Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Sintesi I
DUELEONI
SITE WORK
Soil: The stability of a building depends on the bearing capacity of the soil upon which it sits
Soil Types: Rock: solid material that forms the crust of the earth.
Slate and shale : fine textured soft rock.
Boulders : rock detached from the bedrock of which they were once a part.
Hardpan: consolidated mixture of gravel, clay, and sand.
Sand : loose granular rock particles about .002 inch to 1/4 inch in size.
Silt : fine-grained sedimentary material deposited from running water.
Clay : fine-grained, firm cohesive material formed from the decomposition and hydration of certain rock.
Quicksand : mixture of sand and moving water that is completely unsuitable for construction.
Gravel : granular rock particles ranging in size from 1/4 inch to 3-1/2 inch.
Borings
Auger borings : up soil samples two- to four-inch diameter pipe that is driven into the soil.
Core borings : diamond drill into solid material
Dry sample borings : drive pipe with a special split sampling pipe at the tip instead of a drill.
Test Pits :Test pits are simple excavations that permit direct visual inspection of the actual soil conditions.
Soil Load Tests : employing a loading platform.
Soil Properties
Specific gravity: determine void ratio.
Grain size: estimate permeability, frost action, compaction, and shear strength.
Grain shape: estimate shear strength.
Liquid and plastic limits: obtain compressibility and compaction values.
Water content : to obtain compressibility and compaction values.
Unconfined compression: (in cohesive soils), to estimate shear strength.
Soil and Site Problems
Settlement : As dead load is added to the structure, it compresses the soil beneath the footings,
reducing the void volume and causing settlement. Settlement must be uniform.
Frost Action: freezing heaves ground and places stress on a building's foundation.
Earth Movement: prevalent condition with clay subsoils. Clays swell when wet and shrink when dry.
Soil Drainage: presence of moisture can lead to reduction of a soil's load bearing capacity.
Water Table : level below which all soil is saturated with ground water.
Drainage : directing water away from all structures.
Soil Modification
Soil can be altered in a variety of ways in order to improve its consistency,dependability, and bearing capacity.
1. Deepening or increasing the bearing area of the footing improves bearing capacity.
2. Drainage improves physical characteristics of soil.
3. Undesirable material should be removed and replaced with compacted granular materials.
4. Cover compressible it with a porous layer of sand, gravel, or crushed rock and blending it into the natural material.
Artificial hardpan-type soil material.
5. Soil compactation by heavy machinery, such as sheepsfoot rollers.
Site Preparation
Clear all undesirable materials
Plant material to remain
Corner stakes, placed in the ground to locate building lines :
Earthwork
Excavation : removal of existing soil to permit construction of the foundation and substructure.
Grading work : alteration of a site's contours.
Rough grading : addition or removal of earth prior to the start of construction.
Finish grading : final distribution of earth at the conclusion of construction.
Grading
Rough grading : addition or removal of earth prior to the start of construction.
Finish grading : final distribution of earth at the conclusion of construction.
Backfill
removed.
earth that is replaced around a foundation or retaining wall after the concrete forms have been
2.
FOUNDATIONS: Part of Building's structure that transmits it's loads to Soil. Footing part of a foundation
to spread load over large area of soil.
widened
Granite setts : Small, rectangular or square blocks of granite set on cement mortar.
3. CONCRETE
Concrete = fine aggregate + coarse aggregate + port-land cement + water
Hydration:
Romans Pozzolana
Composition of Concrete
Cement = adhesive substance
Portland Cement :
Type I:
Standard, For all purpose use.
Type II: Modified, For slow setting and less heat.
Type III: High Early strength, For quick setting and early strength.
Type IV: Low Heat , For very slow setting.
Type V : Sulfate Resisting, For alkaline water and soils
Aggregates
fine aggregate : Diam.
coarse aggregate: to 1-1/2 inches in diameter
maximum aggregate size = 1/3 the thickness concrete slabs
Admixtures: alter certain characteristics. Accelerators, Air-entraining agents, Retarders, Waterproofing,
Water reducing, Workable Agents
1:3:5 mix = one part cement + three parts fine aggregate+ five parts coarse
aggregate
Water-Cement Ratio = number of gallons of water for each sack (94 lb) of
Cement
Strength
compressive strength = strength 28 days after being placed
MIXING : concrete is mixed in a plant, a truck, or a combination of both
.Ready-mixed concrete : Mixed completely at a central mixing plant. must be placed within one and a
half hours after water is added to the mix.
Transit-mixed concrete :
Formwork : molds into which the concrete is placed and held in shape until it has hardened and developed
sufficient strength to support its own weight.
job-constructed
prefabricated units: standard lumber, plywood, metal, fiberboard, paper pulp.
Form ties : metal devices used to prevent concrete forms from spreading.
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension
Concrete and reinforcing steel are compatible materials: Same coefficient of
thermal expansion
Reinforcing steel:
round bars
#3 (3/8-inch diameter),
#11 (1-3/8-inch diameter)
#14 (1-3/4-inch diameter)
#18 (2-1/2-inch diameter)
Welded wire fabric (WWF): steel wires welded at all points of intersection
WWF 6 x 6 W2.9 x W2.9 = 6 on center in each direction w/ cross-sectional
area of 2.9 100 or 0.029 square inches
Rebar Support Devices: Adequate coverage to protect it from corrosion
Lightweight Concrete
Structural Lightweight Concrete
lightweight aggregates: expanded shale or clay 90- 115
pounds per cubic foot .
Insulating Lightweight Concrete : Used primarily for thermal insulation in roof construction.
Thermal insulation
Expanded materials : perlite or vermiculite
Placement of concrete : concrete must be placed evenly, continuously, andmost importantin a manner that
avoids segregation of the aggregates.
Isolation joints
Slab on grade and columns or walls, to move independently
Prestressed Concrete : concrete placed in compression by applying a tensile force to prestressing steel
before the external loads are applied. cause stresses in the concrete that are opposite in direction from those caused
by the external loads.
Placed in compression
Pretensioning
Posttensioning
Precast Concrete : Casting of concrete members at a location other than its final position in the structure.
Floor & roof systems : Precast planks that may be used with precast beams, joists, and purlins
Tilt-up construction : Casting a wall panel in a horizontal position and then tilting it to its final vertical position.
Lift-slab construction :Casting floor and roof slabs of a multistory building, one upon another, with a membrane
or bond-breaking agent between, to prevent bonding of the separate slabs.
Tube-slab: Paper tube fillers are embedded in the section to obtain a flat ceiling with no exposed beams.
Concrete finishes
Walls and ceiling
Floors
Terrazzo
3. MASONRY
Brick: Rectangular masonry unit molded from clays and shales, dried, and fired in a kiln.
Molding methods:
1. Soft mud process: Molds into which moist clay is pressed by hand or machine into rectangular molds.
2. Stiff mud process: Forces the mixture through a die, extruding clay ribbon that is cut into bricks by tightly
stretched wires
3. Dry-press process: Dry mixture that is pressed into gang molds by plungers under high pressure
Brick types:
Common brick: Grade SW (Severe weathering)
Grade MW (Moderate weathering)
Grade NW (No weathering)
Face brick
Sewer brick : Low absorption brick for use in sewerage and storm drains
Adobe brick : Mixture of natural clay and straw
Nail-on brick :Flat brick generally used on interiors where solid masonry cannot be structurally supported.
Hollow brick
Brick Nomenclature
Surfaces: Face, Side, Cull, End and Bed
Cut shapes: Half, Three Quarters, quarter closer, king closer, queen closer, split
Placement: Header, stretcher, bull header, bull stretcher, soldier, sailor.
Bricklaying: Manual Process. Bricks should be laid when the temperature is between 40 and 90F, for
best results. Bricks should always be set in a full bed of mortar with mortar solidly filling all vertical head
joints.
Brick bonding:
Patterns: Flemish bond, English bond, Cross bond, Common bond, Running
bond, stacked bond.
Veneering: Exposed masonry that is attached, but not structurally bonded, to the backing.
Efflorescence: White, powdery deposit on the masonry surface caused by soluble salts in the units or in
the mortar.
Architectural terra cotta: Clay tile that is available in various colors, textures, and shapes .Multicolored
decorative designs.
Ceramic veneer : Terra cotta available in large face dimensions, thin sections, and a variety of natural and
glazed finishes.
GLASS BLOCK : Used where light transmission, glare, or solar heat must be controlled, or where
a specific decorative effect is desired.
and furniture.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Wood: 70 % cellulose, 18 to 28 % lignin
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air drying
kiln drying
CUTTING AND SAWING LUMBER:
11
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6. PLYWOOD
Plywood: manufactured wood panel: several thin wood veneer sheets permanently bonded together
with adhesive under high pressure, with the grain of each ply perpendicular to the grain of the adjacent plies. provides a strong
backing for finish materials, and is widely used in construction as wall and roof sheathing, subflooring, underlayment, and
formwork.Resisting lateral loads from wind to earthquake.
Classification:
Interior : Depending on the type of adhesive used
Exterior : Depending on the type of adhesive used
Softwood: Depending on the species of the face veneers . Primary Plywood used for Construction.
Hardwood: More expensive than softwood plywood. Used for decorative applications, paneling, cabinet work, face veneers
on doors,
7. MISCELLANEOUS PANELS
Pressed fiber boards: Wood or other fiber mixed with a binder and pressed into a flat sheet. used for concrete forms,
cabinets, doors, wall paneling, partitions, decking, and insulation.
Hardboard: Wood fibers that have been highly compressed under heat and pressure into dense, durable boards.
Basic
Prefinished: Tempered, Standard, Service Standard
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Fiberboard: Manufactured from waste paper, wood pulp, and fibers.Used for acoustical tile, sheathing, and
interior wall finishes.
Flakeboard: Composed of large wood flakes bonded together with synthetic resins under pressure.
Particleboard: Dry-formed of wood particles bonded together with synthetic resin.
Beadboard: Insulating board consisting of a core of small, expanded polystyrene beads with heavy paper
laminated to both sides.
Plastic laminates: Base of phenolic resin impregnated haft paper over which a patterned sheet is
applied.
8. GLUED LAMINATED LUMBER: Structural members are fabricated from layers of wood
that are bonded with adhesives, in which the grain of all layers is approximately parallel longitudinally.
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9.
WOOD PRESERVATION
Insects: Drainage to minimize moisture, good ventilation, impervious concrete foundations, metal strips.
Decay: Keep wood dry and well ventilated, or completely submerged in water so that air is excluded. Use
decay-resistant species, such as redwood. Pressure treat wood. Preservatives: Oil-borne solutions, Waterborne
solutions
Fire: Impregnation with a chemical solution, such as ammonium phosphate, or use of a surface treatment, such
as intumescent paint.
10.
WOOD FRAMING
Platform framing: Studs are one story in height and the floor joists bear on the top plates of the wall
below.
Balloon framing: Wall studs are continuous for the full height of the building, usually two stories, from the
foundation to the top plates under the roof rafters.
Plastic laminates:
Exterior
Interior
Nails , Spikes , Screws , Bolts , Pins , Metal connectors, Adhesives
Nails: Common Nails, Box Nails, Finish Nails
12.
METALS : substances that are characterized by their luster, opaqueness, hardness, ability to
con-duct heat and electricity, and by their superior ability to resist deformation.
Bronze Age
Industrial Revolution:
Pierre Franois Henri Labrouste
Eiffel Tower
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1.Aluminum
2. Zinc
3. Iron and Steel
4. Stainless Steel Tin
5. Lead
6. Brass
7. Copper
8. Bronze
9. Gold
FORMING METAL :Process by which extracted metal transformed into a useful product that has a hed shape.
Casting: pouring molten into a mold of the required shape and wing it to cool.
Forging: Hammering hot metal
Pressing: From Sheets
Drawing : Into wires or tubes.
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Extruding: Forcing a hot mass of metal through an opening that has the shape of the required section.
Mechanical Properties of Metals:
Maleability : Ease of hammering
Ductility : Ease of drawing
Toughness : Resistance to fracture
Hardness : resistance to abrasion
Ferrous Metals:
Iron: Pig Iron, Wrought Iron, Cast Iron.
Steel: Production Methods: 1. Open Hearth Process, 2. Basic Oxygen Process 3.
Electric Furnace Process.
Methods of Work:
1. Rolled
2.Drawn
3.Bent
4.Cast
5. Joint Revits
6.Bolts
7. Screws
8.Welds
Steel Types: Steel is an alloy of iron that contains no more than 2 percent carbon.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Structural Steel: structural purposes, containing varying amounts of carbon and other elements.
Alloy Steel: containing other elements that are added to provide special properties. Stainless Steel
Weathering Steel: containing up to one half of 1 percent copper.
Heat Treated Steel :reheated and cooled slowly, or annealed, for improved workability.
Case-hardened Steel : with a hard, high carbon surface produced by a special process.
Non-Ferrous Metals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Metal Finishes: Finishes are applied to metals for appearance or for protection from corrosion.
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Mechanical:
1. Grinding
2. Polishing
3. Sandblasting
4. Hammering
Applied Coating:
1. Electroplating
2. Enameling
3. Spraying
4. Dipping
5. Sherardizing
Anodizing: Metal finish applied to aluminum .
Galvinizing : Coating of zinc is applied by immersing the steel in a bath of molten zinc.
Use of Metal in Construction:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Structural: structural steel, reinforcing bars and mesh for concrete, and wire rope.
Hollow Metalwork:doors, bucks, partitions, panels, windows, mullions, curtain walls, and panel systems that incorporate other materials, such as glass, stone, plastic,
Miscellaneous Metal Work: Stairs, railings, fencing, gratings, rough hardware, ladders.
Ornamental Metalwork: plaques, letters, finish hardware, railings, screens, grilles, expansion joint covers, etc.
Flashing:base and cap flashing, gutters and leaders, spandrel and through-wall flashing,copings, termite shields.
Miscellaneous:rough hardware, nuts and bolts, rivets, screws, nails, washers, inserts, hangers, anchors, wire.
Structural Steel in Construction: fabrication and erection of hot-rolled members manufactured from medium
carbon steel
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Rigid Bents
Cable and Tent Structures:
Space Frames and Domes:
Light weight Metal Framing:
DAMPPROOFING: Consists of the materials and methods that prevent moisture from penetrating a building at or below
grade.Cannot resist Hydrostatic Pressure.
Damp-proofing treatments:
Asphalt base coatings
Cement plaster
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Liquid silicones or other plastics
Preventive measures:
Draining surface water
Granular fill under a concrete slab on grade
Polyethylene film vapor seal over the granular fill
Footing Drains
WATERPROOFING: Materials and methods that prevent water under hydrostatic
pressure from penetrating those parts of a building in direct contact with the earth.
Precipitation is the most common and predictable source of moisture that can
damage a structure, and its control depends on the form and type of roofing used.
Roofing: describes the materials and methods used to weatherproof the exterior top surface of a
structure.
ROOFING MATERIALS:
1. Asphaltbuilt-up, shingles, and roll
2. Woodshingles and shakes
3. Metalsheet, corrugated, and strip
4. Clay, cement, and slatetiles
5. Glass and plasticsheets
6. Plasticliquid coatings
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7. Asphalt
8. Asphalt and coal-tar pitch
9. Built-up roofs
10. Asphalt strip shingles
11. Asphalt roll roofing
12. Wood shingles
13. Corrugated metal sheets
14. Clay
15. Cement
16. Slate
17. Glass and Plastic
18. Plastic coatings
CONDENSATION CONTROL: Another source of moisture, in addition to ground water and precipitation, is the condensation
of water vapor.
Relative humidity: ratio of the amount of water vapor the air contains to the maximum amount it could contain
Vapor barriers: aluminum foil, various types of sheet plastic, asphalt-saturated felt
THERMAL CONTROL: Heat is gained or lost by a building by these processes, and the purpose of
thermal control is to slow down heat gain or loss in order to produce comfortable interior temperatures while
conserving energy.
Heat Transmition:
Conduction:materials or objects are in direct contact.
Convection:occurs in a fluid medium,such as air or a liquid.
Radiation: takes place between two objects not in contact and not shielded from each other.
Thermal insulation: R values in square foot-hour-degree Fahrenheit per BTU
Roof insulation:
1. above the roofing membrane
2. between the membrane and the roof deck
3. below the roof deck
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FLASHING: material used to provide a seal and prevent water penetration at joints exposed to
the weather, intersections of different materials, and expansion or contraction joints.
WINDOWS:
Glazed openings constructed in a wall.
Basic types:
Residential,
Commercial
Industrial
Monumental.
Materials:
Wood windows
Clad windows
Aluminum windows
Steel windows
Stainless steel windows
Replaceable windows
Screens
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Door and window systems
Storefront work
Curtain walls
Skylights
GLASS:
Ceramic material
Plate glass
Annealed glass
Single-strength glass
Double-strength glass
Float glass
Patterned glass
Tempered glass : heat treated for increased resistance to impact stresses
Insulating glass: two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space
Heat-absorbing glass: tinted to absorb a high degree of solar radiation
Reflective glass: reflective film laminated between two sheets of clear glass, or thin film of metal oxide on the
surface of the glass.
Laminated glass: composed of a plastic sheet sandwiched between two glass layers, all bonded
under heat and pressure.
Wired glass: placing wire mesh in the middle of glass during the manufacturing process
Butt-joint glazing: glass sheets with conventional head and sill frames, with no vertical mullion
Mirrored glass: glass with a metallic reflective coating applied to one surface
Psychiatric glass: (one-way glass) is seen as a mirror on one side and is transparent on the other side.
Structural glass: opaque and used for exterior building panels.
Corrugated glass: used for decorative partitions, or in its wired form, for skylights and roof panels
GLAZING PLASTICS:
Acrylics
Polycarbonates
Polyesters
Polystyrenes
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PLASTER WORK:
Cementitious material: Portland Cement + Sand + Water
Portland cement plaster :for exterior plaster or stucco
Gypsum and lime plaster: for interior plaster
Acoustic plaster : provides acoustical treatment for walls and ceilings
Bonding plaster : used on interior concrete walls and ceilings
Fire-resistant plaster : provides fire resistance for steel and other materials
Keene's cement plaster : contains lime putty for hard, water-resistant finish
Lightweight plaster: contains vermiculite or perlite aggregates for fire resistance
Bases: Concrete, Masonry, Lath
Metal lath : sheet metal or wire fabric into which a base coat of plaster is keyed
Lathing board: gypsum mixed with water, hardened and dried, and sandwiched between two sheets of heavy,
porous paper, which provides adhesion for the plaster.
Veneer plaster: dense plaster applied in a thin coat over gypsum lath
Gypsum board:
Prefabricated form of plaster = gypsum plaster core reinforced with paper, 4-foot widths,
6 to 12 feet in length, 1/4 to 5/8 inch in thickness.
Regular board: Surfacing for walls and ceiling
Backing board : Backing for other materials, such as acoustical tile
Insulating board : Aluminum foil laminated to one side, which serves as reflective insulation and vapor barrier.
Type X board : For fire-resistive rating.
Moisture-resistant board : Backing for ceramic tile in high moisture areas.
Decorative board : Prefinished with decorative paper or vinyl in various textures, patterns, and colors
Ceramic tiles: set on floor, wall, or ceiling areas to provide permanent, waterproof,durable, and easily
maintained finish surfaces.
Ceramic mosaic tile:unglazed, semi-vitreous, and less than six square inches in area
Quarry tile: Unglazed units, made by the plastic process, and nearly impervious to moisture, dirt, and stains
Inlaid
Faience
Handmade tiles
Porcelain tile: impervious tilewithout a clay backing and is suitable for exterior applications
Glass tile : made from glass that can be "tumbled" to ease the edges and sometimes has color coatings,
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Terrazzo tile: manufactured tile consisting of an aggregate and cement matrix similar to terrazzo
PLASTICS:
Slate: durable, attractive, and expensive, slightly rough or relatively smooth,rigidly rectangular or completely irregular.
Stone flooring: Slate, imestone ,sandstone , granite, marble. Stone for flooring is about one inch thick with a
relatively smooth surface.
Poured-in-Place Flooring:
Terrazzo: concrete topping consisting of marble chips in a cement or synthetic resin binder, ground and polished to a
smooth finish. Has tendancy to crack.
Magnesite: seamless floors (magnesium oxychloride) are made from a composition of magnesium oxide, sand, and
magnesium chloride, which forms a plastic material that is troweled to a smooth finish.
Elastomeric Floors: floors are composed of clear urethane resins applied as a liquid over an elastomer
underlayment.
Rubberized Floors: floors consist of several layers of various neoprene compositions troweled over a
waterproof latex membrane.
Paint-Type Flooring:
activator.
floor finishes consist of a synthetic resin (epoxy, urethane, polyester, etc.) and an
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Resilient Flooring Materials: materials are laid over smooth wood or concrete subfloors and cemented in
place with mastic cements.
Vinyl : available in sheet or tiles and may be used above or below grade.
Asphalt Tile: lacks resilience.
Linoleum: durable, resilient, easily maintained and relatively inexpensive, considering its long life.
Rubber : made of synthetic rubber.
Cork : highly resilient, resistant to staining, durable, and easily maintained, excellent acoustical properties.
Carpeting: installed directly over a plywood subfloor or a concrete slab.
classified by material (acrylic fibers, nylon, polyester, wool)
by texture (low pile, high pile).
Acoustical Panels: perforated steel aluminum, fiberboard, or hardboard, which is backed with a soft, soundabsorbing batt or blanket.
is added.
Paints:
classified by location (exterior enamel)
by the material on which they are applied (wood stain)
by their finish (semigloss enamel)
by their unique characteristics (lacquer).
Pigmented Coatings: white pigment, to which color may be added, and a vehicle. house paints, metallic
paints, colored lacquers, water-based paints, and synthetic resin paints.
Clear Coatings: protect and beautify surfaces without obscuring their natural appearance.
Varnishes: using volatile solvents such as turpentine and mineral spirits have been replaced by polyurethanes and
acrylic modified urethane coatings.
Bituminous Coatings: made from coal tar and asphalt, used as a protective coat for submerged ferrous metal
and for waterproofing masonry materials.
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Stairs: most common means of vertical circulation between floors of a building, and their design is dictated by
considerations of safety and convenience.Vertical distance between landings may not exceed 12 feet.
Ladders:
Used for access to roofs or in utility and service areas where space is tight and traffic is minimal.
Min. 18 wide
Rungs 12 o.c.
Off set 6 from wall
Elevators:
Movable Enclosures for Vertical Transportation of people and Frieght.
Hydraulic Elevators: Low rise buildings
Electric Elevators: High rise buildings, Elevator functions by traction.
Traction machine: motor and drum assembly that moves elevator
Roping: Single wrap, Double wrap
Safety Features:
Main Break: Mounted on the motor shaft. Break is self-applying, so that the car will be stopped in the event of a power
failure.
Governor: Measures and limits the elevator speed by means of the control panel.
Car Bumpers: Located at the bottom of the shaft to stop the car if it should overtravel at low speed. Not designed to
stop a free-falling car.
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Safety Edges
Capacity and Speed: 1.6 Times rise in feet + 360
Operating System: automatic
Architectural Considerations:
Elevator Size:
Number
Location
Traffic: Number of persons handled during a five minute peak interval.
Min. Number of Elevators =
Traffic_____________
Handling capacity of Elevator
Dumbwaiters:
Hoisting and Lowering Devices for vertical transportation of materials and supplies.
Max. 9 sqft size.
Max. 4 ft Hgt.
Capacity 500 lbs
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Vertical conveyors:
Distribute continuous flow of material (never people) throughout multistory buildings.
Escalator: Mechanical device on which passengers are transported along an incline from one floor to another.
Moving stairway.
Rating: Speed of Operation = Feet/minute
Nominal Width = 32 to 48
Moving Ramps: Form of vertical transportation. Continuous tread.
Continuous moving Tread : 40 wide. 150 Inclination , Speed 140 to 180 Feet/min.
17 BUILDING CODES
Governmental Requirements with specific tasks related to Public Health, Safety,
Welfare.
Allowable Size of Building: Area, Height, based on degree of danger
Type of Occupancies: Specific type of concern
Type of Construction: Structural materials are classified as noncombustible or combustible.
Fire Rating and Protection: Highest rated structure, Type IA.
Means of Egress: Continuous and unobstructed path of travel from any occupied portion of a facility to a public way.
Materials and Methods
USE AND OCCUPANCY:
Group A - Assembly
Group B - Business
Group E - Educational
Group F - Factory
Group H Hazardous
Group I Institutional
Group M Mercantile
Group R Residential
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Group S Storage
Group U Utility
Type of Construction:
Non Combustible Construction
Combustible Construction
Fire Rated Construction
Building Volume Area and Height:
Fire:
Flame Spread:
Class A : Flame Spread 0 to 25 :Stairs
Class B: Flame Spread 26 to 75 :Corridors
Class C: Flame Spread 76 to 200 : Institutional, Dwelling Units
Means of Egress:
Exit Access: Door in Office Suite
Exit : Door into Fire exit
Exit Discharge : Door from Egress to Street
Occupancy Loads:
Tables of Model Code
Business: Max. 100 sqft / Occupant = Gross Sftg
Educational = Net Floor Area
Occupancy Load for a 3,000 sqft Office = 3,000 = 30 occcupants
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Egress Width:
Egress Width = Occupant Load Factor x (Occupant Type) Min. 2 Exists
N. of Exists
Separation of Exists = One h Max. Diagonal Space or Floor requiring 2 Exists
Travel Distance to closest Exit : 200 ft Building w/out sprinkler, 250 Building w/
sprinkler
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Egress through Intervening Spaces:
Not Allowed to Intervene w/ an exit Path: Kitchens, Storage Rooms, Closets, Toilet Rooms,
Bathrooms, Other Dwelling Units.
Corridors: Min. 44 wide, Dead ends Max. 20 feet long.
Exists: Exit is that part of egress that either takes the occupant from the building or floor to a vertical exit enclosure (stair), an
exit passageway, a horizontal exit, or an exterior exit ramp or stairway.
Vertical Exit Enclosures: Interior Exit Stairways and ramps, min. 1 hour fire rated.
Exit Passageways: serve connect multiple Vertical exit enclosures
Horizontal Exists: Divide a building or Floor into separate compartments w/ 2 Hour Fire
Rated partition, separating floor from interior wall to exterior wall.
Exterior exit Ramps and Stairs: For buildings with max 6 stories or max. 75 ft hgt.
Exit Discharge: Door leading from any vertical exit enclosure to public street.
ADA ACCESS:
Access Routes
Access Entrances
Parking and Passenger Loading facilities
Dwelling and Sleeping Units
Special Occupancies
Toilet and Bathing Facilities
Kitchens
Drinking Fountains
Elevators
Lifts
Storage
Service Facilities
Controls
Operating Mechanisms
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OSHA: Occupancy Safety and Health Act: specific requirements for the workplace that include stairs, railings,
ladders, and protection of openings.
State Building Codes: Adopted one of the model code families with little revision.
City Building Codes: Enforcement of the code is typically left to building officials in each community.
Planning and Zoning Codes: Restrict specific areas in the community to certain types of building
occupancies (commercial, residential, light industrial, etc.).
1. Earths Ecosystem (Earths Crust and Atmosphere: 5 miles deep and 5 miles up) finite
amount of Natural Resources.
2. Thermodynamics: Energy cannot not be created or destroyed. All is contained in the
ecosystem.
3. All forms of energy tends to seek equilibrium and therefore disperse.
Need of preservation of Beneficial Natural Elements and diminish or extinguish natural
resources contaminated with toxins and destructive human practices.
Principles:
1. Substances from the Eraths Crust must not systematically Increase in the ecosphere.
2. Substances that are manufactured must not systematically increase in the atmosphere.
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3. Productivity and Diversity of nature must not be systematically diminished.
4. There must be a fair and efficient use of resources to meet human needs.
Sustainable Site Planning and Design:
Site Selection: Depends on:
Cost
Adjacency to Utilities
Transportation
Building Type
Zoning
Neighborhood Compatibility
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Alternative Transportation
Reduction of Site Disturbance
Storm Water Management:
1. Provide on-site infiltration of contaminants.
2. Reduce impermeable Surface and allowing local aquifer recharge instead of runoff to
waterways.
3. Encourage groundwater recharge
Ecologically Sensitive Landscaping:
1.
2.
3.
4.
33
Open Space Preservation:
1. Promote In fill Development compact and contiguous to existing infrastructure and public
transportation opportunities.
2. Promote development that protects natural resources and provides buffers between
natural and intensive use areas.
a. Indentify natural areas
b. Provide design that enhances natural areas
c. Design to provide buffers between sensitive natural areas and areas of intensive
use.
d. Provide linkages between natural areas.
e. Links between natural areas used for walking, hiking, biking, should be constructed
of permeable and biodegradable material.
3. Establish procedures that ensure the ongoing management of natural areas as part of
strategy of sustainable design.
Ahwahnee Priciples:
Existing patterns of Urban and Suburban development seriously impair our quality of life.
1. More congestion and air pollution resulting from dependence on automobile, and loss of
precious open space.
2. Need for costly improvements to roads and public services
3. Inequitable distribution of economic resources
4. Loss of sense of community
Community Principles
1. Planning in form of complete and integrated communities containing housing, shops,
workplaces, schools, parks, civic facilities.
2. Community size designed so Housing, Jobs, Daily needs, Other activities within walking
distance between each other.
3. Activities located within walking distances of transit stops.
4. Diversity of Housing types to enable citizens from a wide range of economic levels and
age groups to live within its boundaries.
5. Business within community to provide job types for communitys residents.
6. Location and character of community to be consistent with larger transit network
7. Community to have center focus combining commercial, civic, cultural, recreational
uses.
8. Community to contain specialized open spaces in form of Squares, Greens , Parks,
whose frequent use is encouraged through placement and design.
9. Public spaces to be designed to encourage attention and presence of people at all hours
of day and night.
10. Community or cluster of community should have well-defined edge ,Agriculture belt or
wild life corridor , permanently to protect from development.
34
11. Streets , pedestrian paths, Bike paths to contribute to system of fully connected routes to
all destinations.
12. Conserve natural terrain, drainage, vegetation.
13. Conserve resources and limit waste
14. Efficient use of water through natural drainage, draught tolerant landscaping, recycling.
15. Street Orientation, Placement of Buildings, Shading to contribute to energy efficiency of
community.
Regional Principles
1. Integrate regional land use with larger transportation network built around transit
rather than freeway.
2. Region to be bounded by and provide continuous of greenbelt, wild life corridors to
be determined by natural conditions.
3. Regional institutions and services to be located in urban core.
4. Materials and methods of construction to be specific to region.
Implementation Principals:
1. General plan to be updated to incorporate above principles.
2. Local Governments to take charge of planning process. General plans to be
designated where new growth, in-fill, or redevelopment is allowed to occur.
3. Specific plan to be prepared based on these principals.
4. Plan developed through open process with visual models.
Architectural Process:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
35
3.
4.
5.
6.
36
a.
1. Architectural sun control devices: Overhangs or shading devices, Deciduous trees, shutters , vertical
projections or fins, awnings, trellises, sunscreens
2. Light-colored roof systems: Light-colored roofing materials reflect sunlight and reduce the amount of radiation
that is absorbed through the roof into the interior space.
3. Optimized building glazing system: Orientation, light transmittance factors, and U-value are all factors architects
consider in selecting glazing.
4. Lighting
a. Day lighting
_ Overhangs, fins, etc.
_Saw tooth skylight design
_Interior window shading devices
_Light shelves
5. Higher efficiency Light fixtures: light fixtures that are more efficiently designed reduce energy cost and increase comfort.
_ Lighting sensors and monitors: sense occupancy conditions.
_Lighting Models: simulate the levels of sunlight that penetrate into a building design, depending on the building location, varying
times of year, fenestration orientation, and design.
9. Benchmarking: The U.S. Department of Energy provides "benchmark" information of total energy consumption in BTUs/SF for
various kinds of buildings in the United States. Benchmark = Standards
10. Commissioning: process to ensure that all building systems perform interactively according to the intent of the architectural and
engineering design, and the owner's operating needs. HVAC and MEP systems, controls, ductworks and pipe insulation, renewable and
alternate technologies.
b. Geothermal Energy: heat contained within the earth's surface causes macro-geological events tapped to produce heat for
adjacent structures.
c. Wind Turbines: Small-scale wind machines used to generate electricity can be mounted on buildings or in open space nearby.
d. Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: concept that electricity is produced from solar energy when photons or particles of light are
absorbed by semiconductors.
e. Fuel cells: electrochemical devices that generate direct current (DC) electricity similar to batteries. But, unlike batteries,
they require a continual input of hydrogen-rich fuel.
f.
Biogas: process that converts biomass, such as rapid-rotation crops and selected farm and animal waste, to a gas that can
fuel a gas turbine. This conversion process occurs through anaerobic digestionthe conversion of biomass to gas by organisms
(like bacteria) in an oxygen-free environment.
37
2
f.
Soil Drainage : Moisture can lead to reduction of soils bearing capacity, leakage of
water into building, disintegration of building materials.
1. Water Table: Level below which soil is saturated with ground water.
2. Foundations: to be placed above Water table. Use Drain Tile System, Performed
Water Stops.
3. Drainage: To direct water away from all structures by grading or shaping contours of
site to provide gradual transition from high to low elevations.
g. Soil Modifications: Improvement of Soil Consistency , Dependability, Bearing Capacity
1. Drainage
2. Deepen, Increase bearing area of footing
3. Replace existing subsoil with compacted granular material.
h. Site Preparation:
_Clear undesirable materials
_Locate Building lines using strings or wires stretched between Batter Boards.
i. Earthwork
1. Excavation
_ Removal of existing soil to permit construction of foundation
_Permanent cut slopes: < 1.5h to 1v
_Permanent fill slopes: < 2:1
2. Grading: Alteration of Sites contours.
_Rough Grading: Prior construction
_Finish Grading: After construction
3. Backfill: Replace Earth around foundation or retaining wall after concrete forms
have been removed.
B. FOUNDATIONS
1. Foundations: Part of structure that transmits buildings load to soil.
2. Footings: Part of foundation, widened to spread load over large area of soil.
3. Shallow Foundations: When soils close to ground are of adequate strength.
_Column footing: square or rectangular pad of concrete
_Cantilever footing
_Raft foundation
_Wall footing: continuous spread footing
_Mat footing: used when soil conditions are poor
_Boat footing: placed at a depth such that weight of soil removed from excavation is equal to load
of Building
_Combined footing
4. Deep Foundations: When upper soils have insufficient bearing capacity.
_Piles: Transfer loads to soil by skin friction.
_Wood piles: Must be below permanent ground level.
3
_Precast Concrete: Prestressed
_Cast in Place Concrete: Driven with mandrel core; removed before pouring.
_Concrete filled steel pipe: Driven with steel tip , then filled with concrete.
_Structural Steel: For dense earth and heavy loads, H Section.
_Sheet Piling: May be used as a water dam.
5. Caissons and Cofferdams: Box like structures at very wet or soft soils
6. Temporary Supports
_Sheeting: Temporary wood, steel or concrete wall to retain soil around excavation. Slurry
wall.
_Bracing: Sheeting Brace to resist soil pressure. Rakers.
_Underpinning: Support existing foundations,or walls to be extended downward. Needle
Beams, Pipe Cylinders with hydraulic jacks.
C. SITE IMPROVEMENTS:
1. Roads
2. Parking
3. Walks
4. Fences
5. Lighting
6. Asphalt Paving:
_Asphalt Concrete
_Cold Laid Asphalt
_Asphalt Macadam
7. Brick Paving
8. Stones Cobles
9. Granit Setts
10. Flagstone
D. GRADE CHANGING DEVICES:
1. Shape or retain earth in order to modify finish grade of site.
2. Retaining walls
3. Battered walls
4. Cribbing
5. Riprap
4
E. CONCRETE:
Definition: Mixture of
_Fine Aggregate (sand)
_Coarse aggregate(gravel or crushed stone)
_Potland Cement
_Water
_Hardening of Concrete caused by Hydration(chemical reaction between water and which
creates heat)
1. Types of Thin Shell Rigid Frame forms:
_Thin Shell Dome
_Multiple Vaults
_Rigid Frame
_Thin shell Barrel
_Corrugated thin-shell
_Rigid Frame
2. Composition of Concrete:
a. Cement: Adhesive substance capable of uniting non-adhesive materials
_Chemically active ingredient: Portland Cement: Lime , silica , iron oxide, alumina).
_Type I: Standard
For general all-purpose use.
_Type II: Modified
For slow setting and Less Heat
_Type III: High early Strength
For quick setting and strength
_Type IV: Low Heat
For very slow setting
_Type V: Sulfate Resisting
For alkaline water and soils
b. Aggregates: Inert ingredients. Affect quality of concrete. Reduce shrinkage. Serve as a
filler. Max. size < 1/3 thickness concrete slab. min. space between reinforcing bars.
_ Fine aggregate: Sand diam. Or less
_Coarse aggregate: Gravel or crushed rock to 1 diam.
c. Admixtures: Alter certain characteristics. Achieve special qualities
_ Accelerators
Calcium Chloride
_Air entraining
_Retarders
_Waterproofing
Stearate Compounds
Decrease permeability
_Water Reducing
Organic Compounds
_Workability
Improve workability
5
3. Concrete Mix:
a. Proportioning: Optimum combination of Mix.
_Volume: 1:3:5 Mix = 1 Part Cement + 3 Parts Fine + 5 Parts Course
b. Water-Cement Ratio
_ Gallons of Water per sack of cement
_Major factor of strength and durability.
_Max. strength = Min. water
_Excess water causes laitance
_Strength : Depends on Water-cement ratio. Strength measured after 28 days of
placement.
c. Mixing: Concrete should be uniform in appearance and evenly distributed.
_Ready mix Concrete: Mixed at central plant and transported to site.To be used 1
hours after water is added.
_Transit-mixed Concrete: Mixed in truck mix. Water added after arrival.
4. Formwork: Molds into which concrete is placed and held into shape until hardened and
develop sufficient strength to support its own weight.
Made of
_Lumber
_Plywood
_Metal
_Fiberboard
_Paper Pulp
_ Forms to be strong stiff and tight. Oil is used for coating forms before placing concrete.
5. Reinforced Concrete
_Concrete is strong in compression , weak in tension.
_Reinforcing Bars: Rebars are designated by numbers representing the bar diameter in 1/8.
_Welded Wire Fabric: W.W.F. designated by size and spacing of longitudinal and transverse
wires.
_Bars: to be adequately concrete covered, galvanized or epoxy coated against corrosion.
_Bars: may be preassembled with support devices, as high chair, continuous high chair, slab
bolster, beam bolster.
6. Lightweight Concrete:
a. Structural Light Weight Concrete:
_ Light weight aggregates made from expanded shale or clay
_90 to 110 lbs instead 150 lbs
_ Mix size coarse
_Better Insulation, More expensive
b. Insulating light weight Concrete
_By adding aggregates of expanded materials like Perlite or vermiculate .
_Weights 15 to 90 lbs.
6
_ Used for thermal insulation in roof construction.
7. Placement of Concrete
_Concrete must be placed as close as possible to its final location evenly, continuously and in
a manner to avoid segregation of aggregates.
_When placed on harden concrete , this should be moistened and prepared.
_Vertical drop limited to 4-0.
_Concrete to be compacted and consolidated by hand or vibrators to prevent reduction of its
strength and water tightness due to its air bubbles.
8. Testing
_Slump Test: Measures consistency and workability of concrete mix.
_Cylinder Test: Measures compressive strength. Cylinders are cast, laboratory cured for 7
and 28 days and tested in a crushing machine.
_Kelly Ball Test: Measures workability: 30 lb. 6 diam. Ball is dropped.
_Impact Hammer Test: Measures Strength. The rebound of a plunger.
_Tests of Air content: Measure the volume of air content in the mix.
9. Curring:
_Maintain proper humidity and temperature for 3 to 14 day period after placement to assure
satisfactory hydration of cement.
_Supply additional moisture to surface, using wet covering, covering to prevent evaporation,
or leaving moistened wood forms.
_Best curing at 50o to 70o.
10. Concrete Joints
a. Construction Joints: Horizontal or Vertical joints between two successive concrete pours.
_Keyed
_Stepped Horizontal
_Roughened and keyed vertical joints
_Use of rebar
b. Expansion Joints: Allow free movement of adjacent parts due to expansion or
contraction of concrete.
_Waterproof, watertight and filled with an elastic filler.
_Required in buildings over 200-0 long.
_Required at joints of building wings.
_Required at addition of new buildings.
c. Control Joints: Allow for shrinkage of large areas. Induces cracking to occur along the
joint.
F. MASONRY
1. BRICK: Rectangular masonry unit molded from clays and shales, dried and fired in a kiln.
a. Methods of Molding
_Soft Mud Process: Moist clay in rectangular molds
_Stiff Mud Process: Mixture through a Die, extruding a ribbon cut by wires.
_Dry Press Process: Most accurately formed brick. Dry mixture pressed into gang
molds.
b. Brick Types:
_Building Brick Common Brick: Most widely used 8 x 3 x 2 .
_Grade SW (severe weathering)
_Grade MW (moderate weathering)
_Grade NW (no weathering)
_Face Brick: Exposed to view. SW and MW Grade
_Grade FBX. Perfection in size, color and texture.
_Grade FBS. Greater sizes variation and wide color range.
_Grade FBA. Nonuniform in size , color and texture
_Backup Brick: Inferior quality
_Paving Brick: Very hard and dense
_Fire Brick: Resistant to high Temperature
_Sewer Brick: Low Absorbtion
_Adobe Brick: Made of natural Clay and Straw
_Nail on Brick: Used for masonry. Cannot be supported
_Hollow Brick: HBX, HBS, and HBA. SW and MW grades.
_Modular Brick: Brick courses + mortar joint = 4
c. Brick nomenclature:
_Surface: Face , Side, Cull end, beds
_Cut Shapes: Half or Bat, Three Quarter, Quarter Closer, King closer, Queen Closer, Split
or Soap
_Placement: Header, Stretcher, Bull Header (rowlock course), Bull Stretcher, (shiner
course), Soldier, Sailor
d. Brick Laying:
_ During temperatures between 400 and 900.
_ Brick should be wetted prior to setting to minimize absorption of water from mortar
and for better bonding.
_ Should be set on full bed of mortar, joints to be to .
_Reinforced Brick consists of 2 wythes of brick separated by a 2 to 4 space with vertical
and horizontal reinforcing bars.
e. Brick Bonding:
_Flemish Bond
_English Bond
9
_Cross Bond
_Common Bond
_Running Bond
_Stacked Bond
f. Veneering: Exposed masonry attached, but not structurally bonded, to the backing.
g. Efflorecence: White powdery deposit caused by soluble salts from water penetration.
h. Expansion Joints: Required in masonry structures over 200-0 long or where wings
occur. The sealant adheres to the two masonry surfaces to prevent air and water
infiltration, while permitting movement top the wall.
2. Concrete Masonry: Manufactured by consolidating stiff concrete mixture in steel molds,
cured and quickly dried.
_ Concrete Brick
_Concrete Block
_Concrete Tile
_Cast Stone
_Concrete Blocks: Modular : 7 5/8 x 7 5/8 X 15 5/8.Light, Strong and Fire Resistant.
_2-Corestretcher
_3-Corestretcher
_2 or 3 Core Corner Block
_Jamb Block
_Window Jamb Block
_Lintel Block
3. Structural Clay Tile: Hollow, burned clay units with parallel cells.
a. Types by Function:
_Back up Tile
_Facing Tile
b. Types by Orientation
_Side Construction Tile (cells horizontal)
_End Construction Tile (cells vertical)
_ Architectural Terracotta: Clay tiles in various colors, textures, shapes.
_Ceramic Veneer : Terra Cotta in Large Face dimensions , thin sections and glazed
finishes.
4. Gypsum Block: or Gypsum tile. From Gypsum Plaster , available in thicknesses 2 to 4and
standard Panels 12x 30.
_Used for Interior non-bearing partitions and fireproofing protection.
_Set with Gypsum Mortar on top of water resistant material.
5. Glass Block: Solid or Hollow
_Based on 4 Module
_Not Structural
_Limited in Area , Height and Length
10
6. Stone:
_Igneous: Granite
_Sedimentary: Limestone, Sandstone, Bluestone, Brownstone
_Metamorphic: Marble, Soapstone, Slate
7. Stone Forms:
_Rough
_Rubble Stone
_Dimension Stone
_Flagstone
_Stone Dust
_Monumental Stone
_Crushed Stone
8. Stone Masonry: Set with Portland cement masonry. Avoid moisture penetration.
_Rubble Masonry. Natural Stone
_Ashlar Masonry: Shaped and Smoothed
_Coursed: Horizontal Joints
_Un coursed or Random: No Horizontal Joints
_Bond Stone: Perpendicular to the wall face for tie
9. Mortar: To join units to each other, or their supporting members, while preventing moisture
penetration.
_Composed of Portland Cement, Lime (workability), sand and water.
_Masonry Cement or Mortar Cement may be used instead of Portland Cement.
_Types M or S: for masonry that is load bearing and / or exposed to the weather.
_Types N and O: lesser compressive strength is required.
10. Mortar Joints:
_Weathered
_V-Shaped
_Raked
_Round rodded
_Beaded
_Stripped
_Flush
_Troweled
_Squeezed or Extruded
11. Masonry Accessories:
_Strap anchors
_Dove tale anchors
_Cramp Anchors
_Pin
_Threaded Dowel
_Hangers
11
_Expansion Joints
_Water Stops
G. WOOD : 70 percent cellulose and 18 to 28 percent lignin, which is the adhesive imparting strength to the wood.
1. Terminology:
_Wood is the hard fibrous substance lying beneath the bark of trees.
_Lumber is wood that has been sawn into construction elements.
_Timber is lumber that is 5 or larger in its least dimension.
2. Classification:
_Softwood: Pine, Fir, Spruce,(evergreen). Used structurally for framing, sheathing, bracing.
_Hardwood: Maple, Oak, Sycamore (shed their leaves). Used for Flooring, Paneling, Interior
Trim, Furniture.
3. Characteristics:
_Available anywhere
_Lower cost that Concrete, Masonry, Steel structures.
_Timber structures resist fire better that unprotected steel.
4. Seasoning of Wood:
_Drying of Wood. Detailing shall allow for shrinkage or swelling.
_Air Drying: Takes several months and leaves 10% to 20% moisture.
_Kiln Drying: Takes a few days. Leaves 10% moisture.
5. Cutting and Sawing Lumber:
_Cut tangent to annual Rings: Plainsawed (hardwoods) and flat-grained or slash-grained
(softwoods).
_Radially to Rings: Quatersawed (hardwoods) and Edge-grained or Vertical-grained
(softwoods).
_Plainsawed: Grain is 0 to 45d to the wide face. Distinct grain pattern, shrinks and swells
more in width ,less in thickness and is less expensive.
_Quatersawed. Grain 45 to 90d to the wide face. Even grain pattern, shrinks and swells more
in thickness, less in width and more costly.
6. Wood Defects:
a. Natural defects : Those resulting from natural causes.
_Knot: Branch embedded in a tree and cut through in manufacture
_Check: Pitted area sometimes found in cedar and cypress
_Pitch Pocket : Opening between growth rings containing resin
_Shake: Lengthwise grain separation between or through growth rings
b. Manufacturing Defects: Those arising from the seasoning or processing of lumber.
_Check: Lengthwise grain separation caused by seasoning.
_Split: Lengthwise separation of wood extending from one face to another.
_Wane: Lack of wood on the edge or corner.
_Wrap: Shrinkage distortion of a plane surface; includes bow, crook, cup, and twist
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7. Grading Lumber: Lumber is graded for appearance or strength depending on its end use.
a. By Use
_ Yard Lumber
_Factory and Shop Lumber
b. By Size
_Boards: Graded for appearance. Used as siding, Subflooring and trim. Types: Select and
Common.
_Dimensions: Graded for Strength. Used for loading bearing members. Types by Size:
Joists, Planks, Light framing and Decking.
_Timbers: As dimensions. Types: Beams, Stringers, Posts and Timbers.
c. By Manufacturer:
_Rough: Visible saw marks.
_Dressed or surface lumber is planed smooth to uniform size.
_Worked lumber is dressed and tongue-and-grooved or shaped to a pattern.
d. Harwood Grades. Based on amount of clear, usable lumber in a piece.
_Standard Grades:
_First
_Seconds
_Selects
_Sound Wormy
_Numbers: 1, 2, 3a and 3b
e. Lumber Sizes: Nominal Dimensions: 2x4 (1 x 3 ). Measured, computed and priced in
Board Feet : 1x12x12
8. Plywood
a. Manufactured wood panel consisting of several thin wood veneer sheets permanently
bonded together with the grain of each ply perpendicular to the adjacent.
_Center ply: Core, outer plies. Face and Back .
_Odd number of Plies for flatness.
_4x8x5/16 to 1 1/8 .
_Used as wall and Roof sheathing, subflooring, underlayment and formwork.
_Joint Types: Butt, Vee, Shiplap, Batten, Metal Tee.
b. Classification:
_Interior: moisture resistant adhesive
_Exterior: waterproof adhesive
_Softwood: for construction
_Hardwood: decorative applications
_Grades : from A to D front and back
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9. Miscellaneous Panels
_ Hardboard
_Pre finished Hardboard. Used for exterior siding, soffits, interior walls, ceilings, cabinetry,
acoustical treatment.
_Fiber board. Acoustical tile, sheathing, interior wall finish.
_Flake board. Good acoustical properties and insulation values. Fragile.
_Particle board. Core of plastic laminate or hardwood veneer.
_Bead board. Insulating material
_Plastic Laminates or Formica. Counter tops, wall coverings and furniture.
10. Glue Laminated Lumber:
_Glulams are core weather resistant, consistent in size, appearance, and strength than
solid timber.
Appearance Grades:
a. Industrial
b. Architectural
c. Premium
Shapes:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Straight
Single Tapered Straight
Double Tapered Curved
Double Tapered Pitched
Doubled Tapered Straight
Curved and Pitched
14
_Types of Laminated wood frames and arches: Two-hinged arch, Three-hinged arch, Threehinged frame.
_Types of Truss Rafter Types: Pitched, Flat, Scissors , Sawtooth.
_Types of Wood Wall Framing: Platform Framing (one story studs), Balloon Framing (full
height studs, two stories).
13. Wood Joining:
a. By Location:
_Exterior
_Interior
b. By Connection:
_Lap
_Shoulder
_Rabbet
_Miter
_Shoulder Miter
_Quirk Miter
_T&G Miter
_Butt
_T&G
_Ship lap
_Spline
_Fillet
_V-joint
_Batten
_Squared Splice
_Splice
_Scarf
_Mortise & Tenon
_Dado
_Dovetail
_Open Joint
_Metal Joint
_Metal U Insert
_Open Joint with Filler
b. Nails:
_Common
_Box
_Finish
14. Finish Woodwork:
_Millwork. Shop-fabricated items that need to be protected by a primer or sealer.
_Wood Trim: To cover joints. Shapes: round, round, cove, bead, crown, casing, base.
15
_Wood Siding and Paneling. Better grades of wood used. Patterns: channels, board & batt,
t&g, shiplap, bevel, rabbeted bevel, vee joint t&g, Drop t&g.
H. METALS: come from the earth, usually as metallic ores, which are metal-bearing minerals rocks. There are a few metals, however,
that found in a purer state, such as gold, silver, and copper.
1. Characteristics:
_Luster
_Opaqueness
_Hardness
_Ability to conduct Heat
_ Ability to conduct Electricity
_Alloys: combination of pure metals (lead, copper, iron)with controlled quantities of
other substances.
_Ferrous: Contain a lot of Iron, stainless steel, galvanized iron.
_Non-Ferrous: Aluminum, Copper, Zinc
2. Deterioration: Galvanic action or electrolysis occurs when different metals are in
contact and depends on the amount of moisture present.
List of metals based on Galvanic activity:
Aluminum
Zinc
Iron and steel
Stainless steel
Tin
Lead
Brass
Copper
Bronze
Gold
3. Forming Metal:
_Process by which extracted metal is transformed into useful product that has a
finish shape.
_Cast: By pouring molten metal into a mold
_Wrought: By forcibly shaping solid metal to a required form.
4. Ferrous Metals:
_Iron: Most Abundant Metal
_Wrought Iron: Used for ornamental work, grilles, pipes, outdoor furniture.
_Cast Iron: Pipes, Plumbing Fixtures, Ornamental Work, Hardware, Special Castings
_Steel: Methods of making:
a. Open hearthprocess
16
Steel: is an alloy of iron that contains no more than 2 percent carbon. Structural steel contains about a quarter of 1
percent carbon, plus traces of various impurities.
_Heat-Treated Steel: reheated and cooled slowly, or annealed, for improved workability.
_Case-Harden Steel: steel with a hard, high carbon surface produced by a special process.
5. Non-Ferrous Metals:
_Aluminum: Light weight, good thermal and electrical conductivity and resistance to
corrosion. Used for framing, light weight structures, railings, grills, siding, curtain
walls, windows, doors, flashing, insulation, roofing, screening, hardware.
_Copper: Resistant to corrosion, electrical and thermal conductivity. Used for
electrical work, water distribution lines, roofing and flashing, and for screening
mesh.
_Brass: Resist Corrosion. Precise casting, finish hardware, plumbing, heating, ac
components and fittings.
_Bronze: Similar to brass
_Lead: Toxic, heavy, soft, weak. Corrosion resistant and workable. Used for
foundations and machinery. Rough hardware item, roofing and flashing.
_Zinc: Roof coverings, flashings and protective coatings for steel
_Monel: Roofing, flashing, countertops, sinks.
6. Metal Finishes:
_Anodizing: Metal Finish applied to aluminum
_Galvanizing: Most popular method. Zinc is applied by immersing the steel in a bath
of molten Zinc.
7. Use of Metals in Construction:
_Structural: reinforcing bars and mesh for concrete, and wire rope. Structural Framing Elements.
_Hollow Metal: doors, bucks, partitions, panels, windows, mullions, curtain walls, and panel systems that
incorporate other materials, such as glass, stone, plastic,
17
_Rolled Steel Section: Beam, Column w-shape. Beam s-shape, Channel s-shape,
Channel c-shape, L-shape, tee wt-shape, t st-shape, structural tubing, bars and
plates. Built-up steel sections.
_Cable and Tent Structures: Used to cover very large areas with thin sheet material.
_Space frames and Domes: Truss structural systems which span in two directions.
_Lightweight metal framing: Light guage steel members are used. Lightweight,
incombustible, impervious to decay, warpage, shrinkage and termites.
_Open Web Joists or Bar Joists: Shop Fabricated, Standard Lightweight Trussses.
_Metal Decking: Ribbed, corrugated, cellular or flat ribbed.
_Miscellaneous and Ornamental metal: Ferrous metal used for stairs, railings, fire
escapes, gratings, and fences. Shop drawings required. Non-Ferrous metal and
stainless steel are used for decorative grills , louvers, mesh and wire cloth, metal
treillage and flag poles.
I.
MOISTURE CONTROL:
1. Ground Water Control:
_Surface Water:ponds and other surface accumulations of water, caused by rain, thawing ice, or snow.
_Ground Water: Water contained in the voids and crevices under the earths surface which flows
slowly through aquifer (permeable material).
_Ground Water Table: level below which the earth is saturated with water.
_terms in order of water tightness:
a) Permeable:Capable of being penetrated by water without causing rupture or displacement.
b) Water-resistant: Having no openings larger than capillary pores that permit leakage of water.
c) Water-repellent: Incapable of transmitting water by capillary action, but able to transmit water under pressure.
d) Waterproof:Completely impervious to water, whether under pressure or not.
2. Damp proofing: Materials and Methods which prevent moisture from
penetrating a building at or below grade. Asphalt base coatings, cement
plaster and liquid silicones are used. Draining surface water from a building,
installing a polyethylene film vapor seal and footing drains.
3. Water proofing: Materials and Methods which prevent water under
hydrostatic pressure from penetrating those parts of a building which are in
direct contact with the earth.
_Membrane waterproofing: Several layers of asphalt-saturated felt hot
mopped together with tar or asphalt pitch.
_Waterstops create waterproof construction joints in walls and floors below
grade.
4. Precipitation Control: Roofing describes the materials used to waterproof the
exterior top surface of a structure. Climate affects its durability. Roofing
needs to be fire resistant. Type of roof and slope of roof are related factors:
_Bituminous and soldered or welded materials: 0:12 to 3:12.
_Asphalt roll roofing: 1:12 to 3.5 : 12
_Asphalt Strip Shingles: 3:12 to 4:12
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_All types of Shingles & Metals: 4:12 to 8:12
_Tile & Slate: 5:12 to 8:12
_ A SQUARE is the unit of measure used to express roof surface
_Roof Types; Shed , Gable, Intersecting Gables, Hip, Mansard, Gambrel,Flat
w/ Parapets, Sawtooth.
5. Roofing Materials:
_Asphalt. Built-up (plies), shingles and roll
_Wood. Shingles and Shakes
_Metal. Sheet, corrugated and strip
_Clay, cement and slate. Tiles. Types : Greek, Roman, Spanish, mission,
shingle, English.
_Glass and Plastic. Sheets (wire-reinforced glass and fiberglass reinforced
acrylic sheets are commonly used).
_Plastic. Liquid coatings
6. Condensation Control:
_Water Vapor moves from high to low pressure areas, usually from inside to
outside.
_Vapor Barriers: for Prevention, made from aluminum foil, various types of
sheet plastic or asphalt saturated felt.
_Vapor Barriers are installed on the warm side.
7. Thermal Control:
_Caulking and Weather Stripping (cracks and openings).
_Reflective or Insulated glass (windows).
_Thermal Insulation (wall and roof assemblies).
_Thermal Insulating Materials have thermal resistance R, thermal
conductivity K, reciprocal of R.
_Loose Fill:
Glass , mineral wool
4 thick = 3.90 R Value
_Batt or Blanket:
Glass, mineral wool
3 thick = 11.00 R value
_Board or Sheet:
Cork, Glass or fibers
1 thick = 2.75 R value
_Reflective:
Aluminum
1 air space = 1.39 R value
_Foam:
Plastics, spray type
1 panel = 6.00 R value
8. Flashing:
_Used to provide seal and prevent water penetration at joints exposed to the
weather, intersection of different materials and expansion or structural
integrity of structure.
_Provide every 125 in masonry walls, 200 in steel, concrete structures and
roofs. They are made waterproof with water stops, elastic joint sealants,
metal flashing or caulking.
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J.
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_Operating Devices: Knobs, Level handles, Pulls, Push Plates, Kick Plates, Escutcheons, etc.
Tactile finish on doors leading to hazard areas.
_Weather Stripping: To make exterior openings water tight. Interlocking or friction devices.
3. Windows: glazed openings constructed in a wall to admit light, air,
_Basic Types: Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Monumental.
_Elements: Head, Sill, Jamb, Top Rail, Bottom Rail, Stile, Muntin, Frame, Panes and Sash.
_Types: Casement , Sliding, Double Hung, Hopper, Awning, Austral, Pivoted, Folding,
Jalousie, Fixed.
_Wood: Inexpensive , durable, readily available.
_Aluminum: Possible for complex configurations ( extruded) , string , lite, durable.
_Steel: Hot rolled solid sections, or cold rolled strip steel.
_Stainless Steel: Corrosion resistant. 16 ga, 18 ga, 20 ga, 22 ga.
_Replaceable: To supersede or to be applied over an existing window.
_Screens: Wire mesh supported by rigid frames to exclude insects.
4. Door and Window Systems:
_Aluminum most common used Material
_Storefront: Metal framework sections and glass panels designed as a unit.
_Curtain Walls: Support no weight other than their own. Metal framework and glass, Plastic,
Metal or other surfacing panels. Must be waterproof, thermal and sound control, safe and
secure.
_Skylights: Types: Square, Rectangular, Pyramid, Circular Domes, Flat or Low Profile, Vent,
Continuous volt, Continuous Ridge. Frames: Aluminum, Galvanized Steel, Copper. Glazed:
glass block, wire glass, plastic panels. Must be water tight, safe have condensation drains.
5. Glass:
_Solid, super cooled ceramic material made from sand , soda lime. Stronger in compression
than in tension.
_Foamed or Cellular glass: Used as rigid thermal insulation, spun glass fibers for acoustical
and thermal insulation and textile manufacturing.
_Window Glass: Common type for small windows. AA , A and B (degree of distortion). SS
3/32 thick and DS 1/8 thick (strength) . Up to 35 sqft.
_Heavy Sheet Glass: Window glass available from 3/16 to 7/32 and larger areas.
_Plate Glass: Expensive, finest for windows
_Patterned Glass: Obscure vision & reduce light transmission. Available Tempered.
_Tempered Glass: Heat treated for increased resistance to impact stress. Stronger than plate
glass. May not be modified after manufactured( punctured).
_Insulating Glass: (Multi Glazing) Two or more sheets of glass separated by air space to
provide thermal insulation, acoustical control and an absence of condensation. May not be
altered after manufactured.
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_Heat Absorbing or Actinic Glass. Tinted to absorb solar radiation and transmits less solar
heat and glare into a building.
_Reflective Glass: Reflects Heat and Glare, transmits less heat and glare into building
_Laminated Glass: Plastic sheet between two glass layers. When glass breaks, plastic holds
it. Types: Safety (automobile, skylites), and bulletproof glass (banks, prisons).
_Wired Glass: High resistance to impact and remains intact after breakage. Good for fire
resistance and skylites.
_Butt Joint Glazing. No vertical mullions but a clear silicone sealant forms the joint.
6.
Plastic:
_Used to replace glass
_Acrylics, Polyester, Polyestrenes
_Fire Resistance, Slow Burning
_Not as hard as glass, not as durable under weather conditions
_Expands easily
_More expensive than glass, but more resistant to fire and breakage
7. Glazing:
_Process of placing glass in windows and making weather tight joint between glass and its
frame using compounds (made from rubber , vinyl) . Clearance must be allowed between
glass and frame to be surrounded by a watertight seal of glazing compound and allow for
thermal expansion or contraction.
K. FINISH WORK:
methods, materials, and treatments that comprise the interior and exterior finished surfaces of a building.
Interior finishes: include floor finishes, such as paving, planking, and carpeting;
Wall finishes: including paneling, veneering, and tiling.
Ceiling finishes: such as plastering, painting, and acoustical treatment.
Exterior finishes: consist of the entire outside surface of a building, including wall coverings,ornamentation, and protective coatings, such as
paint.
The selection of a finish material is determined by its characteristics:
1. Stone Veneer:
_Limestone, Granite, Sandstone, Marble Veneer slabs 1 thick.
_Rough, slightly textured, smooth, or polished.
_Attached to back-up materials with metal anchors and ties and 1 thick bed.
_Durable, permanent, relatively expensive.
2. Plaster work:
_Composed of Portland cement (exterior plaster or stucco) or gypsum and lime (interior
plaster), Aggregate ( sand, vermiculite, perlite) and water. Plaster is applied in two or three
coats over a base of masonry, metal lath or lathing board.
Types:
_Portland Cement or stucco (exterior).
_Gypsum Plaster (interior)
_Acoustic Plaster Acoustics for walls and ceilings
_Bonding Plaster Interior concrete walls and Ceilings
_Fire resistant Plaster: Resistance for steel or other materials
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_Keenes cement Plaster: Contains lime putty for hard, water-resistant finish
_Lightweight plaster: Contains vermiculite or perlite aggregates for fire resistance
_Veneer Plaster: Dense plaster thin coat over gypsum lath. Painted after 24 hours.
Bases:
_Concrete or Masonry Surfaces: must be rough and porous for good bonding
_Metal Lath: Sheet metal or wire fabric into which a based coat of plaster is keyed.Types:
Flat expanded (diamond mesh) , rib lath (flat rib or high rib) and woven wire mesh or lath.
_Lathing board: (plasterboard, gypsum lath or gyplath) composed of gypsum and water,
dried and sandwiched between two porous sheets of paper. 16x 48 , 3/8 or thick. Solid
sheets with reflective aluminum in one side for vapor and thermal control and Type X for fireresistive rating. Before plaster applied, trim shapes are set, square end casing bead , quarter
round casing bead, corner bead, bullnose corner bead, window tool, control joint base, base
screed.
_Before plaster is applied, trim shapes are set: Square End Casing Bead, Quarter round
Casing beading, Corner bead, Bullnose Corner Bead, Window stool, Control Joint Base, Base
Screed.
_Plaster should be 5/8 thick. Directly applied to wood or metal lath, over gypsum lath.
Exterior to 7/8.
_Plaster is applied in (3) coats:
(2) sand- (1) plaster
1/4 thick
a. Scratch
b. Brown
(3) sand -(1) plaster
1/4 thick
c. Finish
1 sand (1) plaster
1/8 thick
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_Thin Block Flooring: Squared or tongue and grooved edges. Fastened by nailing od
adhesive.
_Solid Block Flooring: Treated with creosote against moisture and decay. Set in a coating of
bituminous material. Heavy Duty and Durable.
_Mortar Set Flooring: Includes any masonry material set and utilized as finish floor surface.
Brick, Slate and Stone (Limestone, Sandstone, Granite, Marble) flooring.
_Poured-in-place Flooring: Concrete, Terrazzo, Magnesite, Elastometric, Rubberized Plastic,
Paint type floors.
_Resilient Flooring: Tiles, durable, nonabsorbent, comfortable, easily maintained. Laid over
smooth wood or concrete subfloors with mastic elements. Vinyl, Asphalt, Linoleum, Rubber,
Cork.
_Carpeting: Set Directly on concrete slab or plywood sub-floor.
a. By Material:
_Acrylic Fibers
_Nylon
_Polyster
_Wool
b. By Method of Manufacture:
_Tufting
_Weaving
_Needle Punching
c. By Texture:
_Low Pile
_High Pile
7. Acoustical Work:
a. Acoustical Tiles:
_From perforated, textured or pattern wood
_Mineral or glass fibers
_Light weight
_Square, Beveled, Rabbeted, t&g Edges
b. Acoustical Panels: Perforated steel, Aluminum, Fiberboard or Hardboard backed with a
sound absorbing batt and blanket.
c. Wet Material: Acoustical plaster and mineral fiber products. Suited for irregular surfaces,
quickly installed and effective.
d. Vibration Control: Concrete, solid concrete blocks or lead used to control vibration.
8. Painting:
a. Components
_Paint: Protective coat that combines a pigment and a vehicle
_Pigments: Finely ground solids held in suspension by a vehicle. Color, hiding powder and
opacity.
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_Vehicles: Liquid portion of a paint mixture, binder that forms the paint film, driers to speed
up formation of the film, and solvents and thinners which control consistency and aid in
drying.
_Types: By Location, By Material where applied, by their Finish, by their Unique
characteristics.
b. Pigmented Coatings: White pigments to which color is added and a vehicle.
_Enamels: Pigmented paints that used varnish as the vehicle. Resistant to weathering.
_Baked Enamels. Factory applied between 200 to 300 degrees , durable, washable, resistant
to wild chemicals.
c. Clear Coatings: Used to protect surface without obscuring them.
_ Varnish: Used a clear coating and as a vehicle for pigmented paints
_Lacquer: Tough and thin but not as durable as varnish.
_Shellac: Used as clear finish for wood work, seal knots, and pitch stains.
_Sealers: Used to prepare a surface for its final finish
_Stains: Not strictly a clear coating, it wont obscure the natural grain of wood
d. Bituminous Coatings: Made from coal Tar and Asphalt
_Coal Tar Pitch: Used to protect metal and applied by dipping. Waterproof agents
_Asphalt: Used for damproofing and waterproofing work
e. Miscellaneous Coatings:
_Cement Mortar: Used for damproofing masonry surfaces and for steel protection.
_Fire-Resistance and Intumescent Paints: Unable to support combustion. Stop heat transfer.
_Rust Preventive Paint: Rust inhibitive qualities , low permeability to corrosive and low
absorption.
_Antibacterial and Insecticidal Paints
_Organic Coatings: Plastics, rubber, other synthetics for durability and resistance to weather
/ wear
_Epoxy Coatings: Resistant to chemicals, moisture and stains
f. Paint Application: Surfaces must be clean, dry and free of all corrosion , grease or defects.
Paint to be applied between 550 and 850 F.
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L. VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION: systems used to move people and materials vertically.
a. Stairs
_Stairs: 36 to 44 wide Rise Max. 7 and Tread min. 11
17 to 17.5 inches
_ Riser + Tread =
_Riser x Tread=
70 to 75 inches 2
_2 Risers + Tread=
24 to 25 in.
_Landings should be as long as the stair width, vertical distance between landing should not
exceed 12-0 and headroom clearance shouldnt be less than 6-8.
_Fire Stair. For emergency exit. Enclosed w/ fire resistive walls and equipped with complete fire
assemblies.
_Monumental Stairs: Handrails required if width is over 88. Rarely permitted.
_Residential Stairs: Could be narrower. Winders and spiral stairs are accepted.
b. Ramps
_ Wide as corridors leading to them.
_Handicapped are 36 wide min. , max. 30 rise & landings must be at least 5-0 long.
_Handrail required if ramp > 6-0 long or rise > 6
_1:20 (5%) or less, not considered a ramp.
_1:15 (6.7%) or more, required handrail.
_1:12 (8.3%) max. slope permitted for handicap
_1:8 (12.5%)max. slope permitted by building code
c. Ladders:
_Used to access roofs or in service areas. Min. 18 wide, rungs spaces 12 and installed 6 from
wall.
d. Elevators: movable enclosures that provide vertical transportation for people and freight.
_Hydraulic Elevators: Pushed by a Rod. Platform sits over a plunger that extends as far into the
ground as it rises. Used for low rise buildings, five stories max. with speeds between 25 and 150
feet per minute. Cost less than electric. They do not require overhead machinery or penthouse.
_Electric Elevators: Pulled up by cables. Used in 50-foot buildings or higher. 1800 feet per
minute. Traction transmits lifting power to cables that run over grooves in the machine driven
sheaves. The traction machine, which moves the elevator, could be geared (low speed
applications) or gearless (high speed applications).
_Roping: Traction machines are classified as single-wrap (cables pass only once over the sheave)
or double wrap (for additional traction , high speed).
_Safety Features:
Brake: mounted on the motor shaft , is self applying and will stop at power failure.
Governor measures the speed by actuating the safety rail clamp.
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Car Bumpers : located at the bottom of the shaft stop car.
Safety Edges : consist of a lip that encounters a person, package, etc,door will reopen and
prevent the elevator form moving.
Electric Eye : prevents door from pinching passengers or objects.
Interlocks and leveling devices : prevent the door to open before or after the elevator is leveled.
_Capacity and Speed : 1.6 x Rise (in feet) + 350 = Rated Elevator Speed
_Operating Systems:
Single Automated Operation: Car responds to first button pressed.
Collective Operating Systems: Calls may be stored.
Selective-Collective Systems: Answers calls in the direction of travel
Fully Automated Systems:
Tall office buildings, service can be adjusted for varying traffic
conditions.
_Architectural Considerations:
1. Location: Alcove off main corridor, size and number of elevators, depend on number of floors,
population, function, volume of traffic, capacity and speed of elevator.
2. Time Intervals: Between elevators, should be 20 to 30 seconds.
3. Doors: should be 3-6 wide to allow two people in at the same time ( single speed opening,
two speed opening, single speed center opening and two speed center opening).
e. Freight Elevators: Used to transport equipment, materials and goods rather than passengers.
Hydraulic elevators are appropriate for low-rise buildings, and electric elevators are more
economical if lift exceeds 50-0. Speeds from 75 to 200 fpm.
_Class A General freight
_Class B Motor Vehicle Garage Elavator
_Class C Industrial Truck Loading
_Service Elevators:
Modified passenger elevator for oversize loads.
_Sidewalk Elevators: Rise to an upper level by opening hatch on ground floor.
_Dumbwaiters:
Small elevators 9 sqft. x 4-0 high for materials and supplies.
_Escalators:
Move large number of people from floor to floor quickly, safely and at low
cost. Made up of custom-built steel trusses and endless belt and synchronized handrail.
Standard widths 32 to 48. Travel: 120 fpm
_Moving Ramps:
Continuous treads instead of steps. Inclined 150 , and when flat are called
moving sidewalks. 40 wide. 140 to 180 fpm.
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8. Brick:
_Brick Bonding: strengthening of masonry wall by interlocking individual
bricks. Wall acts as single unit.
_Brick Courses:
12. Concrete
_Forms Cast-In-Place Concrete Removal: 1.Wall and Beams Sides
2. Columns 3. Supported Slabs 4. Beams.
_Forms Wall and Beam Sides , to be removed first (one day after pour) ,
since they support no load.
_ Column Forms to be removed four days after pour; forms support no
load.
_Slab Forms support weight of slabs. Remove at least 7 days after
pouring.
_Beam Forms: remove after 15 Days
_Floor Forms: remove after 28 Days.
_Form Ties: required to keep forms from spreading under fluid pressure
of newly placed concrete.
_Snap Ties: Snap off below concrete surface after stripping forms.
_She Bolts: Waler Rods
_ Minimum Cover for reinforcement concrete not exposed to ground
or weather.
_ 1 Minimum Cover when concrete exposed to earth or weather.
_2 Minimum for # 6 Bars and larger.
13. Pre and Post Tension Concrete:
_Reinforced by Pre tensioning or Post tensioning high strength steel
tendons within elastic limit to actively resist service load.
_Tensile Stresses in Tendons are transferred to concrete, placing entire
cross section of flexural member in compression.
_Resulting compressive stresses counteract the tensile bending stresses
from applied load, enabling pre stressed member to deflect less, carry a
greater load, or span a greater distance than a conventionally reinforced
member of same size , proportion, weight.
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11
_Integrated Ceiling Systems incorporate acoustical, lighting, airhandling components into a unified hole.
_Suspension Systems, 60x 60 grid , support either Flat or Coffered
Acoustical Panels.
_Main Runners: principal supporting members of suspended ceiling
system, consisting of Sheet-Metal Tees, Channels, suspended by hanger
wires from overhead structure.
_Cross Tees: Secondary Supporting Members , usually consisting of
Sheet-Metal Tees Carried by Main Runners.
21. Environmental Impact / Green Architecture:
_Sustainability is the objective:
_Select products that are durable and energy efficient. Durable and Energy Efficient
_Use recyclable materials using fastners instead of adhesive. Use Fasteners
_Use products containing recycled content. Use Recycled Products
_Select easily maintainable materials. Use easliy maintainable Materials
_Use locally produced materials minimizing environmental impact of
transpotation. Use Locally Produced Materials
_Use appropriate materials to maximize efficiency. Use Appropriate Materials
_Minimize use hazardous natural and synthetic chemicals .Minimize Chemicals
_Embodied Energy: Result of energy expended by machinery during
construction or energy required to produce and transport building
materials. Energy Expended for Construction
_Embodied Energy: amount of energy that building will consume over a
period of several years. Energy that a Building will consume over time
22. Nail Types and Techniques: Fasteners
_ Nails are ordinarily made of uncoated steel.
_Exposed to Weather Steel: Corrosion resistant type, Hot-dipped
Galvanized, Aluminum, Stainless Steel.
_Zinc Coating on electro Galvanized nails is very thin and often damaged
during driving.
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25. Sound Transmission Class (STC) and Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC):
_ Sound Transmission Class: Rating for evolution of particular
construction cross-section in transmission of airborne sound.
_Noise Reduction Coefficient: Difference in sound pressure level
between two spaces considered.
26. Catch Basin: Receptacles for runoff of surface water. They have basin or
sump that retains heavy sediments before it passes to underground
drainpipe.
27. Daylighting:
_Use of natural light to minimize need artificial lighting during daytime
hours.
_Intent: Maximize controlled use of natural lighting to satisfy buldlings
ambient lighting requirements, and reduce reliance on traditional
electric lighting.
_Reduction of electrical lighting energy demand.
_Properly Designed day lighting System Heating costs (winter) and
Cooling Loads (summer).
a.Goals:
_Allow light to enter as far as possible into building.
_Minimize undesirable effects of light, direct glare, excessive brightness,
veiling reflections.
_Diffuse light as much as possible
_Exploit the dramatic, aesthetic potential of sunlight in areas where
visual tasks are not critical.
b. Design Strategies:
_Optimize building orientation and form.
_Maximize reflectance of light by using light-colored finishes. Ceiling
should have highest reflectance, followed by back wall, side walls, floor.
_Optimize window placement and placement of top lighting: Skylights,
Monitors, Clerestory Windows, Translucent Panels.
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28. Masterformat :
_System developed by Construction Specification Institute (CSI) for
coordinating specifications, filing technical data, product literature,
construction cost accounting, organizing construction bids.
PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS GROUP:
Division 00 Procurement and Contracting Requirements
SPECIFICATIONS GROUP
General Requirements Subgroup
Division 01 General Requirements
Facility Construction Subgroup
Division 02 Existing Conditions
Division 03 Concrete
Division 04 Masonry
Division 05 Metals
Division 06 Wood, Plastics, and Composites
Division 07 Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 08 Openings
Division 09 Finishes
Division 10 Specialties
Division 11 Equipment
Division 12 Furnishings
Division 13 Special Construction
Division 14 Conveying Equipment
Division 15 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 16 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Facility Services Subgroup:
Division 20 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 21 Fire Suppression
Division 22 Plumbing
Division 23 Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Division 24 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 25 Integrated Automation
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Division 26 Electrical
Division 27 Communications
Division 28 Electronic Safety and Security
Division 29 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Site and Infrastructure Subgroup:
Division 30 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 31 Earthwork
Division 32 Exterior Improvements
Division 33 Utilities
Division 34 Transportation
Division 35 Waterway and Marine
Division 36 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 37 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 38 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 39 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Process Equipment Subgroup:
Division 40 Process Integration
Division 41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment
Division 42 Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment
Division 43 Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and
Storage Equipment
Division 44 Pollution Control Equipment
Division 45 Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment
Division 46 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 47 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 48 Electrical Power Generation
Division 49 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
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29. Galvanic Action Series: (each metal can be corroded by all that follow
it):
_Alluminum (or Zinc)
_Zinc (or Alluminum)
_Iron and Steel
_Stainless Steel
_Tin
_Lead
_Brass
_Copper Alloys
_Copper
_Bronz
_Gold
30. Plywood: Manufactured wood panel consisting of several thin wood veneer sheets bonded together.
_Interior, Exterior: Dependent on type of adhesive. Exterior made
with waterproof phenolic resine.
_Softwood or Hardwood: Dependent on species of veneer used.
_Grade: Based on Face veneers. A (best) B,C,D, (lowest quality).
_Span Rating: Measure of Strength and Stiffness parallel to face
grain.
_Construction or Decorative: Dependant upon use of product.
_Typical Plywood Sheet: 4x8
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35.Paints:
_ Paint: mixture of solid pigments suspended in liquid vehicle, applied as
thin, opaque coating to a surface for protection and decoration.
_Primers: Base coats applied to a surface to improve adhesion of
subsequent coats of paint or varnish.
_Sealers: Basecoats applied to surface to reduce absorption of
subsequent coats of paint or varnish, prevent bleeding through finish
coat.
_Oil Paints: Use drying oil that oxides and hardens to form a tough
elastic film when exposed in thin layer to air.
_Alkyd Paints: Have as binder Alkyd resin, chemically modified Soy or
Linseed Oil.
_Latex Paints: Binder is Acrylic Resin, coalesces as water evaporates
from emulsion.
_Epoxy Paints: Epoxy Resin as Binder for increased resistance to abrasion
corrosion, chemicals.
_Rust Inhibiting paints and primers: specially formulated with
anticorrosive pigments to prevent or reduce corrosion of metal surfaces.
_Fire-retardant paints : formulated silicone , polyvinyl chloride , to resist
flame spread of combustible material.
_Intumescent Coatings: when exposed to heat of Fire, swell to form thick
insulating layer of inert foam retarding flame spread and combustion.
_Heat-resistant paints: formulated with silicone resins to withstand high
temperatures.
36. Defenitions:
_ Cofferdam: Watertight, temporary structure placed under water and
pumped dry to allow construction work to be performed. Materials
reusable.
_Crazing: Fine cracks due (by heat exposure) to shrinkage on surface of
newly finished concrete, plaster, ceramic, paint, other material.
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4 DESIGN SINTESI IV
1. Site Work: placement of products, materials, utilities and accessories that go into the land around Building Site.
_Demolition
_Clearing of Land
_Earth installation of Piles and Cassions _Paving
a. Soils: All Site Work depend on Nature of Soil.SOIL : term used to describe the mater that supports a building.
_Sand: Particles 0.002 in size.
_Gravel: Particles 14 in size.
_Sands and Gravels, very good base for Building foundations. They provide good
drainage because of voids in individual particles.
_Fine Grain Sedimentary soil: composed of material smaller than sand but larger
than clay.
_Silts : Gran Materials slightly plastic in behavior.
_Clays: Unpredictable. Must be mixed with other soils.
_Hardpan: Unbroken mixture of Clay, Sand, Gravel. Good Base for Building
Foundation.
_Shale and Slate: Soft rocks with fine texture. Group with second highest bearing
capacity.
_Boulders: Rocks broken off of bedrock.
_Bedrock: Solid Rock that forms earths crust. Highest bearing capacity of all soil
types.
b. Soil Tests
_Prior to Design and Construction, exact nature of soil must be determined.
_Soil Tests: for the determination of Bearing Capacity, Water Table Level,
Porosity.
_Porosity is important if land is to be used for private sewage disposal systems.
_Core Boring: (Bearing Capacity) undisturbed soil samples are removed and
recorded in a boring log.
_Standard Penetration Test: (SPT) measure density of granular soils and
consistency of some clays. Test bearing capacity, resistance to lateral pressure,
slope stability, compressibiltiy, grain size, specific gravity, density.
1. Size of Building
2. Subsurface geological conditions
3. Code requirements
_Minimum (4) Boring is taken, one on each corner of proposed building.
_Test Pits: Second common type of subsurface exploration. Trenches dug at job
site (approx. 10 ft deep) for inspection of soil strata and direct collection of
undisturbed samples.
_Soil test requested by Architect, paid by owner.
_Soil Tests not part of Contract Documents.
_Auger Tests: Use of standard auger bit to raise soil samples. Auger cannot
penetrate bedrock or hardpan soil.
_Wash Borings: 2 to 4 diameter pipe through which water jet is maintained to
force soil material.
_Dry Sample Boring: Extract material by driving pipe with split sample pipe on
leading edge about 5 the soil.
_Soil Load Tests: Build platform on site. Place incremental loads on it. Observe
amount of settlement during given time periods, until settlement becomes
regular after repeated loading. Design = Test Load.
_Soil Tests:
a. Grain Size and Shape: determine shear strength of soil, permeability, Frost
action, Compaction Ability.
b. Liquid and Plastic Limits: Gives compaction values for cohesive soil.
c. Specific Gravity: Determines Void Ratio, which determines Compressibility of
Soils.
d. Unconfined Compression: Shear strength for cohesive soil, is measured from
this value.
c. Water Content: Determines Compressibility and Compaction Values for
Cohesive Soil
c. Soil Types: Classified according to the United Soils Classification System.
System divides Soils into Major Divisions and Subdivisions base on Grain Size and
Laboratory Tests of Physical Characteristics and provides standardized names
and symbols.
_Bearing Capacities: Specified by Building Code , based on soil type.
_Water in Soil: Can cause problems for foundations and Site. Water reduces
bearing capacity of soil in general. Differential Settlements may occur, Structural
Failure , Heaving, settling of Paving.
h. Subsurface Drainage:
_Water below ground can reduce load-carrying of soil , cause differential
settlement, leak into building.
_Water Table: Level below which soil is saturated with groundwater. If any part
of structure is below this level, it is subject to hydrostatic pressure, putting
additional loads on structural elements of foundation and making waterproofing
more difficult.
_Slope: Slope grade around building / 1 ft.
_Perforated Drain Tiles : Below Grade, laid around footings min. 6 below floor
slab. French Drain.
_Large Gravel :Place below slab to relieve pressure against floor slab.
i. Surface Water Drainage:
_Slope Land around building
_Modify Finish Contours
_Drain Inlet: Allows storm water to run directly into storm sewer.
j. Site Improvements: Items not connected to building
_Parking Areas
_Walks:
_Paving:
_Landscaping
_Sprinkler Systems
_Outdoor Lighting
_Fences
_Retaining Walls
2. Concrete :
_Most versatile basic building material. Durable, Strong, Weather Resistant.
Requires knowledge of: Formwork, Reinforcing, Placing, Curing, Testing,
Finishing. Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process
known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually
creating a stone-like material.
a. History of Concrete:
_Discovered by the Romans 3rd Century B.C. : Pozzolana
_1700 John Smeaton: Mortar
_1824 John Aspdin: Portland Cement , first Hydraulic Cement capable of setting
under water.
_Robert Maillart: Swiss engineer: developed three-hinged arch, deck-stifened
arch, Mushroom Slab.
b. Formwork:
_Boards , ties, bracing required to construct the mold in which wet concrete is
placed.
c. Concrete Reinforcement: Concrete is strong in compression, weak in tension.
_ Reinforcement is required to resist tensile stresses in beams, slabs, and
columns.
_Deformed Bars : Reinforcing Bars (Rebars) diameters: 3/8 to 2 with
increments. Also 1 to 2 .
Bars are deformed to provide mechanical interlock of the two materials.
Rebars come in two common grades: Grade 40 and Grade 60. Grades 50 and 75
are also available. These numbers refer to yield strengths in Kips per square inch.
Rebars are classified as Axle, Rail, Billet (most common).
Minimum Clearances between steel and exposed face of concrete:
1. Surfaces not directly exposed to weather or ground
Slabs and Walls: Beams and Columns: 1
2. Surfaces exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
n. 5 bars and smaller 1 larger than n. 5 Bars: 2
3. Concrete poured directly on ground: 3
c. Concrete Materials:
_Concrete: Combination of Cement, Fine course aggregates, water mixed in
proper proportions , allowed to cure to form a hard , durable material.
_Admixtures: Impart particular qualities to mix.
_Strength of Concrete: Depends on materials and their proportions.
_Portland Cement: Binding agent in concrete. Made from Lime, Silica, Iron Oxide,
Alumina.
_Cement: Chemically interacts with water to form a past that binds other
aggregates together in a solid mass. Cement is supplied in 94 lbs sack.
d. Cement Types:
_ Type I: Standard Cement, or Normal Cement, used for most general
construction.
_Type II: Modified Cement , used where modest amount of sulfate resistance is
needed and Heat of Hydration needs to be controlled, Dams, massive
construction.
_Type III: High early strength cement, used where quick setting is needed. Has
higher heat of hydration, suitable for cold weather concreting.
_Type IV: Low Heat Cement, very slow setting, minimize cracking.
_Type V: Sulfate-resistant cement, used for alkaline content exposure.
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
Form Liner: Concrete shaped with liners of plastic, wood, metal. Parallel
rib liners very common.
Scrubbed: Surface of Concrete wetted and scrubbed with wire or fiber
brush remove some surface mortar and expose coarse aggregate.
Acid Wash: Surface of Concrete wetted with muriatic acid to expose and
bring out full color of aggregate.
Water Jet: A high-pressure Water Jet mixed with air used to remove
some mortar and expose aggregate.
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_Brick Construction:
_Single-Width Wall: One layer of Brick loadbearing or nonloadbearing wall. For
solid unreinforced wall, max. ratio of unsupported height or length thickness
cannot exceed 20:1 for solid wall, and 18:1 for hollow masonry wall.
_Cavity wall: Two widths of Brick separated by air space.Two sections must be
tied together by galvanized metal ties placed at 16 o.c. vertically.
_Reinforced Grouted Wall : (2) Widths of Brick, with cavity containing vertical
and horizontal reinforcing bars, completely filled with grout. Carry heavier loads,
have higher unsupported heights, better able to resist lateral loads.
_Veneer Walls: Single width of brick attached to other construction .For
decorative and waterproofing purposes.
_Watertightness: Brick and Mortar must be properly selected climate conditions
and loading.
_Brick Joints: Tooled correctly to shed water and prevent expansion.
_Control Joints: To be located correctly to allow wall to move without opening up
cracks.
_Flashing: To prevent water from penetrating, and to allow water that entered
to flow out.
_Top of Walls and Parapets: To be flashed and capped with coping, extended
beyond face of wall. Include drips to allow water to drain off. Slope of Coping is
called Wash.
_Base Flashing: Installed at bottom of exterior width, extended up 8 to 10 and
set in masonry joint in interior width.
_Weep Holes: Locate 24o.c. horizontally, in lowest course of brick, to allow
water to drip out.
_Openings: 1) steel lintels. 2) Arch , traditional method. 3) Reinforced Concrete
beam. 4) Fully grouted and reinforced concrete unit masonry bond beam.
_Arch actions over Openings: Lintel only carries weight of wall above opening in
triangular area defined by 600 Angle from each side of opening.
_Efflorescence : White , Crystalline deposit of water-soluble salts on surface of
brick masonry. Usually not harmful to brick. To avoid efflorescence, form tight
joints, detail wall to prevent water penetration. Remove efflorescence by dry
brushing, wash with 5% solution muriatic acid.
_Cleaning and Restoration: At completion of job, brick should be cleaned with
mild 5% to 10% solution of muriatic acid in water and then washed off with clean
water.
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_Brick Restoration: Replace damaged units with new bricks that possibly match
existing. Mortar can be replaced with Tuck Pointing or Repointing process.
1)Remove existing mortar 2 times depth of Joint. 2) Clean joint withwetted
Water. 3) Press new mortar into joint with Tuck Pointing Tool.
_Brick Cleaning:
1) Hi-pressure Water Washing
2) Brush scrubbing
3) Acid Solutions
4) Abrasive Cleaning: Sand Blast.
4. Other Unit Masonry: Building products assembled with mortar. Block, Clay Tiles,
Ceramic Veneer, Stone , Terra Cotta, Gypsum Block, Glass Block.
a. Concrete Block: Concrete Masonry Unit CMU. Manufactured with Cement ,
Water, Aggregates, Expanded Slate, Shale, Pumice, Limestone Cinders.
b. CMU classified as : Hollow-Load Bearing, Solid Load-Bearing, HollowNonloadbearing, Solid Nonloadbearing. Solid Units: cross section >75% solid.
Hollow Units: cross section < 75% hollow.
c. CMU dimensions: Width x Height x Length nominal Dimensions. Actual
Dimensions 3/8 less than actual dimensions.
d. Concrete Block Walls: Single or Double wythe. Cores allow walls to be
reinforced and grouted if additional strength is required for vertical or lateral
load bearing. Horizontal Reinforcement is required every 16 o.c.
e. Equivalent Thickness: Solid thickness obtained if same amount of concrete
contained in hollow unit cast without core holes.
_Equivalent thickness of 8 thick concrete wall that is 60% solid:
7 5/8(7.64)x(0.6) = 4.58
f. Fire Rating: Value and type Manufacturing Materials. Building Code gives
required equivalent thicknesses various
g. Concrete Block and Brick wall Detailing: Important to prevent cracking,
leaking, structural instability. Expansion Joints and Control joints to be provided.
Horizontal joint reinforcing should be installed. Connection of other materials to
Masonry to be well detailed in order to maintain water tightness.
_Height of Parapet max. = (3) nominal thickness of wall.
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_Metal Coping: Keeps water out of wall. Sloped towards roof minimize amount of
water dripping on side of building.
5. Structural Clay Tile: From Burned Clay. Formed into hollow units with Parallel
Cells. Available in Bearing and Non-Bearing.
_Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile: Finish consisting of ceramic glaze fused to
body above 15000.
_Grades of Glazed Structural Tile: S Grade: (select) Used with narrow mortar
joints. SS Grade: (select sized) for small face dimension variations. Structural Clay
Tile types: Side Construction and End Construction.
6. Terra Cotta: High-Fired Clay Unit for Cladding and Decorative purpose. Made
from enriched clay materials and fired at high temperature. Used in Historic
Preservation.
_Bisque: Base Unit without Glaze.
_Manufacturing: Machine Extrusion, Molding, Hand Carving for ornate work.
_Max weight by Code: 15 lb/sqft
_Anchored Terracotta: Attached with (8 Gage Wire) and Full Grout Backing.
Anchors at least 1 Thick.
7. Gypsum Block: Or Tile , Solid or Cored units cast of gypsum plaster , used for non
load bearing partitions, or for fire protection of structural elements. Thicknesses :
1 to 6. Standard Dimensions 12 High 30 Long.
8. Glass Block: Solid, Hollow Unit, Clear, Textured or Patterned Face. Inside Block,
under partial vacuum improving thermal insulation properties of material.
_Generally used for interiors and also for flooring. Very low fire rating. UL rates
60 to 90 minute in openings 100 sqft. if no dimension is greater that 10 ft.
_Glass Block manufactured in nominal thickness 4 and faces sizes: 6x6, 8x8,
12x12, 4x8. Standard thicknesses: 3 1/8and 3 7/8. Thinner blocks used for interior
partitions.
_Glass Blocks available in clear, textured, patterned faces. Special blocks for 900
angles, end caps, curves.
_Laid in Stacks with joints aligned with type S or N mortar and Horizontal or N
mortar and horizontal and Vertical reinforcement in Joints.
_Intermediate Stiffeners: required when glass block partitions exceed maximum
size allowed by code.
_Glass Blocks are not load bearing: Exterior panels limited to 144 sqft, 15 ft in
each direction. Interior partitons limited to 250 sqft, 25 ft in each direction.
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9. Cast Stone: Precast concrete building product, made to late natural stone.
Mixture Portland cement, light aggregates. Used to substitute for Stone, and
architectural elements.
10. Stone: Construction Material made from naturally occurring rock .(Small quarried
pieces of rock).
_Rock: Solid and unconsolidated material in earths crust.
_Rock Classification:
a) Igneous Rock: Formed from solidification of molten rock. Granite is a type of
Igneous Rock.
b) Sedimentary Rock: Consolidated products of Rock Disintegration, sea shells,
clays, silts.
c) Metamorphic Rock: Igneous or Sedimentary altered pressure or intrusion of
molten rock or other liquids over a long period of time. Marble, Slate.
_Types of Stone Construction: Thin Slabs for interior and Exterior Finishes,
Flooring, Counter tops, Stair Treads, Trim Pieces.
_Common Stones used in Construction:
a) Granite
b) Marble
c) Limestone
d) Slate
e) Sandstone
_Stone Coursing: Classified by the way it is shaped.
a) Rubble: Little or no shaping.
b) Squared Stone: Slightly Shaped Edges
c) Ashlar: Highly shaped Stone.
d) Range masonry: arranges stones in uniform courses for the entire length of
the wall.
e) Broken Range Masonry: Stone coursed at for short distances.
f) Random Masonry: Devoid of Coursing.
g) Veneer Stone: Thin sheets to 1 thick . placed over structural support
system.
_Stone Construction:
a) Dimension Stone: steps, trim, coping, belt course
b) Anchorage of stone veneer to backup wall.
c) Common Methods of Anchoring and Forming Corner Joints. Space between
back of stone and structural wall is filled with plaster of Paris. Joints of stone to
by filled with non staining Portland cement mortar.
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11. METALS
11.1 Metals : Most Versatile of all Construction Materials.
11.2. History of Metals:
_3000 AD: C opper produced by melting ores.
_1000 BC: Bronze Age (Copper +Tin)
_1200 BC: Discovery of Iron Smelting.
_1300 : Cast Iron was available in Europe
_1463: Filippo Brunelleschi: Used Iron chains to prevent Cathedral of
Florence from Spreading.
_1585: Michelangelo Buonarroti , same purpose for Saint Peters
Church in Rome.
_1664: Cast Pipes used to supply water
_1709: Abraham Darby introduced use of Coke for smelting metal.
_1876: Iron used for roof structures in France. Substitute Coke with
Charcoal , eliminating impurities made Iron stonger and higher in
Quality.
_1779: Abraham Darby III made first major use of cast Iron Structural
Elements for bridge over Severn River, in Coalbrookdale, England.
_1800: Cast Iron Columns used in interior spaces.
_1800-1850: Notable Buildings
_1818: Royal Pavilion at Brighton by John Nash
_1833: Greenhouse of the Botanical Gardens in Paris by Rouhault.
_1843: Library of Saint Genevieve in Paris by Henri Lebrouste.
_1848: James Bogardus constructed a five-story factory in New York
_1851: Crystal Palace in London by Joseph Paxton. Huge building
constructed with prefabricated Parts and Plate Glass.
_1856: Henry Bessemer developed the Bessemer Process for making
steel inexpessively.
_1868: Open Hearth Process short time of production, allowing scrap
Iron to be used in lager quatities.
_1889: Eiffel Tower in Paris by Gustave Eiffel.
_1850-1885: Cast Iron Age in USA.
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4x14
6x6
6x8
6x10
3 x 13
5 x 5
5 x 7
5 x 9
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8. Fasteners:
_Nails: Most common used connectors in light frame construction.
a. Wire Nails: six penny ( 6d) to 60 penny (60d).
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_Rift Slicing: Quartering log (Flitch) and cutting 150 angle to growth
rings.
15.3 Joinery Details: Joints are used woodwork construction to
increase strength of joint and improve appearance eliminating
mechanical fasteners.
15.4 Cabinet Work: Built in shop as complete assemblies, and simply
set in place attached to surrounding construction at job site.
_Countertop: Scribe Piece: Oversized piece of Plastic laminated or
wood , trimmed in field to follow any minor irregularities of wall.
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positioned with low edge slightly above top of roof to provide second
means of drainage should primary become clogged.
_Triangular Cant Strips: placed at intersection of roof and any
vertical surface.
_Pitch Pan: Small Metal Enclosure around projection of objects ,
making them water proof.
_Single Ply Roofing: Single Membrane layer roofing of various
material. Fewer installation problems. More resistant to slight
building movements.
a) Modified Bitumens: 50 mils sheets, composed of Bitumen. Sheets
laid over insulation with separator sheet between deck and
membrane. Allow roof to move independently of structure . Gravel
blast applied to surface to protect membrane from ultraviolet
degeradation.
b) Thermoset plastics: Permanently Harden when subjected to heat
and then cured. Permanently lose their shape if heated again.
1. EPDM: Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer : 0.045 and 0.06
(1.1mm, 1.5mm) . Available in Black only.
2. CSPE: Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Roofing: Hypalon. Available in
White.
c) Thermoplastics: Those that can be repeatedly softened with heat ,
then hardened again when cooled.
1. PVC : Polyvinyl Chloride Roofing manufactured in thicknesses
0.048, 0.060, 0.072 ( 1.2mm, 1.5mm, 1.8mm) . Available in white.
2. TPO: Thermoplastic Polyolefin: Roofing made with blend of
Polypropylene and Ethylene Propylene. Reinforcements: Polyester
fibers. Required where roof is fully attached and adhered.
_Heat Island Effect: Unnatural buildup of heat around buildings.
16.12 Elastic Liquid Roofing: Butyl, Neoprene, Hypalon. Applied in
liquid form, on or two coats. Also used on below grade waterproofing
for foundations, tanks, pools.
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19.3:
_Construction: Hollow Metal Doors, constructed with faces of coldrolled sheet metal. 14 gage, 16 gage, 18 gage, 20 gage thickness.
Steel face attached to cores honeycomb kraft paper, steel ribs,
hardboard. Edges, steel channels. Mineral used to provide sound
insulation.
_Sizes: Standard Widths: 2-0, 2-4, 2-8, 3-0, 3-4, 3-6, 3-8,
4-0. Standard Heights: 6-8, 7-0, 8-0. Standard Thickness: 1 .
_SI Units: Standard Widths: 610 mm, 711 mm, 762 mm, 813 mm,
914 mm, 1016 mm, 1118 mm, 1219 mm. Standard Heights: 2032
mm, 2134 mm, 2438 mm. Standard Thickness 44 mm.
_Steel Frames: Used for Wood Doors or Steel Doors. Sheet Steel Bent
into Shape required for Door Installation. Frames: 12, 14, 16 Gage
Steel.
a. One-piece Welded
b. Welded Frames
c. Knock Down (KD) Frames
d. Slip-on Frames
_Aluminum Frames: Used in Doors and Windows. Constructed of
Extruded Sections.
19.4: Wood Doors and Frames : Most common for residential and
commercial construction.
_Door Types: Per Operation:
a. Swinging Doors
b. Double Action Doors
c. Pocket Sliding Doors
d. Bi-Pass Sliding Doors
e. Bi-Folding Doors
f. Flush Door: Thin Flat veneer laminated o various type of cores.
g. Panel Door: Solid Vertical Styles and Horizontal rails, serving as
frame for flat or raised panel.
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_Construction:
a. Hollow Core Doors: One or three plies of veneer on each side of
cellular interior. Stile and Rails are solid wood with larger blocks of
solid wood where lock set and latch set are installed. Used primarily
in interior applications.
b. Solid Core Doors: Cores can be Particle Board, Stave Core, Mineral
Core. Solid core, used for fire-resistant properties, Acoustical Barriers,
Security, Superior Durability. Fire Rating from 20 minutes to 1 1/2
hours (mineral core).
c. Face Veneers of Doors: Book matched (most common), Slip
matched, Random matched
_Sizes: Standard Widths 2-0 (610mm), 2-4 (711mm), 2-6
(762mm), 2-8 (813mm) , 3-0 (914mm), 3-4 (1016mm).
Standard Heights: 6-8 (2032mm), 7-0 (2134mm). Hollow Core
Doors 1 3/8 (35mm) thick. Solid Core Doors: 1 1/4 (44mm). Larger
Doors 2 (57mm).
_Frames: Wood, Steel, Aluminum.
19.5 Glass Doors: Constructed Primarily of Glass with fittings to hold
pivots and other hardware. Strength depends on glass. Glass must be
tempered. Any holes , notches must be made before tempering.
_Components: (13mm) to (19mm) tempered glass. Fittings,
Operating hardware.
_Sizes: 36(914mm) wide x 84 (2134mm) high.
_Standard Assemblies:
_Building Code Requirements: Glass Doors cannot be fire rated.
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allow large number of people to pass in and out. Glass framed with
Aluminum, Bronze, .
19.7 Overhead Coiling Doors: Thin Slates of Metal rolled up into
enclosure above head . Used to close large openings, used as fire
separation. Made of wood or metal.
_ Blast Resistant Doors
_ Sound Retardant Doors
_ Hangar Doors
_ Folding Doors
_Security Doors
_Cold-Storage Doors
19.8 Hardware: Finish Hardware normally found on interior and
exterior doors.
_Functions of Hardware: Vital part of door opening. Group according
to function:
a) Hanging door: Hinges, Pivots, Combination Pivots and Closers
b) Operating door: Handles, Latches, Push Plates, Pull Bars
c) Locking Door: Lockset, Dead Bolts, Flush Bolts, Electric Locks, Other
Special Devices
d) Sealing Door: Weather Stripping, Sound Seals, Smoke Seals
e) Protecting Door: Kick Plates, Corner Protection, Similar Materials
_Hinges: Most common method attaching door to frame. Also
referred as Butts because attached to butt edge of door. Hinges
consist of two leaves with an odd number of knuckles on one leaf and
even numbers of knuckles on other, attached together by pin. Types
of Hinges:
a) Full Mortise: Most Common. Has both leaves fully mortised into
frame and edge of door.
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_Spandrel Glass : Opaque strip of glass that conceals floor and ceiling
structure in curtain wall construction.
_Low Emissivity Glass: Selectively reflects and transmits certain
wavelengths of electromagnetic spectrum. Place very thin coating
metal or metal oxide on surface of piece of glass or thin film. Low E
glass works by transmitting visible light and shortwave solar
radiation but reflecting long-wave heat radiation from air and warm
objects. Glass used in insulated units, placed on inside lite to reflect
building heat back to inside before it crosses air gap.
_ Energy Efficient Glazing: Keep Heat out of Building. Keep Heat In.
_Electro chromic Glazing: Glazing that changes from either dark tint,
or milky white opaque to transparent state with application of
electric current. Inorganic ceramic thin-film coating on glass. Never
completely opaque. Cannot be used for privacy glass.
1. Electro chromic Glazing: Intended for control of light, ultraviolet
energy, and solar heat gain.
2. Suspended Particle Device Glazing (SPD): Light absorbing
microscopic particles are dispersed within liquid suspension film
which is then sandwiched between two pieces of transparent
conductive material. Appearance: Clear to Opaque. Used for Privacy,
Energy Conservation, Light Control.
3. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film glazing: Place Polymer film
between two pieces of glass. Transparency range from transparent to
cloudy white. Not used for exterior light control.
_ Fire Rated Glazing:
1. Wire Glass
2. Clear Ceramic: Low expansion coefficient.
3. Tempered Fire Protective Glass:
4. (2) or (3) Layers Tempered Glass with clear polymer between them.
Clear in normal conditions. Opaque when subjected to fire, retarding
passage of heat. 30-minute, 60-minute, 90-minute rating.
5. Glass Block:
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_Installation Details:
1. Rabbeted Frame: Glazier Points Hold, and place glass into place
with face putty. Caulking and Glazing Tape can be used.
2. Glazing Stops: Removable Pieces of Framing allowing installation
and removal of glass.
3. Structural Glazing Gaskets: Rigid strips of Neoprene specifically
designed to hold glass.
_Dimensions:
1. Face Dimensions: Dimension of Gaskett
2. Bite: Deepness Glass into frame.
_Frameless Glazing system: Glass supported top and bottom, and
edges simply butt-jointed and sealed with silicon sealant.
_Structural Glazing System: Vertical and Horizontal framing
members entirely behind glass, and glass attached to it with silicon
sealant.
_ Building Code Requirements for Glazing:
1. Sizing of Glass for Wind Loading: Minimum Thickness of Glass
depending on wind loading and size of glazed unit.
2. Limitation on Glass in Fire Rated Assemblies
a) Fire-Protection Rated Glass: Thick wired glass in steel frames
that meet NFPA 257 ( Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass
Bloch Assemblies) standards. Glazing minimum 45-mimute rating ,
and limited to 1-hour-rated fire partitions or fire barriers when fire
barrier is used to separate occupancies or incidental use areas. 1269
in2 individual lights fire protection rated glazing(9 sqft or 0.84 m2).
3. Safety Glazing subject to Human Impact in Hazardous Locations:
Tempered or Laminated Glass. Glazing in Doors, Shower and Bath
enclosures, Certain Locations in Walls.
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_Classification of Tile:
1. Size: Mosaic Tile: < 6 in2 (3870 mm2)
Wall Tile: > 6 in2
_Quarry Tile: Glazed or un Glazed non mosaic tile made by extrusion
method.
_Paver Tile: Glazed or un Glazed tile over 6in2 made by dust-pressed
method.
2. Resistance to Water Absorbtion:
_Nonvitreous Tiles : Water absorption > 7 %.
_Semivitreuos Tile : Water absorption 3% to 7%.
_Vitreous Tile: Water Absorption 0.5% to 3%.
_Impervious Tile: Water Absorbtion of 0.5% or less.
Europeon Classification: By Production Method, Degree of Water
Absortion, Finishing, Glazed or Unglazed.
_Classification of Abrasion Resistance.
Group I : Light Residential
Group II: Moderate Residential
Group III: Maximum Residential
Group IV: Highest Abrasion Resistance- Commercial
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Architectural Design
ArchiFlash
loads. Often more difficult to handle and more expensive than other methods of
prestressing.
16. Curtain Wall: An exterior non load bearing skin, supported entirely by the
building structure. Often made of aluminum frames and glass panels. Common
in high-rise steel framed buildings.
17. What factors determine the type of Glass used in a Particular situation:
a. Transparency
b. Light transmission
c. Strength
d. Security
e. Insulating qualities
f. Sound Isolation
g. Availability
h. Radiation Shielding
i. Cost
18. Name five categories of roofing materials, in order of most to least durable:
1. Copper, Lead, Stainless Steel, Clay tile and Slate are the most durable and
expensive.
2. Terne-plate, galvanized iron and built-up roofing.
3. Wood Shingles
4. Asphalt Shingles
5. Asphalt rolled roofing: the least durable and least expensive material
19.
a. Jamb
b. Stile
c. Muntin
d. Pane
e. Head
f. Top Rail
g. Jamb
h. Stile
i. Sill
j. Mullion
K. Botton Rail
19. Ferrous: A classification of metal which contains a substantial amount of iron.
For example, iron, steel, stainless steel and steel alloys.
20. Plywood: A panel of wood comprised of an odd number of veneer layers,
three or more, permanently joined with glue. The grain direction of each layer is
usually at a right angle to its adjacent layer, which increases strength and
resistance to shrinkage, warpage and splitting.
21. What is the method by which building materials and construction assemblies
become fire rated?
Materials are placed in a test chamber and according to specific criteria, jets of
fire are applied. The materials or assembly are given a rating depending on their
point of failure. These are standardized testing methods, dictated by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
22. Name the Four Soil Groups from most to least stable:
1. GRAVELS: Coarse aggregates or soft rock. An excellent foundation base.
2. SAND: Loose granular rock. Finer than gravel, but coarser than silt. An excellent
foundation base.
3. SILTS: Fine sedimentary material deposited by running water, consisting of
sand, clay, and organic material. Stable when dry or damp, unstable when wet.
4. CLAYS: Finely ground rock, formed by decomposition and hydration of certain
rock. Expands when wet, hard when dry.
23. Core Borings: A method of testing whereby an intact soil sample is extracted
by drilling through all types of soil, to great depths if necessary. A reliable, but
expensive soil test.
24.
Location B. Porous clay pipe form retaining walls is best located above the footing,
at the base of the retaining wall.
25. Purlin: A longitudinal Beam that spans across the slope of a pitched roof
running parallel to the ridge beam and header. It is used to support the rafters.
26. Annealing: A process of slow controlled cooling of metal or glass from a
heated state. This helps relieve internal stresses and unpredictable behavior in the
finish material.
27. Heat Strengthened Glass: Glass which is heated to 1100 0 Fahrenheit and
slowly cooled, resulting in twice the strength of ANEALED glass. This Process is
similar to Tempering, but is less expensive and results in less resistant glass.
28.
A. Strike Jamb
B. Head
C. Jamb
D. Door Leaf
E. Sill or Threshold
29. What are the three most common sources of moisture problems?
1. PRECIPITATION: Rain and Snow.
2. GROUND WATER: Rain or Snow accumulation at the WATER TABLE.
3. CONDENSATION: Water Vapor at the DEW POINT: (100% humidity) generated
by equipment, aspiration, and perspiration.
30. Vapor Barrier: A material that restricts the transmission of water through a
wall or roof. It is placed on the warm side of the insulation inhibiting condensation
which could reach the Dew Point.
32.
A. Strike Jamb
B. Head
C. Jamb
D. Door Leaf
E. Sill or Threshold
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33. What are the three most common sources of moisture problems?
1. PRECIPITATION: rain and Snow
2. GROUND WATER: Water Vapor at the Dew Point (100 % humidity) generated by
equipment, aspiration and perspiration.
34. Vapor Barrier: A material that restricts the transmission of water vapor
through a wall or roof. It is placed on the warm side of the insulation inhibiting
condensation which could reach the Dew Point.
35. Pre-Stressed Concrete: Concrete members permanently subjected to a
required degree of resistive stress prior to being placed in construction. An
economical and efficient use of material that allows for longer spans and heavier
loads.
36. Roof Incline or Pitch:
Rise
Run
Indicates the slope of a roof expressed as a Ratio. The number of inches of vertical
rise for each 12 of horizontal run.
37. Galvanic Action: Corrosion resulting from the contact of dissimilar metals in
the presence of an electrolyte., such as moisture. To prevent this, different
metals should be separate from each other by a nonconductive barrier as rubber
or neoprene.
Metals far apart on the list should not be in contact with each other. The farther
apart on the list the greater the chance of corrosion when in contact.
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ZINC
ALUMINUM
STEEL & IRON
STAINLES STEEL
TIN
LEAD
BRAS
COPPER ALLOYS
COPPER
BRONZ
GOLD
38. Welding: Creates a metallurgical bond between metals by heating them above
their melting point and then placing them in direct contact. When cooled, the
various metals fuse to form a single piece.
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39.
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67. Finish Carpentry: The final exposed wood fabricated on site. For example,
wood-siding, trim, door and window framing, stairs, cabinetry and built-ins.
68. Grout: A cemetitious mixture consisting of sand, lime, water and usually
Portland cement, mixed to a pouring consistency and used to fill masonry wall
cavities and bond to masonry reinforcement.
69.
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70.
16
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Course.
One continuous horizontal layer of brick or masonry bonded with mortar.
One course equals the thickness of the masonry unit or brick, plus the
thickness of one mortar joint.
74. Interstitial Ceiling
A structural suspended ceiling which supports working who install and
maintain and electrical systems. It is essentially a floor that has been
slipped in between other floors.
75. Efflorescence:
A white powdery surface deposit of water soluble salts caused by water
seeping into the masonry. Not harmful but unsightly. It can be removed
with a 5% solution of muriatic acid.
76. Name three methods of testing concrete:
1. SLUMP TEST: Measure consistency. Performed on site prior to pouring.
The concrete is poured into a conical form, which is then removed and the
amount of slump is measured, 3 to 4 inches is standard.
2. CYLINDER TEST: Measure compressive strength. Samples are placed in
molds during the pour and then tested in a laboratory after 7 and 28 days.
3.CORE CYLINDER TEST: Measures the compressive strength of cured inplace concrete. Cylinder is drilled out and brought to a lab for testing.
77. Bentonite: A material used for Waterproofing
Formed by the decomposition of volcanic ash, it is used in the form of flat
panels sandwiched between kraft paper. The panels are placed against
walls and under slabs. The kraft paper quickly deteriorates and the clay
swells to several times its dry volume when saturated with water thus
creating a waterproof barrier.
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81. Name the building that incorporated Pyrex glass tubing into the walls and
ceiling:
Johnson Wax Administration Building in Racine, Wisconsin (1936-1937) by Frank
Lloyd Wright.
82. Name the four basic types of mortar in order of strength:
M is the strongest, followed by S,N, and O.
M or S : Used at or below grade for foundation walls, retaining walls, pavements
and walks.
N: Used on exterior and interior, above grade load-bearing walls.
O: Used on exterior and interior non-load bearing walls.
81. Sealants:
Elastic, water tight materials used to fill and seal joints. Classified as low,
intermediate and high performance, depending upon allowable joint movement.
Low performance, depending upon allowable joint movement. Low performance
types are referred to as caulking.
82. Laitance:
A chalky, non-durable deposit of cement and fine aggregates that occurs on
concrete surfaces. This is produced by excess water and/or when the concrete mix
is overworked.
83. Structural Lumber:
Dimensional lumber, 2 inches thick or greater, 4 inches wide or greater, graded for
strength and use in general construction.Timbers are 5 inches x 5 inches minimum.
Heavey timber construction (type 3, combustible), also known as mill construction,
was used in the 19th century. Members were often joined using a split ring
connector. Fire resistance was achieved by using treated members of a minimum
required size and thickness and construction assemblies that limited fire damage.
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C. Stack Bond
D. Flemish Bond
E. English Bond
F. Cross Bond (English, Flemish, or Dutch).
Brick bondng is the strengthening of a masonry wall by interlocking invidual
bricks. This causes the wall to act as a single structural unit.
86. What affects the ductility and strength of steel?
The amount of carbon. Carbon increases the strength of steel, yet decreases
its ductility. Standard structural steel has .02 to 0.05 percent carbon.
87.
POSITION NAME
COURSE NAME
a. Header
a. Header
b. Stretcher
b. Stretcher
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c. Bull Header
c.
Rolock
d. Bull Stretcher
d.
Shiner
e. Soldier
e. Soldier
f. Sailor
f. Sailor
88.
A. Running bond
B. Basket weave
C. Herringbone
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89. Flitch
A portion of a log swan on two or more sides intended for re-sawing into lumber
or veneer. Also describes the stack of veneer sheets laid together in sequence as
they are cut from the log.
90. What is the significance of the structure of Unity Temple in Oak Park,
Illinois?
Unity Temple, by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1906, was one of the earliest cast in place
concrete buildings in the United States in which the buildings is also the buildings
structure.
91. Name four Methods of Heat Treating Steel.
1. Annealing: A process of reheating and slowly cooling metal to obtain greater
ductility and workability.
2. Quenching: A process of heating metal and then cooling it rapidly by
submersion in water to increase strength.
3. Tempering: A similar process to quenching, but without the rapid cooling.
Improves strength and workability.
4. Casehardening: Produces a hard, thin surface of steel over a relatively softer
core.
92. Name three methods for applying a stucco finish coat:
Final finish application methods:
TROWEL FINISH: Smooth easily maintained surface.
SAND FLOAT FINISH: Sand added to mix. Hand float to produce a uniform texture.
SPRAY FINISH: Perlite aggregate may be substituted for sand if reduced
surface hardness is acceptable. Finish is sprayed on with a gun until desired
surface is achieved.
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TEXTURE FINISH: Limited only by the imagination of the designer. Can range
from a fine stipple to a rough texture. Applied in various techniques and finishes.
94.
Hot rolled standard steel sections made from medium grade carbon steel with .02
to .05 percent carbon.
A. W-shape (beam and column)
B. S-shape (beam)
C. WT-shape (tee)
D. ST-shape (tee)
E. TS-shape (structural tubing)
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F.C-shape (channel)
G. L-shape (equal legs)
H. L-shape (unequal legs)
I. Bar
J. Plate
95. Steel Decking
Corrugated, ribbed or cellular sheet steel used as a working platform during
construction and as formwork for pouring concrete.
96. Non-Ferrous
A classification for metals that do not contain a substantial amount of iron. For
example, aluminum, copper, copper alloys (Bronx & brass), zinc, lead and gold.
Used more frequently for ornamental work. Fabricated from rolled, cast and coldformed (bent) shapes.
97. Stainless Steel:
A steel alloy containing 12 to 27 % chromium. Nickel is added to increase
resistance to corrosion and improve cold workability.
98. Brazing:
The joining of two or more pieces of metal at a temperature of 8000 F or above,
using a non-ferrous filler metal with a melting point below that of the base
metal. The filler metal is distributed between the surfaces of the joint by capillary
action. Used for brass, bronze and some aluminum.
99. Ponding:
Occurs when a flat roof is insufficiently sloped. Low spots in the roof will
accumulate water. As water is collected, deflection occurs causing the low spots to
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collect increasing amounts of water. The process continues until the structures
cannot withstand the load and roof failure occurs.
100. Flashing:
A Material used to protect and seal exterior joints in a building and prevent water
penetration. Used where different materials intersect or at exposed joints where
potential weakness or leakage could occur. Choice of material depends upon
exposure, durability and galvanic action. If exposed, the material can be
aluminum, copper , galvanized steel, zinc, lead or terne.
101.
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length and labeled to identify its shape, designation, and batch from which it
came. Iron is the only metal which cannot be formed by this method.
103. Precast Concrete:
A concrete construction member that is cast and cured in a location other that
where it will be used. This process may take place on or off site but most elements
are factory produced.
Some of the most common elements include: hollow core, or tee form
spanning members that are pre stressed, tilt-up walls, and lift slabs as well as
ordinary concrete blocks.
104. Sheet Metal Roofing:
A metal roofing material of either copper, galvanized iron, aluminum, or terneplate, a lead and tin coated steel.
ADVANTAGES: Durable and can conform to many different roof shapes.
DISADVANTAGES: Expensive, difficult to install properly, high coefficient of
expansion, susceptible to corrosion and galvanic action.
105.
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A. PLAIN-SAWN:
Log is cut tangentially. Notable grain patterning. Least expensive method. Most
efficient use of the log.
B. QUARTERSAWN:
Log is cut into quarters.
Boards are cut perpendicular to a log diameter line. Fairly consistent vertical grain
pattern.
C. RIFT-SAWN:
The log is cut into quarters. Boards are cut radially. The most consistent grain
patterning but the least efficient use of the log.
106. Pargeting:
Ornamental plasterwork usually on the exterior of a building. Historically used to
create low reliefs in the shape of figures and vines. This term is also used to
describe a thin coat of plaster put over rough masonry to create a smooth surface.
107. Wash Borings:
Used to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil. A pipe is driven into the hard
earth and a flow of water forces the soil material up. It can penetrate all materials
other than bedrock. The soil sample is inevitably mixed and the test lacks
dependability.
108. Steel Ductility:
A property that allows steel to withstand excessive deformations caused by high
tensile stresses. Higher carbon content in the steel decreases this ability.
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Characterized by nailing into the end grain of the wood, it is commonly found in
wall stud framing where the stud meets the top or bottom plate. Although
structurally weak this method works well in holding compression members in
alignment until framing can secure the connection.
110.
Head Flashing.
111. Stucco:
A type of Plaster used for exterior wall surfaces, made from Portland Cement,
Lime, Sand and water. Scratch coats and Brown coats are applied under a
finish coat of Keenes cement for a smoother finish.
112. What are the advantages of prefabricated open web joists?
They are light weight, structural members shop-made from standard components.
This prefabrication can speed construction time and reduce labor costs. They are
relatively rigid in comparison to a wide flange beam. The open web allows
mechanical lines to pass through the joists within the floor.
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116.
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124. EXPANSION JOINTS: A specially engineered joint which allows two adjacent
structures to move independently of each other when subjected to thermal or
seismic stresses.
125. ISOLATION JOINTS: joint used to separate concrete into individual structural
elements or to isolate the concrete from other materials.
126. Name three classification of rock:
1. IGNEOUS: Formed from the solidification of molten rock. For example; granite.
2. SEDIMENTARY: Consolidated disintegrated rock, sea shells, clays and silts. For
example; sandstone and limestone.
3. METAMORPHIC: Formed of either igneous or sedimentary rock that has been
altered by pressure or by an intrusion of molten rock or other liquids over a long
period of time. For example; marble or slate.
127. Brick Sizes:
Standard modular size:
3 x 2 3/16 x 7
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128.
Wood Warpage:
A. Crook
B. Cup
C. Twist
D. Bow
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129.
Wythe.
A continuous vertical section of a wall, one masonry unit thick. Most brick walls
are two wythes thick, separated by a 2 air space.
130.
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Extrusion.
The extrusion process can produce very intricate sections for a variety of
applications. A piston pushes a heated billet of metal through a shaped die.
Brakeforming is a bending operation applied to plates or metal sheets in which
successive, one dimensional bends produce the desired shape.
131. In a four-inch thick concrete Walkway what is the typical spacing for
expansion joints?
20 feet on center.
This type of joint allows for the independent movement of structural elements due
to shrinkage and temperature change. The joint accommodates movement due to
both expansion and contraction.
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132.
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Typically used for wood-to-wood lapped joints. The ring helps to develop shear
and slippage resistance in the connection. It forms a tongue and groove
connection. Circular grooves are cut into the wood members to be joined and half
of the steel ring is embedded into each groove. The members are held together
with a bolt.
134. Firestop:
Blocking, or an operable vent located in an air gap in a wall intended to prevent
the spread of fire through that gap. Required at 10-foot intervals in the wall.
Required in concealed spaces and in vertical openings that could allow for the
spread of fire.
136. Intumescent Paint:
A paint used for fire retardation. The paint b, swells or expands to form a
protective coating when exposed to extreme heat.
138. Frost Action:
If a building is in a geographical area prone to this action, foundation walls must
extend to the FROST LINE and the footing must be below this line.
139.
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A. Miter
B. Quirk miter
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41
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and aggregate. Too much water added to the mix decreases the strength of cured
concrete.
153. Glue Laminated Beams:
Individual pieces of seasoned lumber are glued together to act as one structural
member. This type of beam spans greater distances and supports more load than
solid timbers. The beams are consistent in size, appearance and strength within
each grade.
There are three grades of appearance:
INDUSTRIAL: Appearance is not a concern
ARCHITECTURAL: Appearance is a concern.
PREMIUM: Highest grade, members are wrapped for shipping.
154. Dampproofing:
A method of treating a surface in order to retard the passage of water, but not to
make it Impervious. It is achieved by a combination of water resistant coatings or
layers applied to exterior surfaces, usually below grade. Does not resist constant
Hydrostatic Pressure.
155. Identify the following definitions with the appropriate term:
1. A unit of cubic volume used in measuring lumber. It is equivalent to an area of 1
square foot having a thickness of 1 inch. BOARD FOOT
2. Multiple, random, hairline cracks on or under the surface of newly finished
plaster, concrete, ceramic, paint. Caused by shrinkage.
3. A semi-solid compound derived from coal or petroleum such as, asphalt, tars,
and pitch. CRAZING
4. The breaking, chipping, and flaking of masonry and concrete due to frost action,
chemicals, or building movement. SPALLING
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156. Waterproofing:
Treatment of a surface to resist the passage of water under HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE. Various BITUMINOUS coatngs are applied to the exterior of walls and
slabs. It is a more difficult process than dampproofing.
157. What are the differences between the terms; WOOD, LUMBER, and
TIMBER?
WOOD: The fibrous material that lies beneath the bark of a tree. It is produced
by a progressive build-up of growth, layer upon layer.
LUMBER: Wood that has been sawn, planed, and is ready to be used as
a construction member.
TIMBER: Lumber that is 5 inches or greater in the least nominal dimension.
158. Thermal Insulation:
Any material with a high resistance to heat transmission that can slow the
CONDUCTION of heat through a building. The effectiveness of insulation in
resisting the conduction of heat is expressed as its THERMAL RESISTANCE, or
(R) value.
159.
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Dropped Panel.
A thickened slab at the top of a column which resists high SHEAR forces and is
used IN TWO-WAY FLAT SLAB CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.
160. Terne-Plate:
Often used in roofing, an alloy of lead and tin. Usually applied over a sheet of
steel.
161. The Eiffel Tower is constructed of what materials?
Wrought Iron and Cast Iron.
The columns are cast Iron, and the diagonal braces are wrought iron.
162. Soldering:
The joining of metal elements by means of another metal that has a melting
point much lower than that of the base metal.
163. Cavity Wall:
A masonry wall constructed of two wythes separated by an air space 2 to 3 inches
wide and tied together with non-corrosive metal ties or anchors. This type of
masonry wall provides added insulation.
163. Weep Holes:
Small openings placed in the joints of a masonry wall to allow moisture to escape.
164. Types of Unit Masonry:
1. LOAD BEARING: Brick, concrete block (CMU), ceramic veneer, clay tile, and
terra-cotta.
2. NON-LOAD BEARING: Gypsum and glass blocks.
165. What is Capillary Action and how can one minimize it occurrence?
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This action is the tendency of water to be pulled through small openings by the
attraction between liquid and solid. Damage can be minimized by damp proofing.
166. Castellated Beam:
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Any wood preservative must be applied under pressure and penetrate the wood to
act effectively.
168.
A. Fillet Weld
B. Single-bevel groove weld with backup bar.
C. V-groove weld with backup bar
D. Double fillet weld
E. Double-bevel groove weld
F. V-groove weld.
169. What is the predominant cost factor when considering cast in place
concrete construction?
Formwork.
For economy in formwork a building must be carefully designed. The architect
should use as many elements of uniform size, shape and thickness as is structurally
possible so that the formwork can be reused throughout construction. The quality
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of materials and care in construction of the forms will be evident in the final
building.
170.
A. STRINGER:The support on which the stair treads rest. Placed outside the
carriage to provide a finish.
B. RISER: The vertical face of a step.
C. KICKER: A plate used to anchor the lower end of a carriage.
D. CARRIAGE: Rough timber supporting the steps of wood stairs.
E. LEDGER: A plate used to support the upper end of a carriage.
F. TREAD: The part of a stair onto which one steps. Horizontal member or surface.
G. NOSING: The portion of a tread that projects beyond the riser below.
H. BALUSTER: Small pillar or column used to support a railing.
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I. HANDRAIL: Finish material that serves as a hand rest, guide and support. Runs
parallel to the stringer.
171. Types of Carpet:
WOOL: An expensive natural fiber which is durable, non-toxic, resilient, easy to
maintain, and has a good appearance.
NYLON: An economical, strong, durable, highly stain resistant synthetic
material that is easy to clean. Not visually appealing.
ACRYLIC: Moderate durability, wool appearance, easy maintenance.
POLYPROPYLENE: Indoor / Outdoor, durable, not very resilient or
visually appealing.
172. Types of Cement:
An adhesive substance capable of uniting dissimilar materials. It is referred to as
the MATRIX of concrete. The most expensive component of concrete. Portland
cement (limestone with clay and shell) is the type most widely used.
173. Aggregates:
Chemically inert ingredients combined with cement and water to make concrete.
Types:
FINE: Sand 3/16 or less in diameter.
COARSE: Gravel, crushed stone to 1 in diameter.
Functions:
1. Increase Strength
2. Reduces Shrinkage
3. Serve as a Filler for Economy
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In most cases it should be no greater in size than of the distance between the
most closely spaced REINFORCING BARS.
174. In general, which type of plaster is used on the interior and which on the
exterior of a structure?
INTERIOR: Gypsum Plaster on wall board, drywall or gypsum board lath.
EXTERIOR: Portland cement, which can also be used on curved interior surfaces.
175.
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51
BACKSET
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53
A. FULL MORTISE: Most Common. Fully mortised into the frame and door.
B. HALF MORTISE: Surface applied to frame. Mortised into edge of the door.
C. HALF SURFACE: One leaf is mounted on the face of the door and other
is mortised into frame.
D. FULL SURFACE: Applied to the face of the door and frame.
184. Large expanses of glass and thinner walls were made possible by what
structural innovation during Gothic period?
The Flying Buttress.
The thrust of a vault or roof is transferred through an arch or half arch from the
upper section of a wall to a lower support.
185. Skim Coat:
Applying a coat of joint compound is the method to prepare a gypsum wall
surface. This final layer is thick enough to fill any imperfections and provides a
uniform surface for finish coat of paint or other surface treatment.
186. What are the advantages of using a revolving door?
Controls air infiltration. Permits large numbers of people to enter and
leave simultaneously.
187. Acoustical Tile:
Integrated with lighting and mechanical ducts into a suspended ceiling is the most
common usage.
188. Swinging Doors:
Hinged or pivoted doors. May be used in pairs and can be double acting (capable
of swinging in both directions).
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189.
Roof Shapes:
A. Flat
B. Shed or single pitch
C. Gable
D. Hip
E. Gambrel
F. Mansard
190. Vitrification:
A measure of ceramic tile density after it is fired. A hard, glass-like quality occurs
when kiln temperatures are high enough to make a clay product impervious. There
are four classifications:
1. IMPERVIOUS: Repels almost all moisture and dirt, is extremely hard.
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56
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3. EARTHWORK:
a. excavation, b. grading, c. foundations
4. TEMPORARY SUPPORTS:
a. shoring, b. bracing, c. underpinning, d. sheeting.
5. SITE DRAINAGE:
a. sub-surface drainage, b. surface water drainage.
6. SITE IMPROVEMENTS :
a. paving, b. walks, c. landscaping.
199. Steel:
STANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL: Carbon steel with 0.2% to 0.5% carbon. Hot
roled standard sections. Needs fire protection.
ALLOY STEEL: Stainless steel. Other elements can be added to provide
special properties.
WEATHERING STEEL: Contains up to 0.05% copper. Develops an oxide
coating when exposed to weather.
HEAT TREATED STEEL: Annealed, re-heated.
CASE HARDENED STEEL: re-heated and cooled. Re-aligns the outside of the
metal. Hard, high carbon surface.
200. Methods of Metal Fabrication:
CAST: Molten metal poured into a form, which cools and hardens into a
desired shape.
ROLLED: Passing metal through rollers to produce required shape. Hot rolled
eliminates flaws (wide flange beams and structural shapes). Cold rolled increases
strength and elasticity, but decreases ductility.
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204.
A. CONCAVE
B. VEE
C. WEATHER STRUCK
These joints are best for external use because of theirability to shed water. The
other types of tooling can allow water to collect.
205. Astragal:
A vertical molding strip used to cover or seal the gap between the edges of a pair
of doors.
206. Aluminum:
The most abundant element in the earths surface. Used as an alloy to improve
strength and hardness with manganeses, zinc and copper. Can be joined by
welding, soldering, riveting or an adhesive. Corrosion resistant but prone to
oxidization and scratching.
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207. Copper:
Widely used in construction due to its resistance to corrosion. An excellent
electrical conductor. Can be formed by casting, rolling, bending, brake-forming,
extrusion, or spinning. Can be joined by brazing, adhesives or fastening. Prone to
oxidization.
TWO PRIMARY ALLOYS: Bronze and Brass.
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
208. Types of Wood Flooring
STRIP FLOORING: Varying lengths with tongue and groove edges over
a plywood sub-floor. Blind nailed.
PLANK FLOORING: Random widths with V grooved edges. Screwed down
and plugged to eliminate warpage.
BLOCK FLOORING: Pre-assembled flooring of wood veneer or parquet.
SOLID END GRAIN BLOCKS: Solid, durable, thick units set in a bituminous material.
209. How are doors classified?
By LOCATION: Indoor, Outdoor, entrance.
By FUNCTION: Fire, Acoustical.
By METHOD OF OPERATION: Based on structural composition; Solid Core,
Hollow Core, Louvered, Paneled.
By MATERIAL: Wood, Metal.
210. At what height above the finished floor are door knobs normally located?
38" above the floor. Door pulls and panic hardware are located at 42.
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211.
A. Pitched
B. Scissors
C. Bowstring
D. Sawtooth
212.
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A. Glass
B. Neoprene or rubber gasket
C. Compression zipper
D. Reglet. Used in comcrete grooves (reglet is not necessary if contact surface is
uniformly smooth).
213. Types of Steel Doors:
Constructed of COLD-ROLLED steel. Used mainly for fire resistance.
HOLLOW METAL: Metal frame covered with sheet metal. Rigid,
permanent and fire rated.
METAL CLAD: Solid wood core covered with sheet metal.
214.
A Keyed Joint between a foundation wall and a footing. This type of construction
joint is commonly found in successive concrete pours. The second concrete pour
physically interlocks with the first to increase Shear resistance. To ensure a proper
bond, the first concrete surface should be cleaned and wetted prior to the second
pour.
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64
A. Bevel
B. Shiplap
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C. Rabbeted bevel
D. Square edge tongue and groove
E. V-tongue and groove
F. Channel rustic
Individual wood boards placed vertically, horizontally or diagonally. Usually
applied over wood sheathing and a layer of asphalt impregnated building paper to
minimize air infiltration and improve water resistance. Siding boards are milled so
that each board overlaps the one below to shed water.
220. Hydration:
A chemical reaction between cement and water that produces high heat as
concrete sets. Concrete should be kept moist during the curing process to control
dehydration and insure proper hydration. The quality of hydration effects the
strength of cured concrete.
221. Concrete:
A rock-line material that is produced by combining a binder of Portland cement
and water with fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel, crushed rock).
As the mixture hardens through the heat of hydration the cement chemically
combines with water forming crystals that, in turn, bind the aggregates together.
This universal construction material can be molded into any shape and form. The
raw materials for manufacture are available world wide at a relatively low cost
and will not rot or burn.
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222.
A Water Stop.
A continuous rubber or neoprene strip, used to waterproof concrete foundation
joints. The waterstop is inserted half way into the form for the first and extends
into the second pour. Usually used below grade.
223.
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A. BOOKMATCHING:
Most common veneer pattern. Every other leaf is flipped to form an adjacent
symmentrical pattern.
B. SLIPMATCHING:
Consecutve veneers with the same face exposed.
C. RANDOM MATCHING:
Veneers in random sequence and possibility from different flitches.
229. Fire Resistant:
The capacity of a building component material to confine a fire, give protection
from it and / or to maintain its structural integrity during a fire.
It also defines the ability of a building component to satisfy certain criteria for a
set amount of time.
230. Reinforcing Steel:
REBAR: Used to reinforce concrete in tension. Bars or wire mesh with
deformations and / or projections to increase bonding strength with concrete.
Coverage: 3 from earth, 2 at retaining walls, 1 at beams and columns, at
slabs.
231. Types of Elevators:
HYDRAULIC : Pushed up by a rod to a maximum of 50 ft. at a low speed, 25 to
150 fpm. Can Carry freight up to 10 tons. Multiple rams carry up to 50 tons.
ELECTRIC: Pulled up on steel cables using counterweights. 10,000 pound
capacity. Gearless type is high speed. Geared type is low speed.
70
71
235.
A. Fixed / Picture
B. Double hung
C. Casement
D. Sliding
E. Hopper
F. Awning
G. Jalousie
H. Austral
72
236.
73
74
Cricket.
A saddle flashing uased to shed water around a chimney.
239. Name the three coats of plaster, in order of application?
1. SCRATCH COAT: A base coat of 2 parts sand and 1 part plaster that keys into
metal lath. Applied 1/4 thick.
2. BROWN COAT: A second coat, 3 parts sand and 1 part plaster, thick.
3. FINISH COAT: A final coat of 1 parts sand and 1 part plaster, 1/8 thick.
If plaster is applied in two coats, the scratch and brown coat are combined into
base coat.
240. Strength Characteristics of Wood.
COMPRESSION: Easily resistant when loads are placed to the grain.
TENSION: Effective when parallel to the grain but not as strong as compression.
Perpendicular to the grain, wood has a very low tensile strength and the wood can
easily split.
SHEAR: Stronger across the grain rather that parallel to the grain. Wood
is weakest in Horizontal Shear.
241. Gargoyle:
A grotesque figure of an animal or human that overhangs the eave of a building in
order to shed water through its mouth and away from the building. An elaborate
scupper.
RE
EXAM GUIDE
Building Design &
Construction Systems
Overview a
Knowledge/Skills 1
5
14
Accessibility/Ramp Vignette
Sample Passing Solution
Sample Failing Solution
15
18
19
20
24
26
28
30
31
References 32
Copyright 2012
RE
Building Design
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85 MC Questions
Overview
OVERVIEW
3 Vignettes
Knowledge/
Skills
Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/Ramp
Vignette
DIVISION STATEMENT
Apply knowledge and skills of building design and construction, including environmental, social, and economic issues, project
and practice management.
Content Areas
Stair Design
Vignette
Roof Plan Vignette
References
1. PRINCIPLES
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Vignettes
ACCESSIBILITY/RAMP
STAIR DESIGN
ROOF PLAN
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KNOWLEDGE/SKILLS
3 Vignettes
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References
KNOWLEDGE / SKILLS
The division has been broken down into a listing of knowledge and skills directly related to each major content area.
1. PRINCIPLES
A.
Consider the impact of human behavior, historic
precedent, and design theory in the selection of
systems, materials, and methods on building design
and construction.
1.
Building Design
Develop tasks, procedures, and methods associated with
schematic design and design development such as basic
engineering principles, spatial visualization and modeling.
2. Design Principles and Design Impact
on Human Behavior
Assess the affect of form, scale, color, texture, ergonomics,
lighting, universal design, spatial organization, and
acoustics in building design to meet user needs and
client requirements.
3. Building Systems and their Integration
Determine appropriate building systems such as
structural, mechanical, electrical, and specialties using
basic engineering principles and coordinate these
systems into a coherent design that best meets the
clients requirements.
4. Implications of Design Decisions
Assess the impact of early design decisions concerning
building orientation, area, materials and products selection, cost, code, phasing, future technology changes,
and sustainability on the later phases of detailed design,
construction, and building use.
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
(11-17 percent of scored items)
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3.
Sustainable Design
Develop designs that minimize environmental impact,
pursues recyclable and replacement strategies, considers
life-cycle analysis, utilizes renewable resources, and
minimizes material consumption and waste.
Accessibility/
Ramp Vignette
References
A. MASONRY
Identify the properties and characteristics of masonry
structural and finish materials.
1. Building Systems and their Integration
4.
Construction Materials
B. METALS
Identify the properties and characteristics of structural
and miscellaneous metals.
RE
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3 Vignettes
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4.
Construction Materials
4.
Construction Materials
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C. WOOD
Identify the properties and characteristics of wood
structures, rough carpentry, finish carpentry, and
millwork assemblies.
References
E. OTHER
Identify the properties and characteristics of
miscellaneous systems, assemblies, membranes,
cladding, coatings, and finish materials (e.g., plastics,
composites, glass, tensile, pneumatic, EIFS, etc.).
1. Building Systems and their Integration
4.
Construction Materials
4.
Construction Materials
D. CONCRETE
Identify the properties and characteristics of concrete
structures and finishes.
F. SPECIALTIES
Analyze and select accessories, equipment,
and fittings.
RE
Building Design
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KNOWLEDGE/SKILLS
3 Vignettes
Knowledge/
Skills
4.
Construction Materials
1. Construction Sequencing
Prepare phasing plans for building design
and construction.
Stair Design
Vignette
References
4.
Risk Management
Assess building design and construction professional
and general liability and risk management procedures,
phasing, budget, and schedule.
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References
o A cricket
o Base flashing
o Cap flashing
o Gable flashing
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8.
Based
on the table above, the minimum number of water
closets required for women in a theater with a seating
capacity of 4,000 is
29
10. The
extensive use of gypsum wallboard in residential,
commercial, and industrial construction stems from all
the following EXCEPT
o low cost
o ease of installation
o recyclability
o fire resistance
Building Design
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o full mortise
o full surface
o half mortise
o half surface
Building Design
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21.
When compared to a steel beam-and-bar joist floor system,
the use of composite construction will likely result in which
of the following? Check the two that apply.
o A. Stiffer floor
o B. Heavier frame
o C. Lighter frame
o D. More expensive system
o E. Increased fabrication time
o F. Faster erection time
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28. The two-inch [50 mm] gap at the perimeter of the wood
athletic floor shown above is provided to
o allow for proper alignment of the flooring system
o allow air circulation
o accommodate expansion and contraction
o increase resiliency of the floor
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31. The terms scratch coat, brown coat, and finish coat
refer to
o painting
o parging
o paving
o plastering
32.
Which of the following types of concrete construction is
reinforced with tensioned high-strength steel-wire strands?
o Tilt-up
o Prestressed
o Cast-in-place
o Precast
Building Design
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o
References
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30.
31. plastering
32. Prestressed
33. helps to stabilize the foundation system
34. D
35.
18. Number of building occupants
19. Providing a primary living space with a view of the street
20. aluminum
21. A, C
22. Waffle-grid
23. Maximizing and standardizing the panel sizes
24. Hydrostatic pressure
25. leakage
26. Shaft enclosure
27.
Condensation in a building can contribute to mold growth.
36. Mortised
37. A, D
Building Design
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ACCESSIBILITY/RAMP VIGNETTE
3 Vignettes
Sample MultipleKnowledge/
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Skills Questions
Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/
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Ramp
Vignette
Vignette
Determine the
number of risers
you need to meet
the landing before
selecting the
Draw-Stair tool.
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
Directions
Complete the floor plan shown on the work screen by developing a ramp and stair system in accordance with the given
program information. Using the tools provided, indicate all
ramps, stairs, railings, wall(s), door(s), and landings required to
complete the plan and indicate all landing elevations.
The completed plan should reflect conformity to program
and code requirements and to principles of design logic.
Before beginning your solution, you should review the program
and code information that can be accessed through the Vignette
Index screen and familiarize yourself with the floor plan on the
work screen.
References
Program
1.
Two small office buildings on a sloped site are to be
connected by a new lobby placed at the floor elevation
of the lower building.
2.
Provide an accessible circulation system with a ramp
and a separate stair to connect the lobby and upper
level corridor.
3.
Place wall(s) and door(s) only on the existing upper level
to separate the lobby and the upper level exit corridor.
In addition, the ramp and stair must conform to the following
restrictions:
Sketch circle
u
No
Building Design
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3 Vignettes
Sample MultipleKnowledge/
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Sample MultipleChoice Questions
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Vignette
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
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Roof
Plan Vignette
References
References
Code
Comply with the following code requirements. These are the
ONLY code-related criteria you are required to use.
Definition
1. Accessible Means of Egress: A continuous and
unobstructed path of travel from an accessible space to
a public way that is usable by a mobility impaired person.
An accessible means of egress comprises the vertical and
horizontal means of travel and shall include accessible
exit routes, ramps, stairways, and doors.
Maneuvering Clearances
1.
The minimum width of an exit route shall not be less
than 44 inches.
u
Projections into a required exit route width are
prohibited, except for handrail projections.
2.
3.
Minimum maneuvering clearances at doors shall be as
shown in Figure 2.
u
The floor or ground area within the required clearances
shall be level.
Ramps
1.
2.
Width: The minimum width shall not be less than 44 inches.
u
Ramps shall not reduce in width in the direction of
egress travel.
u
Projections into a required ramp width are prohibited,
except for handrail projections.
FIGURE1: TURNINGSPACE
FIGURE2: MANEUVERING
CLEARANCES AT DOORS
Stairways
1.
Width: The minimum width shall not be less than 44 inches.
u
Stairways shall not reduce in width in the direction of
egress travel.
u
Projections into a required stairway width are prohibited,
except for handrail projections.
2. Landings: Stairs shall have a level landing or floor at the
top and bottom of each stair run.
u
The width of a landing shall not be less than the width
of the stair.
u
The least dimension in the direction of travel shall be
44 inches.
u If the path of travel changes direction between stair
runs, the least dimension shall be the width of the stairs.
Building Design
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ACCESSIBILITY/RAMP VIGNETTE
3 Vignettes
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Sample MultipleChoice Questions
3.
Accessibility/
Stair Design
Ramp
Vignette
Vignette
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
References
Doors
1. Width: Door openings shall have a minimum clear width
of not less than 32 inches, measured between the face
of the door and the opposite stop with the door open
90 degrees.
2. Exit Doors: Exit doors shall swing in the direction of
egress travel.
3.
Guardrails
1.
Handrails
1.
u
Exception:
2.
3.
Inside handrails on switchback or dogleg ramps or stairs
shall be continuous between runs or flights.
4.
Non-continuous handrails for ramps and stairs shall have
extensions as follows:
u
Ramp handrails shall extend horizontally at least
12 inches beyond the top and bottom of the ramp run.
u
Stair handrails shall extend horizontally at least
12 inches beyond the top and bottom risers.
5. Handrails may not project more than 4 inches into the
required ramp, stair, or exit route width.
6. Stairways more than 88 inches wide shall have
intermediate handrails.
Building Design
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85 MC Questions
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3 Vignettes
Sample MultipleKnowledge/
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Skills
Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Procedural Tips
u
Accessibility/
Stair Design
Ramp
Vignette
Vignette
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
References
Sketch circles used
to establish railing
extensions.
Handrails shown
on both sides of
all ramp segments.
Note: It is extremely
important in this
vignette to set
the elevation of
all landings.
Warnings
u
correct slopes for the ramps and the correct number of risers
for the stairs. All necessary handrails are provided and extensions
are correctly sized. The new door is the correct size and swings
in the direction of egress travel.
Zoom
Full-screen cursor
S
ketch measure or sketch line
tools to lay out railings
Building Design
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3 Vignettes
Sample MultipleKnowledge/
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Skills Questions
Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/
Stair Design
Ramp
Vignette
Vignette
Door swings the
wrong direction.
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
References
Two ramps are
not necessary.
Landings are
too small.
top landings are too small and do not meet code requirements.
Also, the new corridor door swings in the wrong direction.
Building Design
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85 MC Questions
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3 Vignettes
Sample MultipleKnowledge/
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Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/
Stair Design
Ramp
Vignette
Vignette
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
Directions
References
I
ndicate the elevations of all landings.
Indicate the elevations of all stair flights at the top
of the highest riser and at the bottom of the lowest
riser to match adjacent landing elevations.
Include railings, i.e., guardrails and handrails.
Connect stair flights to landings or the ground floor only.
When using the cut stair tool, the flight of stairs should
be drawn from landing to landing or from ground floor
to landing.
You should develop a design that meets the given code and
program requirements. Before starting to work on your stair
design, you should familiarize yourself with the floor plans on
the work screen as well as the program, the code, and the
ection that can be accessed through the Vignette Index screen.
Building Design
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85 MC Questions
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3 Vignettes
Sample MultipleKnowledge/
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Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/
Stair Design
Ramp
Vignette
Vignette
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
References
Program
Code
1.
Design the stairway to serve as a means of egress from
all three building levels leading into the stairwell and
through the exit discharge door to the sidewalk at
grade (a public way).
u
The stairway must provide a continuous path from
Second floor to Ground floor exit that includes a
landing at the Intermediate level.
2.
The total occupant loads and number of exits for each
level of the building are as follows:
Definitions
1. Means of Egress: A continuous and unobstructed path
of travel from any point in a building to a public way.
A means of egress comprises the vertical and horizontal
means of travel and shall include exit stairways, passageways, and exit doors.
2. Exit Stairways: That portion of a means of egress which
is separated from all other spaces of a building by fire
resistance rated construction to provide a protected
way of travel to an exit door at grade. A stairway shall
consist of one or more flights of stairs and the landings
connecting them.
Total Occupant
Load
360
9
180
Number
of Exits
3
1
2
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Stairways
1. Width: The minimum width shall be computed in
accordance with Capacity of Exit Components, above,
but shall not be less than 44 inches.
u
Stairways shall not reduce in width in the direction
of egress travel.
u
Projections into a required stairway width are prohibited,
except for handrail projections.
2. Landings: Stairs shall have a level landing or floor at the
top and bottom of each stair run.
u
The width of a landing shall not be less than the
width of the stair.
u
The least dimension in the direction of travel shall
be 44 inches.
u
If the path of travel changes direction between stair
runs, the least dimension shall be the width of the stairs.
3. Headroom: The minimum headroom of all parts of a
stairway shall not be less than 80 inches measured
vertically from the tread nosing or from any floor surface
including landings.
4.
SECTION S-S
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Doors
Area of Refuge
1.
When opening, doors shall not reduce the width of
landings to less than one-half of the required width.
1.
An accessible area of refuge serving the second floor
shall be provided within the stair enclosure.
2.
There shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door
and the floor surface on both sides of the door shall be
at the same elevation.
2.
The area of refuge shall be sized to accommodate one
wheelchair space of 30 inches by 48 inches.
u
Such wheelchair spaces shall not reduce the required
stair or landing width.
3.
Minimum maneuvering clearances at doors shall be as
shown in Figure 1.
3.
FIGURE1: MANEUVERING
CLEARANCES AT DOORS
Guardrails
1.
Open sides of landings shall be protected by a
continuous guardrail.
Handrails
1.
u
At locations where handrails are not continuous between
stairway flights, including the top and bottom of a stairway, at least one handrail shall extend horizontally at least
12 inches beyond the top riser and the bottom riser.
2.
Handrails shall not project more than 4 inches into the
required passageway and stairway width.
Building Design
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u
Accessibility/
Stair Design
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Roof Design
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Plan Vignette
References
References
First Floor
Because the design of the stairs for this particular solution does
not obscure other portions of the stair, all necessary information
Building Design
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u
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Second Floor
This vignette requires the insertion of a new stair system
connecting three levels in an existing space. In this solution,
the stairs are wide enough at all runs, do not get narrower in
the direction of egress, and do not block egress at the ground
floor level. The intermediate landing is set at the same elevation
Zoom
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References
Landing elevation
does not match
elevation of Janitor.
First Floor
This solution also takes a simple approach to the same problem,
but fails in three major areas. The landing located near the janitor
room is not at the correct elevation.
Building Design
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Vignette
6-9 landing
elevation only
allows for 5-9
headroom
clearance.
Inadequate clearance
at door.
Stair Design
Vignette
Roof Plan Vignette
Area of refuge
(shown by sketch
rectangle) does
not meet code.
References
Second Floor
Additionally, the area of refuge indicated by the sketch
rectangle on the upper landing is inadequate. A rectangle
representing the area of refuge is not required to be shown,
but the necessary space for the area of refuge must be
Building Design
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ROOFPLAN VIGNETTE
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Accessibility/Ramp
Ramp Vignette
Vignette
Directions
Arrow points in
the direction of
downward slope.
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
References
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
1.
For each roof area, define the extent, slope, and spot elevations of a plane or planes designed to remove rainwater
by means of roof slope, gutters, and downspouts only and
to allow for any required clerestory. The outside edges of
the roof planes you define must coincide with the dashed
lines indicating the outermost edges of the roofs; eaves or
overlapping roof planes are not to be shown.
The work screen shows the floor plan of a building and a simplified representation of its roof system. This representation
consists of dashed lines that indicate the outermost edges of the
two roofs that make up the system. When creating roof planes,
confine your solution to the areas defined by the dashed lines
(use no eaves or overhangs). Using the tools provided, configure
these roofs for effective removal of rainwater, as follows:
2.
Indicate the location of the clerestory and all necessary
gutters and downspouts by using the appropriate symbols.
3.
Place on the roof the HVAC condensing unit and any
necessary plumbing vent stacks, skylights, and exhaust
fan vents.
4.
Indicate any necessary flashing and crickets. The chimney
shown on the plan should be considered to penetrate any
roof plane that you draw over it.
Before beginning your solution, you should review the program
that can be accessed through the Vignette Index screen and
familiarize yourself with the plan on the work screen.
Building Design
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85 MC Questions
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ROOFPLAN VIGNETTE
3 Vignettes
Sample MultipleKnowledge/
Choice Questions
Skills
Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/
Stair Design
Accessibility/Ramp
Ramp Vignette
Vignette
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
References
Roof
Plan Vignette
References
Program
Your office is designing a regional craft center. The following
requirements must be considered in preparation of the roof plan.
General
1.
The building consists of two volumes, one high and one
low. Each volume has a roof height and slope requirement.
Roof Drainage
1.
The building is located in a temperate climate with
moderate annual rainfall.
2.
Only roof slope, gutters, and downspouts are to be used
for removal of rainwater.
3.
Downspouts should not conflict with any door, window,
or clerestory window.
4.
Rainwater should not discharge from the edge of an
upper roof directly onto a lower roof or from any roof
or gutter directly onto the ground.
Construction
1.
Finished floor elevation is 0-0. Minimum ceiling height
is 8-0.
2.
All roof areas must have a positive slope.
3.
The roof over the exhibition room shall have a slope
between 6:12 and 12:12.
u
The roof and structural assembly is a total of
18 inches thick.
4.
The roof over the remaining spaces shall have a slope
between 2:12 and 5:12.
u
The roof and structural assembly is a total of 18
inches thick.
5.
The exhibition room is to have a horizontal clerestory
window 24 inches in height located in the existing west wall.
u
The clerestory sill is included in the overall
height dimension.
6.
Natural light must be provided for all rooms by means of
windows, clerestory window, or skylight.
u
Skylights must be provided only where no windows are
shown and no clerestory window has been specified.
u
Skylights are not required in halls, storage rooms, or closets.
7.
Flashing must be provided at all roof/wall surface
intersections, including chimneys.
u
HVAC condensing units, plumbing vent stacks, exhaust
fan vents, skylights, and gutters are self-flashing and
require no additional flashing or crickets.
Mechanical
1.
The HVAC condensing unit must be placed on a roof
with a slope of 5:12 or less.
u
Maintain a minimum of 3 feet clearance from all
roof edges.
u
Do not place in front of the clerestory window.
2.
Provide one (1) exhaust fan vent for each toilet room.
3.
Provide plumbing vent stacks through roof where
required to vent plumbing fixtures.
Building Design
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Procedural Tips
u
All intersections
at wall, roof,
and chimney
are flashed.
Mechanical unit is
properly located.
Knowledge/
Skills
Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/Ramp
Vignette
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
Roof Plan Vignette
References
Correct location
of clerestory.
In this solution, the slope of the upper roof is 6:12 and falls
within the required slope. The roof elevations are correctly set
at each corner of the roof. At the low corner of the upper roof,
there is adequate difference between the two roof levels. This
allows placement of the required 24-inch horizontal clerestory
window on the west wall of the Exhibition Room and the
Note
Building Design
& Construction
Systems
85 MC Questions
Overview
3 Vignettes
Warnings
u
Knowledge/
Skills
u
Height ignores
the 18 thickness
of roof structure.
Roof Design
Plan Vignette
Stair
Vignette
References
Lower than
allowed
minimum slope.
This solution generally sheds water but has some major technical
flaws. The main problems are with the roof slopes and corner
elevations on the three roof planes that make up the roof system.
The slope of the lower level, south-facing plane is set shallower
than the program allows, and the top corners of the two lower
level planes do not align at the same elevation. The HVAC unit
is too close to the roof edge. The upper roof is missing gutters
and allows the water to shed off the roof directly onto the lower
roof and ground.
Building Design
& Construction
Systems
85 MC Questions
Overview
REFERENCES
Knowledge/
Skills
The following references are presented to assist candidates in preparation for the examination. This list represents texts
that have content covered in this division of the examination. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all possible
reference materials for the subject area. NCARB makes no guarantee that the various references are currently in print.
3 Vignettes
References
Building Design
& Construction
Systems
85 MC Questions
Overview
REFERENCES
3 Vignettes
Knowledge/
Skills
Sample MultipleChoice Questions
Accessibility/Ramp
Vignette
Stair Design
Vignette
Roof Plan Vignette
References