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iL
L
+ vL
DC-DC
Boost
Converter
it
+
vt
Utility
Grid
Ibus
+ vd
id
iC
C
Vbus
Inverter
+
vac(t)
For
this
problem,
you
must
employ
the
methods
discussed
in
the
Chapter
4
lectures,
to
analyze
this
converter
and
find
analytical
expressions
for
the
output
voltage,
inductor
current,
etc.,
as
well
as
to
derive
an
equivalent
circuit
that
can
be
solved
for
the
converter
efficiency.
You
are
asked
to
enter
math
expressions;
these
expressions
must
be
entered
as
computer-readable
equations
using
the
exact
variable
names
as
defined
below:
Input
voltage
Vpv
Output
voltage
Vbus
Duty
cycle
D
Inductor/series-string
current
IL
DC
component
of
inverter
input
current
Ibus
MOSFET
on-resistance
Ron
Diode
forward
voltage
drop
Vd
Inductor
winding
resistance
RL
Diode
reverse
recovery
time
tr
Diode
recovered
charge
Qr
Switching
period
Ts
The
duty
cycle
D
is
defined
according
to
the
MOSFET
drain-to-source
voltage
vt(t),
as
discussed
in
the
lectures.
Include
the
inductor
copper
resistance
RL,
as
well
as
the
transistor
on
resistance
Ron,
diode
forward
voltage
drop
Vd,
diode
reverse
recovery
time
tr,
and
diode
recovered
charge
Qr,
but
ignore
all
other
sources
of
loss.
When
entering
equations,
these
variable
names
are
case-sensitive
and
must
be
entered
exactly
as
defined
above;
for
example,
D*(Vg-V)/R.
The
complement
of
the
duty
cycle
should
be
entered
as
(1-D).
When
numeric
values
are
requested,
a
single
numeric
value
must
be
entered
that
is
accurate
to
within
plus
or
minus
0.1%
of
the
value
computed
using
the
methods
described
in
lecture
It
is
highly
recommended
that
you
first
sketch
the
converter
circuit
and
work
the
questions
with
pencil
and
paper.
Then
enter
your
answers
into
the
fields
below.
Question
1.
Inductor
volt-second
balance:
enter
the
expression
for
the
average
inductor
voltage.
[5
points]
Question
2.
Capacitor
charge
balance:
enter
the
expression
for
the
average
capacitor
current.
[5
points]
Question
3.
Derive
an
equivalent
circuit
that
models
the
dc
properties
of
the
dc-dc
boost
converter.
If
necessary,
manipulate
your
model
into
the
form
shown
below.
The
quantity
IL
is
the
dc
component
of
the
inductor
current.
Re
Vpv
IL
1:m
+
Ve
Ie
Inverter
Vbus
For
questions
3
to
6,
you
are
asked
to
enter
mathematical
expressions
for
the
elements
in
this
model.
The
effective
turns
ratio
is
a
function
of
only
the
duty
cycle
D,
while
the
effective
loss
elements
Re,
Ve,
and
Ie
are
functions
of
the
duty
cycle
D
and
the
loss
elements.
Enter
your
expression
for
the
effective
turns
ratio
m
in
the
field
below.
[5
points]
Question
4.
The
effective
resistance
Re
depends
on
the
resistive
loss
elements
of
the
converter.
Use
your
model
to
find
an
expression
for
Re,
and
enter
your
expression
below.
[5
points]
Boost converter model
Question
5.
The
effective
source
Ve
also
models
losses
in
the
converter.
Enter
an
expression
for
Ve
in
the
field
below.
[5
points]
Question
6.
The
effective
source
Ie
models
switching
losses
in
the
converter.
Enter
an
expression
for
Ie
in
the
field
below.
[5
points]
Question
7.
For
questions
7-9,
the
element
and
parameter
values
are
as
follows:
Diode
forward
voltage
drop
Vd
=
1.25
V
MOSFET
on
resistance
Ron
=
0.2
ohms
Inductor
winding
resistance
RL
=
0.3
ohms
Diode
reverse
recovery
time
tr
=
55
ns
Diode
recovered
charge
Qr
=
200
nC
Switching
frequency
=
75
kHz
The
dc
bus
voltage
is
Vbus
=
400
V.
The
controller
selects
the
boost
converter
duty
cycle
such
that
the
PV
series
string
operates
at
its
maximum
power
point
of
Vpv
=
280
V,
Ipv
=
IL
=
7
A.
Compute
the
duty
cycle
of
the
boost
converter.
[10
points]
Question
8.
Compute
the
switching
loss,
in
watts.
[10
points]
1
BOOST CONVERTER WITH DIODE FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (35 POINTS)
Question
9.
Compute
onverter
efficiency.
nter
Ve.fficiency
as
a
number
between
In the boost converter
illustrated
in Fig. 1,the
the cdiode
has forward
voltageEdrop
D You may model this
0
abeing
nd
1.
independent
[10
points]
voltage drop as
of current. All other elements should be modeled as ideal. In this
problem, you
will show how this diode drop changes the equations of the discontinuous conduction
mode.
Question
10.
Questions
10-13
involve
the
boost
converter
illustrated
below.
L
Vg
DTs
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
iC
Ts
In
the
boost
converter
above,
the
diode
has
forward
voltage
drop
Vd.
You
may
Derive the conditions under which the converter operates in the discontinuous conduction
model
drop
ofas
current.
All
other
elements
should
be
mode.
Expressthis
yourvoltage
result in terms
theindependent
quantities K = 2of
L/RT
s and Kcrit (note that Kcrit may
now modeled
as
ideal.
In
this
problem,
you
will
find
how
this
voltage
drop
changes
the
depend not only on D, but also on other element values) (10 points)
equations
of
the
discontinuous
conduction
mode
of
the
boost
converter.
The
Derive
closed-form
analytical
for the conversion ratio M = V/Vg for both continuous
transistor
duty
cycle
expressions
is
D.
and discontinuous
conduction
modes
(10
points)
Derive
the
conditions
under
which
this
converter
operates
in
the
discontinuous
The element values are: Vg = 5 V, VD = 1 V, fs = 250 kHz, R = 15 , L = 2.5 H. C is large. Plot
conduction
xpress
your
result
in
the
form
K
<
Kcrit
with
K
=
2L/(RTs).
Kcrit
is
a
the conversion
ratio m
Mode.
= V/VE
g for the entire range 0 D 1 (10 points)
function
of
D,
Vd,
and
Vg.
Enter
your
expression
for
Kcrit.
Derive
an pexpression
[10
oints]
for the converter efficiency in discontinuous conduction mode (5 points)