4th semester

Station(i)
Genetics

Q. No.1: Explain Salvage pathway for purines?

Ans: The free purines obtained either by normal turnover of
cellular nucleic acid or from the diet can be directly converted to
the corresponding nucleotides, rather their de novo synthesis.
Q. No.2: Explain common precursor molecule in biosynthesis of
purine bases?
Ans: The common precursor molecule in biosynthesis of purine
bases is IMP, Inosine monophosphate, which is then converted in
to AMP and GMP.
Q.No.3: Name any two enzymes of Salvage pathway?
Ans: 1. Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase
2. HGPRT, Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl
transferase

Station ..(ii)
Q. No.1: Explain the process of unwinding of DNA duplex?
Ans: During the DNA replication the enzyme DNA helicases bind
to ssDNA near the replication fork, then move in to the
neighboring double stranded region, forcing the strand apart,
causes the unwinding of the double helix.
Q.No. 2: What do you know about Okazaki fragments?
Ans: These are pieces of short fragments of discontinuous DNA.
Each is synthesized from newly added RNA primer on parent DNA
strand. They form lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.

Q.No.3: Name three different forms of DNA?

Ans: i) A-DNA

ii) B-DNA

iii) Z-DNA

Station.. (iii)
Q.No.1: How translation takes place in Eukaryotes?
Ans: Itstarts by the binding of ribosomes on mature mRNA, here
different coded Amino acyl tRNA enter the ribosome A site, then
moved to P site, where peptide bonds are formed b/w two amino
acids and finally tRNA exist from E site.
Q.No.2: What do you know about Anticodon?
Ans: Each tRNA molecule contains a three-base nucleotide
sequence the anticodon on its anticodon arm. It recognizes a
specific codon on the mRNA, which specifies the insertion of
specific amino acid to the growing peptide chain.
Q.No.3: Name the starting amino acid in protein synthesis, with its
code?
Ans: Methionine is starting amino acid, with AUG codon.

2nd semester

Station (i)

Lipids
Q.No.1: Significance of essential fatty acids?
Ans: The essential fatty acids are required for the membrane
structure and function, transport of cholesterol, formation of
lipoproteins, prevention of fatty liver and needed for eicosanoids a
group of compounds.
Q.No.2: Define rancidity?
Ans: The unpleasant taste and odor of fats and oils when exposed
to air, moisture or bacteria etc. Due to oxidation of unsaturated
fatty acids mostly or also partial hydrolysis triacylglycerols, results
in the formation of unpleasant production.
Q.No.3: Which one is the major lipid molecule of inner
mitochondrial membrane?
Ans: The major lipid molecule of inner mitochondrial membrane is
Cardiolipin.
Station(ii)
Q.No.1: Give briefly the biomedical significance of prostaglandins?
Ans: The prostaglandins are significant as, they act as local
hormones, regulate the blood pressure, act as natural mediators
of inflammation. Also used as induction of labor and medical
termination of pregnancy.
Q.No.2: How thromboxanes and prostacyclins are antagonist?

Ans: Both are prostanoids. Thromboxanes (TX3) are synthesized

in platelets cause vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.
Whereas prostacyclins PGI2 are produced from blood vessel walls
and inhibit the platelet aggregation.
Q.No.3: Which prostanoids are mediators of allergic response and
inflammation?
Ans: Leukotrienes

Station.(iii)
Q.No.1: Explain the biomedical importance of Dipalmitoyl lecithin?
Ans: It is a phosphatidyl choline found in lungs. Acts as lung
surfactant, prevents from respiratory distress syndrome, also
prevents the adherence of inner surface of lungs.
Q. No. 2: Define sphingomyelin and its significance?
Ans: It is sphingosine based phospholipid. It is a major structural
lipid in the membranes of nerve tissue and are important
constituents of myelin and also find in brain.
Q. No.3: How ceramide is formed?
Ans: When sphingosine combines with fatty acid.