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Wang Youfa
Switch capacitor circuits have been extensively used in CMOS IC and power electronics IC and
circuits, for example, capacitor charge distribution based SAR-DAC and power IGBT driver
circuits. To understand the operation principle of these kinds of circuits, it is necessary to know the
analysis technique of the charge redistribution capacitor. Here we try to show the technique of
analysis the charge distribution related capacitor.
Analysis of the capacitor circuit without charge redistribution can be quite easy and there are a lot
of textbooks talking about the analysis technique. Fig.1 shows a simple capacitors circuit, there is
a voltage source V1, and two capacitor c1 and c2, which are in series. The voltage at point x can
be easily decided as the following,
Vx C2 = (V1 V x )C1
(1)
Vx =
C1
V1
C1 + C 2
C1
V1 .
C1 + C 2
This kind of technique is not easily applied in the case where charge distribution involved. Here,
we would like to introduce another analysis technique--- Charge conservation.
We take Fig.1 as an example. Total charges in the top plate of C2 and bottom plate of C1 are zero,
because point x in the circuit are not physically connected to any voltage source or ground. Before
C1 and C2 are charged, the total charges on the top plate of C2 and bottom plate of C1 is zero.
After charged, the total charges in the top plate of C2 and bottom plate of C1 should keep zero.
According the polarity in Fig.1, The charges on top plate C2 is positive and it is, V x C 2 . The
charges bottom plate C1 is negative and it is, (V1 V x )C1 . So that, the total charge is:
0 = V x C 2 + ((V1 V x )C1 )
(2)
Eq.(2) gives,
Vx =
C1
V1 . It is the same as the results by using the traditional analysis technique.
C1 + C 2
In the following, we will apply this analysis technique the charge redistribution examples.
Example-1: Fig.2 shows a switched capacitor circuit. Firstly, switch k1 is close and switch k2 is
open. After c1 and c2 are fully charged, switch k1 is open and k2 turns close, then what is the
voltage at Point A?
A
V1
K1
C1
C2
V2
K11
K2
+
V1
Q2
Q1
C1
C2
-
+
-
V2
K2
C2
Q2
V2
According to the polarity in Fig.2b, Charge in top plate of C2 is positive and it is V A C 2 ; Charge in
top plate of C1 is positive and it is (V A V2 )C1 . So the total charge in top plate is
V A C 2 + (V A V2 )C1
Since A is floating, the charges on the top plate of C1 and C2 cant be discharged, as a result, the
total charges on the top plate of capacitor C1 and C2 are unchanged, it is V1C1 + V1C 2 . So that,
we have
C1
V2
C1 + C 2
C1
V2 .
C1 + C 2
C1
V2 . It is the same as the series capacitor voltage divider.
C1 + C 2
Kb
K0
K1
K2
K3
C/2
C/4
C/8
K4
C/8
B
V1
Vr
Ka
V1
2) Kb close to Vr, Ka open, the rest switches close to GND, the equivalent circuit of Fig.3
is shown as Fig.3b
2C
-
+
A
According to the polarity in Fig.3b, the charge in plate A is 2CVb . Because plate A is
floating, the charge must maintain the same, so
2CVb = 2CV1 ,
It gives, Vb = V1
3) k0 switch to capacitor, ka open, kb maintains to Vr, k1 k2 and k3 maintains to GND, so
the equivalent circuit of Fig.3 is as shown in Fig.3c.
+
A
+C
-
Vr
(Vb Vr )C + Vb C = 2CV1 ,
It gives, Vb = V1 +
Vr
.
2
If the polarities are assumed as the following Fig.3d, according to the polarity in Fig.3d,
Vr
-C
+
[(Vr Vb )C + (0 Vb )C ] = 2CV1 ,
It also gives, Vb = V1 +
Vr
. The assumption of the polarity doesnt affect the final results.
2
Example-3. Fig.4 shown a simplified MOSFET derive IGBT circuit. Vcc is positive voltage for
gate of IGBT, while Vee is negative, which ensure IGBT is off when MOSFET M1 is off and
MOSFET M2 is on.
Vcc
M1
Rg
Va
M2
Vee
(b)
Vcc
Vcc
M1
Rg
M1
M2
Vee
Rg
Vee
M2
(c)
(a)
1) M1 is off, and M2 is on, the equivalent circuit is as FIG.4a. Voltage between output pins of
MOSFET M1 is VM1 =Vcc +Vee, and Voltage between output pins of MOSFET M2. VM2 =0.
Equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.5a
+
M1
Cm1
Vcc
Rg -
Cg
M2
Vee
2) MOSFET M2 turns off, both M1 and M2 are in off status as shown in Fig.4b. the
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.5b.
+
M1
Cm1
Vcc
Rg -
+
Cg
Cm2
M2
Vee
to
the
polarities
In
Fig.5b,
charge
as
point
is,
] [
Vcc
M1
Rg +
A
+
M2
Cg
Cm2
Vee
4) MOSFET M2 turns off, both M1 and M2 are in off status as shown in Fig.4b. the equivalent
circuit is shown in Fig.5b.