Biological Molecules: Molecules necessary for every living thing on Earth to

survive. Essential sources of energy, means of storing energy, instructions

organisms use to be born, grow and pass on to their future generations.
Carbohydrates: Source of all energy available to us. They are made up of
sugars.
i.

Monosaccharides: Simplest of all carbohydrates.

Glucose: Number one, fundamental, comes from the Sun by

photosynthesis. Cells get it through respiration.
Fructose: Found in many plants (fruits, sugar cane, et cetera).
ii.

Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides put together.

Sucrose: Its just Glucose + Fructose by a covalent bond. Nice

source for energy.
iii.

Polysaccharides: Longer chains of monosaccharides put together,

great storehouses for energy.

Cellulose: Bunch of Glucose bound together. Its the most common

organic compound in the planet. Sadly, we cant digest it. Grass
Amylose: Almost the same shit as Cellulose, but it is bread, not
grass. Its encountered in Starch.
Glycogen: The way humans bodies found to store energy. Looks
like Amylose, but it has more branches and is more complicated. Glucose
that is left from what we eat sits in our muscles and liver and bound
together to be used lately if we ever starve, but its short term (like one or
two days)
Lipids: Longer term energy storing. Fat is the most familiar sort of lipids.
Lipids are smaller and simpler than Carbohydrates, they are grouped
together because they dont dissolve in water (they are nonpolar).
Fats are made of Glycerol (its an alcohol) and fatty acids (long carbonhydrogen and carboxyl groups)
1. Triglyceride: Three fatty acids bound to a Glycerol. They can be found
in butter, oils et cetera.
Saturated: Fatty acids carbon atoms only make simple bonds,
becoming saturated with Hydrogens (using what is left of their four bonds).
They can pack more tightly forming solid stuff, like peanut butter.
Unsaturated: Fatty acids carbon atoms make at least one double
or triple bond with another carbon, so they are not saturated with Hydrogen.
These are oils.

2. Phospholipid: Switch one of the fatty acids from the Triglycerides for a
Phosphate group. They make up cell membranes (every cell in human
body uses this).

3. Steroids: Four carbon rings connected in various ways, forming

hundreds of variations.
Cholesterol: They bond with phospholipids to help form cell
membranes.
Lipid Hormones: Estradiol and Testosterone are examples of what
hormones we can form with those variations of steroids.

Proteins: Most complicated chemicals in our bodies, they are technically a

result from DNA. There are 20 different ingredients, the amino acids.
Amino acids have one carboxyl group in one end and one amino group (it
has Nitrogen!) in the other end. They have a carbon between them, it is
connected to both ends, a hydrogen and an R group (the 20 varieties).
Polypeptides are long chains of amino acids, these elaborated structured
form proteins. Protein synthesis is only possible when all of the necessary
amino acids are present. Our bodies produce 11 of the amino acids, 9 of
them are available by deconstructing proteins from food (mostly animal
based) into amino acids.
a) Enzymes: Regulate chemical processes, helping our bodies to digest
food.
b) Antibodies: Connect themselves to antigens in our blood in order to
destroy them.
c) Protein Hormones/Endorphins: Chemicals that regulate our brains
creating emotions and sensations.
Nucleic Acids: To be continued