Joyce Ann Mauricio

ENG 3
2LM2

1.)What is communication ?
Communication is derived from the Latin word common, which means, belonging to many or
equally and communico to confer with others. It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas and
understanding by any effective means.
Ang (2004) posits that communication is the transmission of messages via verbal and non-verbal cues.
Wood (2004) defines communication as a dynamic, systematic or contextual, irreversible, and proactive
process in which communicators construct personal meanings through their symbolic interactions.
Comeauz (1996) asserts that communication is a transaction in which the participants are mutually
engaged in the process of creating meaning.
Myers (1992) maintains that communication is at the core of our humanness and that it is a transactional
process.
1.)What are the Process of Communication?
Communication, like life is a continuous process that we cannot possibly manipulate or predict. It is also
unrepeatable and irreversible, thus when we say communication is a process, we mean that it is both
dynamic and ever-changing. Communication is an ongoing process. In order to be successful, people
must effectively share meaning, but this goal is not always possible. Sharing meaning implies a person
must be comprehend the intended meaning of the other persons use of language. In order to understand
communication, we must look at the parts that make up an interaction. Each interaction consists of
communicators, messages, a channel, circumstances, feedback, and in some instances, noise. A good
communicator analyzes each of these parts to make the best possible choices in each communication
interaction.
Stages in Communication is a process, it involves the following stages:
1.)Speaker(sender) transmitter of verbal and non verbal messages.
2.) Message this is the content which is organized and encoded in a language understood by the
speakers and transmitted verbally or non- verbally through channels.
3.) Channel- this is the medium used by the speakers in encoding and decoding messages.
4.) Receiver- decoder of the messages sent by the speaker (and transmits his/her response back to the
sender).
5.) Feedback the receivers response to the message sent by the speaker.

Communication is a process that takes place in each of the many facts of human communication. Such
acts of transmitting messages have the following levels:
1.) Intrapersonal Communication communicating within yourself. (i.e, thinking, remembering, and
feeling)
2.) Interpersonal Communication communication among relatively small number of people (dyadic
or small group communication)
3.) Public Communication- involvers speaking with an audience.
4.) Mass Communication- communication through the use of information technology (ex. E-mail,
Internet and mobile phone)
5.) Communication Technology
6.) Organizational Communication
7.) Intercultural Communication
8.) Development Communication

2.)Models of Communication
A. Berlos Model

The model of communication of David Berlo focuses on the speakers and receivers knowledge,
attitudes, socio- cultural system, and communication skills. The message on the other hand gives
emphasis on the element, structure, content, treatment, and coding. Likewise, the channels of
communication are focused on the five senses: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting.

A.)Shannon and Weaver

This is a model originally designed for telephone communication. It has five basic elements: information
source. Transmitter, receiver, destination and noise. Moreover, this model describes communication as
one- way process of transmission and reception of messages.

B.)Shramm and Osgod

It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature

Encoder Who does encoding or Sends the message (message originates)
Decoder Who receives the message
Interpreter Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret

Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this interpretation
only the message is received.

This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems communication in a practical way. It is not a
traditional model. It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and
receiver and hence use interpretation. It is simultaneously take place e.g. encoding, interpret and
decoding. Semantic noise is a concept introduced here it occurs when sender and receiver apply different
meaning to the same message. It happens mostly because of words and phrases for e.g. Technical
Language, So certain words and phrases will cause you to deviate from the actual meaning of the
communication.

C.)Dances Helical

In 1967, Frank Dance proposed the communication model called Dances Helix Model for a better
communication process. The name helical comes from Helix which means an object having a threedimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly around a cylinder or cone. He shows
communication as a dynamic and non-linear process.
Dances model emphasized the difficulties of communication. Frank Dance uses the form of a Helix to
describe communication process. He developed this theory based on a simple helix which gets bigger and
bigger as it moves or grows. The main characteristic of helical model of communication is that it is
evolutionary.

D.)

Aristotles Model of Proof

Aristotles model of proof. Kinnevay also sees a model of communication in Aristotles description of
proof:
a.

Logos, inheres in the content or the message itself

b.

Pathos, inheres in the audience

c.

Ethos, inheres in the speaker

E.) Aristotles Model of Communication

Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the earliest mass communication model called Aristotles Model
of Communication. He proposed model before 300 B.C who found the importance of audience role in
communication chain in his communication model. This model is more focused on public speaking than
interpersonal communication.

Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with 5 basic elements

(i) Speaker, (ii) Speech, (iii) Occasion, (iv) Audience and (v) Effect.
Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different audience on different time (occasion) and for
different effects.

3.)What is the nature of Communication ?

Effective communication implies good or pleasant speech and requires a clear, adequate voice to
be easily understood; accurate in the production of the individual sounds; and in the selection of
words.
Communication is the key progress and advancement and in continuing to learn things more
accurately and effectively.
Oral Communication is a vicious cycle which always involves two person or more: a decoder and
an encoder; the message, the channel and the feedback
Communication is the interaction of words in a society which gives pleasure and an increased
understanding of life.
Each person communicates with a message through one or more of his sense; sight, taste, sound,
touch or smell.

4.)What are the elements of Communication ?

Each element plays an important role in making the communication effective and can be classified as
follows:
1.) Sender: Sender is an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication.
This source is initially responsible for the success of the message.
Ex. 1.) A politician giving a speech. 2.) A parent lecturing a child. 3.) Customer of a
restaurant writing a complaint letter to the management of the restaurant.
2.) Message: A message can be an idea, concept, emotion, feeling that a person wants to
share with another person. A message can be verbal or non-verbal form of
communication. It is based on the source or idea, but the message is crafted to meet the
needs of the receiver. The purpose to send a message is to evoke meaning to the other
person. A message can be intentional or non-intentional. Messages can be encoded into a
variety of formats oral, written or visual.
Eg: Speech is a channel, signs, gestures, symbols are different ways in which a message can be
transmitted.
3.) Channel: Its the medium through which communication is transmitted from one
person to the reliever. Most channels are either oral or written. Common channels
include the telephone and a variety of written forms such as memos, letters, and reports.

For Ex : 1.) An audience receives the politicians speech. 2.) The child who is the recipient of the
parents lecture
4.) Receiver: Receiver is the individual or individuals to whom the message is directed to.
The extent to which a receiver comprehends the message will depend on a number of
factors, which include the following: knowledge of the individual regarding the message,
their receptivity to the message.
1.) Ex. An audience receives the politicians speech. 2.) Student receiving a lecture from the
teacher in a classroom.
5.) Decoding: Decoding is the process where the message is interpreted by the receiver . The
receiver begins to interpret the message through words, signs, symbols sent by the sender
translating the message to its set of experiences in order to make the message
meaningful.
Eg: A student searches the definition of a word unknown to her in the dictionary, interprets the
meaning and gains information.
6.) Feedback: Feedback is an integral part of communication process that allows the
speaker to monitor the process and to evaluate the success of the message
communicated. This step conveys to the sender that the message is understood by the
receiver. After receiving a message, the receiver responds through a channel and signals
that response to the sender. For Ex: The signal may take the form of a spoken comment,
a written message, a smile, rolling of eyes, a sigh or some other action. No response is
also a form of feedback. Without feedback, the sender cannot confirm that the receiver
has interpreted the message correctly. For Eg: Employee surveys, company news letters,
e-mails.
7.) Noise- There are certain barriers present in the communication process. These factors
may have an impact on the communication process. Noise is one of the most common
barriers, that influence the feedback in this process. Noise essentially is anything that
distorts a message by interfering with the communication process. Noise can take many
forms it can be external or internal factors. Noise as a barrier may originate from the
source or the receiver, from the channel used in sending the message, or outside the
source and receivers control. Eg: Internal factor Involves mental forces within a
receiver or sender that might affect his or her ability to either encode or decode a
message correctly. Eg: Daydreaming, fatigue, exhaustion.