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Module-5
1. Stroke Scanning is the method of scanning used to display fixed information and data, e.g.
arcs, datum marks, range markers, letters, etc.
2. Beam deflection systems can be electrostatic or electromagnetic. Electromagnetic systems
are used in the tubes fitted to aircraft.
3. Decoder is usually at the output end of a system and converts the binary to decimal, i.e.
changes the operational working code into the code necessary to operate the system. An
example of this is where BCD is converted back into a code necessary to operate a 7-segment
display. Another example would be a digital altimeter/machmeter where the input signal from
the Digital Air Data Computer is converted to drive the altimeter pointer and counter.
4. Adders add binary digits. Since binary numbers consist of only two digits, 1 and 0, it is
almost always necessary to carry a digit to the next higher-order column when adding, 1 + 1
= 1,0. Half-adder circuits are capable of adding two binary digits, but they cannot carry a
digit to the next higher-order column. Full-adder circuits are capable of carrying out this task.
Below is an example of a full-adder circuit.
5. Parallel data transmission is a continuous type transmission requiring two wires for each
signal to be sent. One pair of transmitting wires can be used to handle enormous amounts of
serial data. If the information signals were transmitted in parallel form, hundreds of wires
would be required to perform a similar task.
6. Serial Data transmission requires less wire than a parallel system, however, an
interpretation circuit is required to convert all parallel data to serial type data prior to
transmission. The device for sending serial data is a multiplexer, (MUX). The device for
receiving serial data is a demultiplexer, (DEMUX).
7. A DMUX has one single input line, but many output lines.
8. A Flight Data Recorder uses ARINC 573, is capable of recording last 25 hours with
engines running for aircraft (ANO and JAR-OPS) and 8 hours for helicopters (ANO and
JAR-OPS 3). Tape is plastic coated with ferrite or stainless steel, approximately inch
wide and 850ft long. It has no outputs.
9. Harvard Bi-Phase is used to transmit data to the FDR. Varies between 0V and +5V DC,
but always changes state at the end of each clock cycle. Logic 1 is identified by a change of
state in the middle of a clock cycle. Clock and data can be transmitted on one line.
10. In ARINC 429, the Data Word contains the specific data, e.g. how many knots airspeed,
No. of degrees of exhaust gas temperature, etc. For Binary words this is bits 11 - 28. For
BCD words this is bits 11 - 29.

11. In ARINC 429, the Sign Status Matrix identifies the characteristic of the word, e.g.
north or south, positive or negative, east or west and its status, e.g. failure warning, test,
normal operation, etc.
12. The Parity Bit is used to check for errors. ARINC 429 uses odd parity, i.e. the total
number of logic 1's in a word must always be an odd number. If it is not the parity bit is set
to 1. If, on receiving a signal it does not contain an odd number of 1's there is something
wrong with the transmission and a fault signal will be generated.
13. In an ARINC 629 Data-Bus Cable, up to 120 terminals can be connected to the bus,
which can be 100 metres long.
14. Periodic Mode is used for normal operation in ARINC 629.
15. In ARINC 629, the Terminal Gap is a unique time period for each user. The terminal
gap (TG) time determines the priority for user transmissions. Users with a high priority
have a short TG. Users with a lesser need to communicate (lower priority) have a longer
TG. No two terminals can ever have the same TG. ARINC 629 LRUs transmit when the TG
is sensed.
16. Level A or 1 software failure would have a catastrophic effect with loss of aircraft and/or
fatalities.
17. Software Changes come under the control of the aircraft constructor.
18. A Central Processor Unit, contains: Register section, Arithmetic Logic Unit, (ALU) and
a Timing section
19. Random Access Memory (RAM) is generally a volatile memory, i.e. it looses its stored
data when power is switched OFF. There are two types of RAM, Static RAM, (SRAM),
Dynamic RAM, (DRAM). The latter is cheaper to produce.
20. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) is erased by exposing the chip to
ultraviolet light through a window on the top surface of the chip. This causes all memory
cells to be discharged.
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