all rows from both queries are returned

SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION ALL
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail

Using the INTERSECT operator

INTERSECT

Purchasing

Sales

-- only rows that exist in both queries are returned

SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
INTERSECT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail

Using the EXCEPT operator

Sales

Purchasing

-- only rows from Sales are returned

SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
EXCEPT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail

1.
2.

SELECT <column_list>
FROM
<left_table> AS <alias>
CROSS/OUTER APPLY
<derived_table_expression or inline_TVF> AS <alias>

SELECT CustomerID, OrderDate, TotalDue,

SUM(TotalDue) OVER(PARTITION BY CustomerID)
AS TotalDueByCust
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader;
CustomerID
---------11000
11000
11000
11001
11001
11001

OrderDate
-------------------------2007-08-01 00:00:00.000
2007-10-01 00:00:00.000
2006-09-01 00:00:00.000
2007-08-01 00:00:00.000
2006-11-01 00:00:00.000
2007-04-01 00:00:00.000

TotalDue TotalDueByCust
-------- -------------3756.989
9115.1341
2587.8769 9115.1341
2770.2682 9115.1341
2674.0227 7054.1875
3729.364
7054.1875
650.8008 7054.1875

Function

Description

RANK

Returns the rank of each row within the partition of a result

set. May include ties and gaps.

DENSE_RANK

Returns the rank of each row within the partition of a result

set. May include ties but will not include gaps.

ROW_NUMBER

Returns a unique sequential row number within partition

based on current order.

NTILE

Distributes the rows in an ordered partition into a specified

number of groups. Returns the number of the group to which
the current row belongs.

Function

Description

LAG

Returns an expression from a previous row that is a defined offset

from the current row. Returns NULL if no row at specified
position.

LEAD

Returns an expression from a later row that is a defined offset

from the current row. Returns NULL if no row at specified
position.

FIRST_VALUE

Returns the first value in the current window frame. Requires

window ordering to be meaningful.

LAST_VALUE

Returns the last value in the current window frame. Requires

window ordering to be meaningful.

Pivoted data

SELECT VendorID, [250] AS Emp1, [251] AS Emp2,

[256] AS Emp3, [257] AS Emp4, [260] AS Emp5
1.FROM
2.(SELECT PurchaseOrderID, EmployeeID, VendorID
3.FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderHeader) p
PIVOT
(
COUNT (PurchaseOrderID)
FOR EmployeeID IN
Grouping
( [250], [251], [256], [257],
[260] )
) AS pvt
SELECTBY
Category,
[2006],[2007],[2008]
ORDER
pvt.VendorID;
FROM ( SELECT Category, Qty, Orderyear
FROM Sales.CategoryQtyYear) AS D
PIVOT(SUM(QTY)
FOR orderyear
VendorID
Emp1 Emp2 Emp3
Emp4 Emp5
-------- IN([2006],[2007],[2008])
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Spreading
) AS2 pvt;5
1492
4
4
4
1494
2
1496
2
Aggregation

5
4

4
4

5
5

4
5

CREATE TABLE pvt (VendorID int, Emp1 int, Emp2 int,

Emp3 int, Emp4 int, Emp5 int);
GO
INSERT INTO pvt VALUES (1,4,3,5,4,4);
INSERT INTO pvt VALUES (2,4,1,5,5,5);
INSERT INTO pvt VALUES (3,4,3,5,4,4);
GO
SELECT VendorID, Employee, Orders
FROM
(SELECT VendorID, Emp1, Emp2, Emp3, Emp4, Emp5
FROM pvt) p
UNPIVOT
(Orders FOR Employee IN
(Emp1, Emp2, Emp3, Emp4, Emp5)
)AS unpvt;
GO
VendorID Employee Orders
1
Emp1
4
1
Emp2
3

Writing queries with grouping sets

SELECT TerritoryID, CustomerID, SUM(TotalDue) AS
TotalAmountDue
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
GROUP BY
GROUPING SETS((TerritoryID),(CustomerID),());
TerritoryID
CustomerID TotalAmountDue
-------------------------------------SELECT
<column list
with aggregate(s)>
NULL <source>
30116
211671.2674
FROM
NULL BY
30117
919801.8188
GROUP
NULL
313671.5352
GROUPING
SETS( 30118
NULL (<column_name>),--one
NULL
123216786.1159
or
more columns
3
NULL
8913299.2473
(<column_name>),--one
or
more columns
6
NULL
18398929.188
() -- empty
parentheses
if aggregating all rows
9
11814376.0952
); NULL
1
NULL
18061660.371
7
NULL
8119749.346

CUBE and ROLLUP

SELECT TerritoryID, CustomerID, SUM(TotalDue) AS

TotalAmountDue
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
GROUP BY CUBE(TerritoryID, CustomerID)
ORDER BY TerritoryID, CustomerID;

SELECT TerritoryID, CustomerID, SUM(TotalDue) AS

TotalAmountDue
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
GROUP BY ROLLUP(TerritoryID, CustomerID)
ORDER BY TerritoryID, CustomerID;

<SELECT query_1>
<set_operator>
<SELECT query_2>
[ORDER BY <sort_list>]

-- only distinct rows from both queries are returned

SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
-- all rows from both queries are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION ALL
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail

-- only rows that exist in both queries are returned

SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
INTERSECT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
-- only rows from Sales are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
EXCEPT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail

Pivoting data is rotating data from a rows-based orientation to a

columns-based orientation and DISTINCT values from a single
column are displayed across as column headings - may include
aggregation

The GROUPING SETS clause builds on the T-SQL GROUP BY

clause by allowing multiple groups to be defined in the same
query
A CUBE provides a shortcut for defining grouping sets given a
list of columns therefore all possible combinations of GROUPING
SETS are created
A ROLLUP provides a shortcut for defining grouping sets, by
creating combinations with the assumption the input columns
form a hierarchy

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