Background

Literature Study

Existing Condition

Innovation Implementation

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

1. Explosive Concept
a. Definition of Explosive
An explosive is a substance which, when properly initiated, is very rapidly converted to gases at high temperature and
pressure. This process is called detonation. A litre of modern high explosive will expand to around 1000 litres within
milliseconds (ICI 1997), creating pressures in a blast hole of the order of 10,000 MPa (1,450,000 psi). Temperatures range
from 1650-3870oC and the velocity of detonation (VOD) is so high (2500-8000 m/s) that the power of a single charge is
around 25,000 MW.

b. Classification of Explosive
Explosive

Low Explosive Industrial Explosive High Explosive

VoD < 2000 m/sec VoD 2000 – 7000 m/sec VoD > 7000 m/sec
(gunpowder, fireworks) (Anzomex, ANFO) (TNT, PETN)
VoD = Velocity of Detonation (m/sec)
Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang
2. Explosive Properties
a. Effective Energy
Effective energy is defined as the total energy released by
the explosive gases as they expand and do useful work
from the initial detonation down to a cut-off pressure of
100 MPa.
b. VoD (Velocity of Detonation)
The velocity of detonation (VOD) is the rate at which the
detonation wave travels along an explosive column. The
greater the VOD the greater the power or ‘shattering’
effect of an explosive.
c. Density
The density of a explosive determines the charge weight
per meter of hole.
d. Detonation Pressure
Detonation pressure is the pressure in the reaction zone as
an explosive detonates. It is a significant indicator of the
ability of an explosive to produce good fragmentation. A
high detonation pressure is one of the desirable
characteristics in a primer (Atlas 1987).
e. Sensitivity
Sensitivity is a measure of the ease with which an explosive
Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang
can be detonated by heat, friction or shock and of its ability
to propagate that detonation.
f. Water Resistance
ANFO has no water resistance whilst emulsions and slurries
have excellent water resistance.
g. Physical Characteristic
ANFO is a granular material, which is loose and free-
flowing. It can be readily poured into a blast hole from bags
or blown in from a large container by means of compressed
air. Bulk emulsions are gel-like in consistency and can be
pumped into blast holes from large containers; other
emulsions are more like putty and can be packaged in
plastic sausage-shaped cartridges that are easy to load by
hand into a blast hole.
h. Fume Characteristic
The gases produced by the detonation of an explosive
consist mostly of non-toxic carbon dioxide, nitrogen and
steam. However, small amounts of toxic gases are also
produced, the main ones being carbon monoxide and
oxides of nitrogen.
 3. Basic Concept of Blasting Optimization
Loader Productivity

Zone of Blast Optimization

Loading
Cost
Explosive
Cost of Explosive

Cost of Loading
Cost

Optimum Blasting
Performance
&
Explosive Energy Level

Drilling
Cost
Powder Factor

a. The increasing of powder factor value will be followed by the increasing of drilling cost  because the needed of
ANFO will be also higher.
b. Powder factor is ratio between Volume of Mass of ANFO and Blasted Material.
𝑨𝑵𝑭𝑶 (𝒌𝒈)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 =
𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 (𝒃𝒄𝒎)
c. When powder factor is increase, it will make material being very loose and will be easy to dig. So, loader
productivity will be increase as followed by the decreasing of loading cost.
d. Optimum blasting can be reached when Loading Cost and Explosive Cost meet in one point. At this point, we can get
the optimum powder factor to decide Mass of ANFO.

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

4. ANFO Concept
a. ANFO is a solution which is combinated by Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil
Blending specification (based on Dynonobel):
• ANFO is a nominal 94:6 (by weight) blend of porous
nitrate and fuel oil.
• ANFO has zero water resistance and has a wide variety
of application in DRY HOLE blasting conditions.

Best practice to know how much ANFO we needed:

(Based on data beside, by Dynonobel)

Given condition:
Total blasted material = 1000 bcm
UCS material = 50 Mpa
Powder factor = 0.85 kg/bcm
ANFO spec = 94% : 6% (by weight)

Calcualtion:
ANFO needed = 0.85 kg/bcm x 1000 bcm
= 850 kg

Amonium Nitrate needed = 94% x 850 kg

= 799 kg
Fuel oil needed = 6% x 850 kg
= 51 kg

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

5. Waste Oil Concept
Waste oil means any oil that has been refined from crude oil or any sythetic oil, that has been used and as a result of such
use, is contaminated by physical or chemical impuritis.

There are three criterias of crude oil:

a. Origin : Waste oil is based of the origin of the oil. Waste oil must have been refined from crude oil, or made from
sythetic materials. Animals and vegetable oil are excluded from definition of waste oil

b. Use : Oil used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, bouyants etc.

c. Contaminats : the third criterion is based on wheter or not th oil is contaminated with either physical or chemical
impurities. Waste oil should contain of metal shavings, sawdust or dirt, or/and contain of chemical contaminants such
as solvents, halogens or saltwater.

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

5. Waste Oil Concept
When we use Waste Oil, there are many “negative particels” that should be removed. Not just physical particel, but also
with the chemical containment.
a. For physical particels filtering  Waste oil must pass the 60 mesh (0.250 mm) and 100 mesh (0.149mm). Both of them
must be arranged in series. These filters shall be cleaned/replaced on regularly schedule basis.

60 mesh
Waste oil Physicaly Clean
flow Waste Oil

The phsical residue is persumed to be a combination of carbon, graphite and other insoluble materials. Because of
thos, all containers were shaken well before it is used.

b. For chemical containment  there is limitation of chemical containment that should be complied:
• Arsenic (As) = ≤ 5 ppm (part per million)
• Cadmium (Cd) = ≤ 2 ppm
• Chromium (Cr) = ≤ 10 ppm
• Lead (Pb) = ≤ 100 ppm
• Total Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At) = ≤ 1000 ppm
• Flash point = ≥ 37.8 0C
Source: Thomas C. Rube

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

6. ANFO-WO Mixing Concept
1. Specification of waste oil
that should be prepared?
2. Specification of existing
waste oil?
94% AN
+ X% FO
3. How to get that
specification?
4. Should we prepare
treatment plant?
5. How much is the cost?
Y% WO
6% FO
Data and Fact of Waste Oil Combination in US
Combination of Fuel Oil and Waste Oil has been used in US. Journal, written by Thomas C. Ruhe, said that there is no
negative effect when we combine Waste Oil + Fuel Oil with Ammonium Nitrate.

Conditional terms:
Thomas C Ruhe, by his experiment, said that there are some condition should be applied to get optimum Detonation
Velocity:
a. The blend of waste oil and diesel fuel shall not exceed 50% (by volume) waste oil. When blends exceeding 30% waste
oil are to be used, an absorption test on the waste oil shall be performed.
b. The waste oil shall be mixed continuously while being blended with diesel fuel or immadiately after adding the diesel
fuel. Mixing shall ensure recirculation of at least three times the total volume of diesel fuel and waste oil.
c. The waste oil and blended oil shall not be modified by heating, adding additives, or in any other way that could change
the relevant properties of the recycled oil.
d. The blended oil shall be remixed within 24 hours of being drawn into any bulk missing vehicle. This remixing shall
either recirculate at least 25% of the total volume of blended oil remaining in the storage tank or at least two
consecuentive viscousity samples.
Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang
8. ANFO-WO Mixing Concept
Base on the explanation before, we want to mix the 6% total diesel oil with waste oil. There are some researchs that have
been studied about the quality effect by combining waste oil with ANFO.

Daniel Buckzkowski (2011) from Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry said that explosive performance can be evaluated
from its VoD (Velocity of Detonation).

Thomas C Ruhe did experiment about combination of waste oil and ANFO to get optimum explosive performance.
Explanation blow will show us combination of AN, Fuel Oil (diesel oil) and Waste Oil (recycle oil/used oil).

Base on data above, waste oil has positive effect to Detonation Velocity,:
a. From sample number 2 & 4, at same temperature, the bigger volume of waste oil give higher detonation velocty,
which is 3280 m/sec to 3750 m/sec
b. Higher detonation velocity will give bigger exploseive energy, which mean with smaller of diesel fuel volume we can
get higher blasting performance.
c. But, the other result of the experiment is, there is also a positive effect between temperature and detonation
velocity. It means that detonation velocity will increase when temperature of mix is higher
d. The conclusion is, we can add waste oil to subtitute the use of diesel fuel, but we also have to make sure that
temperature is high enough for them, before blasted.
Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang
7. ANFO-WO Mixing Treatment Concept
Oil Pump 1 Fuel Pump 1
a. Waste oil will be pumped to
the waste oil tank by Oil
Pump. Waste Oil
Fuel Diesel
b. The pressure of oil pump 60 mesh
must be calculated so that
waste oil could pass throuh
both of filters. 100 mesh
c. Fuel diesel is pumped to the
tank. Waste Oil
d. Discharge of Oil Pump 2 and Oil Pump 2 + Diesel Oil Fuel Pump 2
Fuel Pump to must be = valve
appropriate with the ratio
between Waste oil and Fuel. Treatment Tank Mixing Diesel Tank
60 mesh

Diesel Fuel + Ammonium

Waste Oil Nitrate
(6%) (94%)
100 mesh

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

1. Diesel Fuel Specification

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

2. Waste Oil at PT Saptaindra Sejati
PT Saptaindra Sejati, regularly, does PAP (Lubricants Analyze Program) to check unit condition by knowing the containment
in Unit Waste Oil.

As th explanation before, to use Waste Oil as the substitutional to Diesel Fuel, there are some parameters that should be
applied. And the existing specification of Waste Oil at PT Saptaindra Sejati is shown below:

Base on the data and according to the explanation before, there just 2 paramater that can be checke, which are Chromium
and Lead. Both of this paramater are below the maximum limit.

But, we still dont know with the other parameter results  Arsenic, Cadmium, Total Halogens and Flashpoint

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang