RETROFITTING MATERIALS

Yogendra Singh Singh

Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkeee

4/20/2010

NEED FOR RETROFITTING

SOURCES OF DEFICIENCY
NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS
SEISMIC FORCES NOT CONSIDERED IN DESIGN
ORIGINAL DESIGN AND DETAILING IS DEFICIENT
DEFICIENCIES IN CONSTRUCTION
CHANGES IN CODE OF PRACTICE
CHANGE IN USAGE OF BUILDING
DETERIORATION OF BUILDING MATERIAL
CORROSION
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STEPS IN RETROFITTING
SETTING OF GOALS
VISUAL INSPECTION AND STUDY OF
DRAWINGS, IF AVAILABLE
IN-SITU TESTING AND PREPARATION
OF AS BUILT DRAWINGS
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
DETAILED EVALUATION
RETROFIT DESIGN

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RETROFITTING GOALS
PERFORMANCE LEVEL DESIRED
COLLAPSE PREVENTION
LIFE SAFETY
IMMEDIATE OCCUPANCY
-----MINIMUM INTERRUPTION TO OCCUPANTS
SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE OVER TIME

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CHALLENGES IN RETROFITTING
AVAILABILITY OF DRAWINGS
IN-SITU ESTIMATION OF STRENGTH
RELIABILITY AND ACCURACY OF
TESTING RESULTS
VARIABILITY IN STRENGTH AND OTHER
PARAMETERS
EVALUATION TOOLS
RETROFIT DESIGN THEORY AND TOOLS

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RETROFITTING STRATEGIES
STARTEGY 1: STRENGTHENING OF STRUCTURE
RETROFITTING IS USUALLY DONE BY ADDING
BRACED FRAMES, SHEAR WALLS, BUTTRESSES OR
OTHER SIMILAR ELEMENTS
THIS WILL RESULT IN INCREASE OF STIFFNESS AS
WELL AS STRENGTH
STARTEGY 2: REDUCING EARTHQUAKE DEMAND
ADDITION OF BASE ISOLATORS OR ENERGY
DISSIPATION UNITS EDUs.
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Retrofitting Materials
Grouts for repair of cracks, strengthening of
masonry and honeycombed concrete.
Bonding agents for enhanced bonding between
old and new concrete, and concrete and
reinforcement.
Replacement and jacketing materials for
replacing the damaged portions, increasing the
size of members, enhancing the confinement
and external reinforcement of the members.
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Injection Grouts
Flowable plastic material
Injected under pressure
Negligible shrinkage
Stable without cracking & delemination

Useful for honeycombed concrete and thin

cracks

Specially useful for historical structures

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Injection Grouts
Cement-Sand Grout
High cement and sand content with a shrinkage
compensating admixture

Gas Forming Grouts

Added Al or C powder forming gas bubbles

Sulfo-aluminate grouts

Anhydrous Sulfo-aluminate additive (6%-10%)

Fibre-Reinforced Grouts

Propylene Fibres (4%-6%)

Steel Fibres (2%-3%)
Glass Fibres ( 2-4%)

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Injection Grouts
Polymer Grouts
Long Chain Hydrocarbons
Polyester, Vinyl ester, Epoxy, Polyurethane, Acrylic
Three Component Grouts for thicker cracks
Two Component Grots for thinner cracks

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Injection Grouts Apparatus

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CEMENT-SAND INJECTION GROUT APPARATUS

Injection Grouts Apparatus

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HAND OPERATED MACHINE FOR EPOXY GROUTING

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AUTOMATIC MACHINE FOR EPOXY GROUTING

Injection Grouting Procedure

Cleaning of crack with compressed air and

removal of loose material, if any.

Drilling of holes (5 to 10 mm) at several places

along the length of the crack.

Placing of 'Ports' or 'Nipples' at the mouth of holes.

If the cracks are wide and accessible from surface T
ports can be installed.

On vertical surfaces, the injection is started from the

lowest port till it comes out from the upper nipple.

The port is sealed and injection is started from the

upper port. After hardening of the epoxy in a day or
so, the sealing resin paste is removed.
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Fixing of Nipples

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Fixing of Nipples

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Replacement and Jacketing

Materials
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Same appearance and thermal movement

Cheap and no special skill required

Shrinkage compensating agent

Higher strength ( at least 5 MPa) than existing concrete

High workability, super plasticizers

Smaller aggregate size

PREPLACED CONCRETE
DRY PACK
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Replacement and Jacketing

Materials
SHOTCRETE / GUNNITING

Applied under pressure

Low water content

No frame work required

Can be applied on any surface

Low permeability & shrinkage

Special equipment is required

Dry Mix Type & Wet Mix Type

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Shotcrete Machine

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Replacement and Jacketing

Materials
POLYMER MODIFIED CONCRETE

Polymer latex

Redispersible powder

Better workability

Low permeability

High tensile and bending strength

Improved adhesion and bond with existing concrete

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Jacketing Material
FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS (FRP)
Unidirectional
advanced
composite
materials
Glass
fibre/polyester
GFRP laminate
Carbon/epoxy
CFRP laminate
Aramid/epoxy
AFRP laminate
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Fibre
content
(% by
weight)

Density E (Long.) Tensile

(kg/m3)
(GPa) strength
(MPa)

50-80

16002000

20-55

4001800

65-75

16001900

120-250

12002250

60-70

10501250

40-125

10001800

Jacketing Material
FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS (FRP)

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The
surfaces
are
lightly
ground
to
promote
adhesion
and to
radius
the
corners
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After
priming
the areas
to be
repaired,
adhesive
putty is
applied to
fill any
bug
holes or
surface
irregularities

The prewetted
Velacarb
is
carefully
applied to
the
column
and
smoothed
out.
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The
upper
layers
are
applied.

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The final
check of
the
Velacarb
for air
bubbles

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A
finished
and
cured
repair.

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Joint

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Effect of FRP Confinement

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Confinement of Beams
Steel Stirrups
Confined

180
160

GFRP Single
Layer Confined

Moment (kNm)

140
120

GFRP Two
Layer Confined

100

GFRP Three
Layer Confined

80
60

GFRP Four
Layer Confined

40
20
0
0

0.05

0.1

Curvature (m-1)
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0.15

0.2

Confinement of Columns
20000

Steel Stirrups
Confined
GFRP Single Layer
Confined

Axial Force (kN)

15000

GFRP Two Layer

Confined

10000

GFRP Three Layer

Confined

5000

GFRP Four Layer

Confined

0
-500

0
-5000

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500
Moment (kNm)

1000

1500

Confinement of Columns
Steel Stirrups
Confined

800

Moment (kNm)

700

GFRP Single
Layer Confined

600

GFRP Two
Layer Confined

500
400

GFRP Three
Layer Confined

300
200

GFRP Four
Layer Confined

100
0
0
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0.1
Curvature (m-1)

0.2

0.3

THANK YOU !

4/20/2010