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Electric Traction Fill

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Electric Traction
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01-15 16-30 31-45

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Electric Circuit and Ohm's Law

Electric Traction

Synchronous Generator
Synchronous Motors

Electric Traction (Continued):

Single Phase Motors

Braking :

Electric Power Generation

When a locomotive is running at certain speed and if it is to be stopped

within a short distance brakes are to be applied. For this purpose brake
shoes are provided which are pressed against the wheels for retardation.
Electric Vehicle Battery Steam and diesel locomotives have pneumatic braking system. Some
electrical methods of braking have also been devised which are used
Locomotive Traction Motormainly to step electric motors. During electric braking the kinetic energy of
motor and the coupled mechanism is steadily dissipated in some form
Electric Brake Controller the
or other and the speed of the machine goes on reducing. Four method of
Power Generation Economics
electric braking are:
Transmission and Distribution
1. Magnetic braking :
Circuit Breakers
In this case the excitation of the armature is disconnected from the supply
High Voltag Engineering
but the excitation remains on. When the armature rotates in the fixed field,
there is reversal of flux in the armature and the iron losses are fed from the
Rectifiers and Converters
kinetic energy of the rotating components and the machine retards. This
Electric Illumination
method can be adopted for shunt, compound nd synchronous motors. In
case of series motors the field cannot stand the full rated voltage, so
Electric Traction
separate battery has to provided for excitation during braking.
Electric Machine Design
2. Plugging :
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In this case the connections of excitation are reversed. The motor tends to
rotate in the reverse direction. Care should be taken to disconnect the
motor when it has just stopped This method can be used for small motors
and is not suitable for traction motors which are generally of large size.
3. Resistance braking :
In this the motor after switching off is made to run as a generator. The
output of generator is consumed in resistance thereby causing retardation.
4. Regenerative braking :
In this method although motor is made to run as a generator but the current
instead of being fed to a resistance is fed to the mains. The essential
condition for this is that the induced emf should be slightly more than the
supply voltage. This method of braking cannot be used for synchronous
motors.
Requirements of braking system :
Before we deal with various systems of braking we will first enumerate
various desirable requirements which a braking system should satisfy.
These are:
1. The braking system should be robust, simple and easy for driver to
control and operate. It should require less maintenance and should be
reliable.
2. The system should apply brakes simultaneously over all the vehicles.
3. Brake actuation time should be as small as possible.
4. To avoid damage to the goods and discomfort to the passengers, normal
service application of brakes should be very gradual and smooth.
5. In case of emergency braking, safety consideration is the prime most
consideration. As such retardation rate would be maximum consistent with
the safety, so as to make unfailing halt in the minimum possible distance.
6. In order to obtain uniform deceleration, braking force applied to the axle
should be proportional to axle load.
7. The braking system should be inexhaustible i.e. repeated quick
application of brake should be possible without needing any relaxation,
recuperation or normalizing time in between consecutive operations.
8. Kinetic energy of the train should as far as possible be stored during
braking which could subsequently be utilized for accelerating the train.
9. There should be automatic slack adjustment for constant piston stroke
as a result of wear on the rim and the brake blocks in the case of
mechanical braking.
Speed time curve :

The typical speed time curve for a locomotive is shown in Figure given
above. The curve may be broadly split into the following periods :
1. Acceleration period :
From starting to the stage when locomotive attains maximum speed, the
period is known as acceleration period, as the vehicle is constantly
accelerated. This is represented by OA portion of the curve and time
duration is t1.
2. Free running :
During this period the motor develops enough torque to overcome the
friction and wind resistance and hence the locomotive runs at constant
speed. This is shown by the portion AB of the curve.
3. Coasting :
When the locomotive is running at certain speed, if the motor is switch off,
due to inertia the vehicle will continue to run, of course with little
deceleration due to friction and windage.
4. Braking :
The locomotive is retarded to stop it within short distance and at a
particular spot. The shape of the curve will change depending upon the
distance between consecutive stations .
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