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Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Fluid Properties
Our fluid of interest is atmospheric air. The state of the air is fundamental to both the design and
the operation of aircraft since it provides the lift force, control forces, and oxygen to the powerplant.
It is essential in the estimation and measurement of the aircrafts performance to know the state of
the atmosphere and to be able to measure the relative motion between the aircraft and the
atmospheric air mass.
We already know what a fluid is (liquids and gases) from previous fluid courses. Lets lay out the
assumptions of the fluid we will use for the remainder of this course.
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Concept of a continuum
A fluid is composed of a large number of molecules that are in constant motion.
= lim
n m
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Knudsen number
L
If Kn <<1 the fluid in the volume can be treated as an infinitely divisible continuum
rather than a collection of individual molecules. To be more precise, with a Kn >1
the free mean path is such that only a few fluid molecules impact a surface per unit time
and the reflecting molecules don't collide with the incoming ones. This is the
free molecular flow regime. As a result we have to use statistics to describe
the flow (Boltzmann equation) and there is slip along the body surface.
The continuum assumption holds for 0.03 < Kn < 1 but there is still slip between the
fluid and body surface. This course will only look at fluids with Kn < 0.03
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
nm
m
=
where > 3.7 104 3
As long as our point volume is 3.7 104 larger than 3 we can use the
continuum assumption, which will be very convenient because we will be able to
use calculus later in the form of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
The atmospheric air can be taken to behave as a neutral gas that obeys the equation of state
p = p( , T )
More specifically, the equation of state for an ideal gas p = RT
where p = pressure, T= absolute temperature and R = gas constant
The specific heats at constant pressure and volume (c p and cv respectively) give
c p cv = R
R=
cp
cv
For an adiabatic (no heat transfer) and frictionless process (known as isentropic) then
p
= constant
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Example
From what we know, how small is the point volume in real life?
Using molecular theory of gases, the free mean path can be derived,
m
kg
= 0.225 2 where m is measured in kg, in 3 and
d
m
0 =
kJ
we can write
kg-K
p0
101.3
kg
=
= 1.23 3
Rair T0
m
0.287 288.15
)(
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Example
( 4.8 10 )
(1.23) (3.7 10 )
26
Therefore, 0 = 0.225
10
= 6.4 108 m
However, at an elevation of 50 km
patm = 0.0798 kPa, Tatm = 270.7 K, and atm = 1.03 103
and so
50 km = 0.225
kg
m3
1.23
m
= 0 0 = 6.4 108
= 7.6 105 m
atm
atm d 2
1.03 103
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Bulk Modulus
Since air is a gas we would like to know how much does the volume (or density)
of a fluid change when the pressure changes.
In other words, how compressible is the fluid?
We use the bulk modulus E v as a measure.
Ev =
dp
where the original volume
d
d infinitesimal change in volume
dp infinitesimal change in pressure
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
d
is dimensionless, E v has units of pressure.
Since
d d
=
so we can also write
dp
d
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Ev =
C d p
=p
d C
and E v =
(C
= C
and so E v = p
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Speed of Sound
Ev
a = RT
So for an ideal gas the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of
the absolute temperature, T .
MECH 594
Fluid Properties
Viscosity
If we apply a shear force along the upper surface, the solid slab will resist the shear stress
through static deformation.
MECH 594
Fluid Properties
d
d
= 0 for solids. But for fluids can't be supported, so
0.
dt
dt
Let's assume we have a fixed surface and a large movable plate. The fluid is originally
stagnant.
By definition
Assume the fluid velocity with respect to the surfaces is zero (no-slip condition - empirical).
The fluid moves as the upper plate moves.
Looking at a fluid volume of some intermediate size
Assume no other forces act on the fluid volume and there is no rotation or acceleration.
y = y+ y , y = x+ x , and x = y = .
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
in common fluids like, air, water, and oil are directly proportional
t
( )
( )
MECH 594
Fluid Properties
Like the Hookian solid we can use a constant of proportionality such that
du
=
dy
du
absolute or dynamic viscosity for fluids that obey .
dy
This is a Newtonian fluid, which is analogous to a Hookian solid.
is written in SI units as
N-sec
lb-sec
and in BG units as
.
m2
ft 2
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Kinematic Viscosity
VL VL
=
where
= kinematic viscosity.
m2
ft 2
and
in BG units.
sec
sec
The term "kinematic" is used because there are no units of mass present.
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
The dynamic viscosity of a newtonian fluid is directly related to molecular interaction and
so may be considered as a thermodynamic property in the macroscopic sense, varying with
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
( )
and consider only the temperature variations. So we can write T using the
Sutherland formula:
T
0
T0
3/ 2
T0 + S
T +S
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
Pressure at a Point
Let's consider the previous fluid element and cut it into a wedge. Looking in the
()
xy
ax
2
xy
xy
Fy = ma y , p y x ps cos 2 g = 2 a y
= max , px y ps sin =
10
Fluid Properties
MECH 594
x
a
2 x
y
py p =
a +g
2 y
As the element shrinks x 0 and y 0. So at a "point" px = p and p y = p px = p y = p.
px p =
Since is arbitrary then the relationship holds for all angles at a point. Therefore,
pressure at a point is the same in every direction. In other words p is a scalar, p x, y, z,t .
Note also that for hydrostatics ax = a y = 0 with finite x and y
y
g
2
This seems to indicate that: (a) there is no pressure change in the horizontal direction and
p = px and p y p =
MECH 594
Questions?
11
MECH 594
Notes
MECH 594
12