Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
TM
Training
Gudnar Rodriguez
Venezuela & Caribbean Region Manager
BASIC
ELECTROMAGNETISM
THEORY
Electromagnetism
Emerson Confidential
Emerson Confidential
Electromagnetism
Emerson Confidential
Electromagnetism
Emerson Confidential
Alternate Currents
Emerson Confidential
Alternate Currents
Emerson Confidential
DC MOTORS
Emerson Confidential
Armature
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Armature
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Emerson Confidential
Exploded View
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Final Assembly
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Emerson Confidential
Emerson Confidential
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Emerson Confidential
Enclosures
Dripproof Separately
Ventilated (DPPV or DPSV)
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Totally Enclosed
Separately Ventilated
(TEPV or TESV)
Enclosures
Totally Enclosed NonVentilated (TENV)
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SR motor
75kW
motor
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Emerson Confidential
Emerson Confidential
Emerson Confidential
INDUCTION MOTORS
Rotor
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Stator Frame
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Induction Motor
Emerson Confidential
A/C INDUCTION
MOTOR TYPES
Shaded Pole
Description: A single-phase motor with a
main winding and shading coil (magnetic
short circuit located around the air gap).
Emerson Confidential
Shaded Pole
Principle Use: Direct drive shaft mounted fans
Advantages:
Low cost
Multi-speed operation
Slow acceleration rate
No starting device required
Requires little space
Disadvantages:
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Split Phase
DESCRIPTION: A single-phase motor with a main
winding and an auxiliary winding which is energized
only during the starting operation.
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Split Phase
PRINCIPLE USE: Belt-drive applications
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Moderate cost
Moderate starting torque
Not easily adapted to multi-speed
Moderate full-load current
High starting current
Easily reversed
High starting torque
Constant speed with varying input voltage
Requires starting device
Good efficiency
Emerson Confidential
CAP START
(Capacitor start, split phase)
Emerson Confidential
CAP START
(Capacitor start, split phase)
Principle Use: Belt-driven applications
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Very high starting torque
High accelerating torque
Moderate starting current
Moderate full-load current
Dual voltage
Easily reversed
Good efficiency
Emerson Confidential
High cost
Requires starting device
Not easily adapted to multi-speed
Very high starting torque
High accelerating torque
Three-Phase Motors
Description: A motor with three separate
windings, each connected to one leg of the
power source.
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Three-Phase Motors
Principle Use: Commercial & Industrial applications
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Emerson Confidential
HP
SPEED
TYPE
RANGE
RANGE
SHADED
UP TO
MULTI-SPEED
Freezer blowers
POLE
1/2 HP
1050
Low efficiency,
Hair dryers
1550
Unit heaters
3000
Space heaters
Window fans
Non-reversible
Humidifiers
Floor fans
Seed cleaners
PERMANANENT
SPLIT
UP TO
MULTI-SPEED
1 HP
825
CAPACITOR
SPLIT PHASE
CAPACITOR
START
COST
VERY LOW
LOW
CHARACTERISTICS
Poultry
1075
Condenser fans
Hogs
1625
Evaporator fans
Cattle
3250
Furnance blowers
Window fans
Unit heaters
Door operators
UP TO
850
Oil burners
1.5 HP
1140
MODERATE
AC fans, blowers
Poultry feeders
1725
Office machines
Attic fans
3450
Furnance blowers
Home appliances
Small tools
Door operators
Lathes
1/6 TO
850
Compressors
Barn cleaners
10 HP
1140
MODERATE
Conveyors
Vacuum pumps
1725
Pumps
Manure pumps
Augers
Milk coolers
3450
3-PHASE
TYPICAL USES
1/4 HP
850
MODERATE TO
and UP
1140
HIGH
Machine tools
Elevators
Grain stirrers
Cattle feeders
Ventilation fans
Drying fans
Food equipment
Gear motors
Compressors
Barn cleaners
Simple construction:
Conveyors
Vacuum pumps
1725
Pumps
Manure pumps
3450
Dependable
Augers
Milk coolers
Dual rotation
Emerson Confidential
Machine tools
Elevators
Grain stirrers
Cattle feeders
Ventilation fans
Drying fans
Food equipment
Gear motors
Motor
Know- How
Miners Law #1
MOST MOTORS USUALLY FAIL
BECAUSE OF
SYSTEM PROBLEMS...
NOT
MANUFACTURING PROBLEMS !
Emerson Confidential
Manufacturing Tests
100% STATIC HIPOT ( GROUND TEST)
100% RUN TEST
100% NO-LOAD WATTS
100% NO-LOAD AMPS
100% DYNAMIC HIPOT (GROUND TEST)
100% NOISE TEST
SAMPLE PLAN TESTS:
FULL-LOAD WATTS
FULL-LOAD AMPS
FULL-LOAD TORQUE
LOCKED ROTOR TEST
SPEED TORQUE CURVE TEST
THERMOSTAT TRIP TEST
Emerson Confidential
Motor Facts
1. TYPE OF POWER (PHASE)
2. MOTOR TYPE
3. HORSEPOWER
4. REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM)
5. THERMAL PROTECTION TYPE
6. ENCLOSURE
7. BEARING TYPE
8. VOLTAGE
9. MOUNTING
Emerson Confidential
C 04C
Emerson Confidential
Emerson Confidential
Rule of Thumb
Commonly, motors are connected at
the factory as follows:
BELOW 1/2 HORSEPOWER...........115 VOLTS
1/2 AND ABOVE..............................230 VOLTS
and ABOVE
What is my RPM?
Emerson Confidential
NO LOAD RPM
3600
3000-3450
1800
1550-1750
1200
1075-1125
900
650-850
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Emerson Confidential
What is my RPM?
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Front End
N-W
V
U
BA
SHAFT HEIGHT
42
2 5/8 or 42/16
48
56
3 1/2 or 56/16
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or 48/16
or
7 inches.
Emerson Confidential
C = FACE MOUNT
H = HAS 2F DIMENSION LARGER THAN SAME FRAME
WITHOUT H SUFFIX
J = FACE MOUNT TO FIT JET PUMP
JM,JP = FACE MOUNT TO FIT CLOSE-COUPLED PUMPS
K = HAS HUB FOR SUMP PUMP MOUNTING
M = FLANGE MOUNT FOR OIL BURNER-5 1/2 RABBET DIA.
N = FLANGE MOUNT FOR OIL BURNER - 6 3/8 RABBET DIA.
T,TS = INTREGAL HP MOTOR DIMENSION NEMA STANDARDS
SET IN 1964
U = INTREGAL HP MOTOR DIMENSION NEMA STANDARD SET
IN 1953
Y = NON-STANDARD MOUNTING, SEE MANUFACTURES
DRAWING
Z = NON-STANDARD SHAFT EXTENSION (N min. U dimension)
Emerson Confidential
Frames
Emerson Confidential
IEC Frames
Example:
Frame 355 S
H: 355 mm = 35,5 cm
S= Short (distance between the base holes)
H (mm)
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Protector (Thermal)
A device assembled as an integral part of the motor which
protects the motor against overheating due to an overload or
failure to start. The words thermally protected on the nameplate
indicate the motor is provided with a thermal protector.
AUTOMATIC RESET
A protector that resets automatically after it has cooled sufficiently.
MANUAL RESET
A protector that once tripped remains open until manually reset,
usually by means of an external reset button. It cannot be reset
until the protector has cooled sufficiently.
NONE
No thermal protection included in the motor
Emerson Confidential
Enclosures (ENCL)
OP = OPEN
ODP = OPEN DRIP-PROOF
AO = AIR OVER
TE = TOTALLY ENCLOSED
TEAO = TOTALLY ENCLOSED AIR OVER
TENV = TOTALLY ENCLOSED NON-VENTED
TEFC = TOTALLY ENCLOSED FAN-COOLED
EXP-PRF = HAZARDOUS LOCATION
(EXPLOSION PROOF)
Emerson Confidential
Motor Enclosures
Open (OP)
Totally Enclosed
Non-Vented (TENV)
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Totally Enclosed
Fan Cooled (TEFC)
Totally Enclosed
Air-Over (TEAO)
Hazardous Location
Totally Enclosed
Fan Cooled
(HAZ-LOC,TEFC)
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Motor Mountings
Yoke Mount
Resilient or Cradle Base
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Emerson Confidential
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115 VOLTS
WHITE
BLACK
YELLOW
BLUE
ORANGE
RED
BROWN &
BROWN W/ WHITE
TRACER
230 VOLTS
PURPLE
BLACK
YELLOW
BLUE
ORANGE
RED
BROWN &
BROWN W/ WHITE
TRACER
1/2 HP Load
1/3 HP Load
1/4 HP
HIGH
1200
1075
1100
1125
MED
1200
1000
1075
1100
LOW
1200
900
1000
1075
Reminder:
Actual RPM is determined by actual load!
Emerson Confidential
Service Factor
EXAMPLE:
Emerson Confidential
Motor Lubrication
z
Prelubricated Bearings
No further Lubrication Required
Emerson Confidential
Causes of Heat
LOW VOLTAGE
OVER VOLTAGE
HIGH AMBIENT
REDUCED AIR FLOW
FOREIGN MATERIAL IN MOTOR
DIRTY FILTERS
APPLICATION OVERLOAD
MISAPPLICATION
Emerson Confidential
Causes of Heat
Temperatures shown in C
Service Factor
1.00
Purpose
1.15 and up
Alarm
Shutdown
Alarm
Shutdown
Open Motors
N.O.
95
118
140
106
132
150
106
132
150
118
140 160
Without
N.C.
100
120
140
110
130
150
110
130
150
120
140 160
Ducts:
N.C. (R&T)
100
120
140
110
130
150
110
130
150
120
140 160
Open Motors
N.O.
106
132
150
118
140
160
118
140
150
132
150 160
N.C.
110
130
150
120
140
160
120
140
150
130
150 160
TEFC Motors:
N.C. (R&T)
110
130
150
120
140
160
120
140
150
130
150 160
Emerson Confidential
Efficiency Levels
EFFICIENCY
Best in Market
NEMA 12-10
Standard
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
78
3
7,5
10
15
20
HORSEPOWER RATING
Emerson Confidential
25
30
Efficiency
Winding Temperature
Frame Temperature
Starting Current
Starting Torque
FLA
Bearing Temperature.
Warranty
-------------------------
1-6% better
less
less
slightly more
same
higher
(8-15)C less
1-2 years more
Emerson Confidential
Standard
IEC 34-2 (International)
BS-269 (British)
JEC-37 (Japanese)
IEEE 112 Method B (USA)
Emerson Confidential
7.5 HP
82.3%
82.3%
85.0%
80.3%
20 HP
89.4%
89.4%
90.4%
86.9%
Insulation Systems
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS F
CLASS H
Emerson Confidential
Power
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Inrush
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Application
Enclosure
Mounting
Bearing and seals
Starting Method
Operation Characteristics
Protection
Enviroment
Emerson Confidential
Standard Motors
O&G
High
841 PLUS
(CE)
Performance
P&P
PREMIUM EFF.
CORRO-DUTY
(TCE)
Mining
HOSTILE
DUTY
(FCT)
Agriculture
Low
Performance
UNIMOUNT
(FUT)
ODP
(FR, FD)
ROLLED
STEEL
(FS)
Fans / Pumps /
Compressors
Less
High
Price
Emerson Confidential
Starting Methods
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Current
600-1000%
Voltage
100%
0%
0
Time (sec)
(t)
Starting Methods
Emerson Confidential
CURRENT
ACROSS
LINE
600%
AUTO
TRANSFORMER
SOLID
STATE
STARTER
STAR DELTA
0
SPEED
Emerson Confidential
Solution:
Pump Control
Mode
Softstart
Ramp Down
Monitoring
Emerson Confidential
Emerson Confidential
Solution:
Crusher Duty
Solution:
Softstart
Incorrect Rotation
Ramp Down
Monitoring
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Solution:
High Torque or
Current Starts
Shaft Power
Monitoring
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Solution:
Mechanical
shock for
compressor,
motor, and
transmission
Small fuses
Wrong
direction
rotation
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Linear torque
ramp
Phase
sequence
alarm
Shaft power
monitoring
Problems:
High Inertia Load
Controlled Stop
Positioning for Loading or
Unloading of Material
Solution:
Torque Ramp For Linear
Acceleration
Dynamic DC Braking without
Contactors
Slow Speed Control for
Positioning
Shaft Power Monitoring
Emerson Confidential
Solution:
Linear Acceleration
PLANERS
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Solution:
Different Materials
Control Material Viscosity
Broken or Damaged Blades
Two Speed Motors
MIXERS
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Emerson Confidential
z
z
z
z
z
z
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Starting Methods
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PIPs
Internal company specifications
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Emerson Confidential
New API547
API 541
z
z
z
API 547
Critical
application
High Risk / z Critical application
Exposure
z Moderately
Highly
Engineered / Spec
Engineered
3 page requirements
On-site
Support
Upfront z Medium Risk
requirement
z Speed of delivery
s
Long
z Cost
Manufacturing
time
Emerson Confidential
IEEE 841/
Severe Duty
z
z
z
z
Redundant and
Non-critical
application
Limited spec
Low Risk
Speed of delivery
Application Guidelines
Application
IEEE 841
API 547
API 541
Coupled Loads
Belted Loads
Centrifugal Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
Centrifugal Pumps
Induction Generators
Division 2 (Zone 2)
Questions?
Emerson Confidential
VARIDYNETM-I
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Presentation Content
z
What is VFD
Terminology
Emerson Confidential
Inverter ( ~ )
All of the above terms refer to electronic equipment
that primarily control the speed of an induction motor by
frequency and voltage control
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Motor Speed
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V/F Ratio
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Constant Torque
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Volts/Hz
VFD
s as part of larger systems
VFDs
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Block Diagram
Diagram-- Typical VFD
Rectifier
Intermediate
Circuit
Ctrl. & Regln. Ckt.
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Inverter
Intermediate
Circuit
Inverter
Control. Ckt.
AC Line voltage is fed to the rectifier section where it is turned into pulsating
DC by the rectifier diodes
This voltage is then fed to the inverter section where it is chopped up into an
AC voltage of the desired frequency.
Emerson Confidential
Rectifier Configurations
Uncontrolled rectifiers
Controlled rectifiers
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Soft
-Charge Circuit
Soft-Charge
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DC
-Link
DC-Link
The Intermediate Circuit / DC
Link
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Required in
applications with quick
stops(dynamic braking)
External brake resistor
ordered separately
Excess voltage,
dissipated as heat
Also used to discharge
the capacitors when the
drive is shut down.
Emerson Confidential
Inverter Section
Emerson Confidential
Pulse
-width Modulation(PWM)
Pulse-width
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Voltage
10
20
30
40
50
% Speed
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60
70
80
90
100
Load Speed
Supply Voltage
Time
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Actual Drive
Frequency
jumps past
critical points
Actual Drive
Frequency
Set Point
Skip Frequency 1
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Skip Frequency 2
Independent PID
-
Level
Set Point
Level Transducer
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Reference
Feedback
P
I
D
Output
Drive Frequency
24
ENERGY
kWh
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Motor: 100HP
Drive: 120KVA
Application: Progressive
Cavity Pump
Emerson Confidential
Bara
Motatn Field
Beam (Rod)
Pump
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1 x 125HP
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Wrap
-Up
Wrap-Up
z
Emerson Confidential
Questions?
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