This document defines key terms related to learning through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, such as Pavlov's dog salivating to a bell. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors, as when behaviors are strengthened by rewards in Skinner's operant chambers. Both involve processes like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and different types of conditioning schedules that strengthen responses over time based on consequences.
This document defines key terms related to learning through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, such as Pavlov's dog salivating to a bell. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors, as when behaviors are strengthened by rewards in Skinner's operant chambers. Both involve processes like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and different types of conditioning schedules that strengthen responses over time based on consequences.
This document defines key terms related to learning through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, such as Pavlov's dog salivating to a bell. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors, as when behaviors are strengthened by rewards in Skinner's operant chambers. Both involve processes like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and different types of conditioning schedules that strengthen responses over time based on consequences.
Learning -A relatively long last lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
Habituation -An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Classical Conditioning -A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate a neutral stimuli with a stimuli that produce reflexive, voluntary responses. and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did to the old one. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning. Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UCS) -In classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning Unconditioned Response (UR/UCR) -In classical conditioning, an unlearned response elicited by the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) -A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. Conditioned Response -In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). Aquisition -In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditional response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. Delayed Conditioning -In Pavlovian conditioning, learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus is presented and continues until the organism begins responding to the unconditioned stimulus Trace Conditioning -the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US Simultaneous Conditioning -The UCS and CS are presented at the same time. Backward Conditioning -CS presented after UCS; proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning, causes a harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning Extinction -The process of unlearning a behavior Spontaneous Recovery -Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period Generalization -transfer of a response associated with one stimulus to a similar stimulus Discrimination -In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. Aversive Conditioning -A type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Second-order/Higher-order Conditionng -Once a CS elicits a CR, the ability to use a CS as an US to
create a response to something else Operant Conditioning -A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Law of Effect -Thorndike's Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. A.K.A. Instrumental Learning Operant Chamber -A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Reinforcer -In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Positive Reinforcement -Increasing behaviors through the addition of something pleasant such as food; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative Reinforcement -Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) Escape Learning -An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation (ex: a loud noise is stopped every time a rat presses a lever) Avoidance Learning -Enables one to avoid an aversive stimulus altogether rather than just escape Punishment -An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. Positive Punishment -following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring Negative Punishment -Decreasing behavior by stopping or reducing positive stimuli (A.K.A. Omission Training) Shaping -An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. Chaining -A process in which subjects are taught to perform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward. Discriminative Stimulus -A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced (only performing an action when a stimulus is present). Primary Reinforcers -Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs Secondary Reinforcers -Learned reinforcers that develop their reinforcing properties because of their
association with primary reinforcers (A.K.A. conditioned reinforcer).
Premack Principle -A principle that states that a preferred activity can be used to reinforce an activity that is not preferred (ex: giving a child candy every time he/she does their homework). Continuous Reinforcement -Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. Partial Reinforcement -Only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually; also called Intermittent Reinforcement. Fixed-Ratio Schedule -In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Variable-Ratio Schedule -In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Fixed-Interval Schedule -In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Variable-Interval Schedule -In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Instinctive Drift -Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement Observational Learning -Learning by observing others. Also called social learning Modeling -The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Latent Learning -Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Abstract Learning -involves understanding of concepts rather than learning simply to perform an action in order to secure a reward Mirror Neurons -Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy
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