Contents

Preface

page xi

The Problem of Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization

Bruce A. Conway

. . . . .

1.1
1.2
1.3

Introduction
Solution Methods
The Situation Today with Regard to Solving Optimal
Control Problems
References

1
3
12
13

Primer Vector Theory and Applications . . . . . . . . . . .

John E. Prussing

16

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

16
17
23

Introduction
First-Order Necessary Conditions
Solution to the Primer Vector Equation
Application of Primer Vector Theory to an Optimal
Impulsive Trajectory
References

24
36

Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization Using Direct Transcription

and Nonlinear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bruce A. Conway and Stephen W. Paris

37

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transcription Methods
3.3 Selection of Coordinates
3.4 Modeling Propulsion Systems
3.5 Generating an Initial Guess
3.6 Computational Considerations
3.7 Verifying Optimality
References

37
40
52
60
62
65
71
76
vii

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viii

Contents

Elements of a Software System for Spacecraft Trajectory

Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cesar Ocampo

79

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Trajectory Model
4.3 Equations of Motion
4.4 Finite Burn Control Models
4.5 Solution Methods
4.6 Trajectory Design and Optimization Examples
4.7 Concluding Remarks
References

79
80
85
85
90
93
110
110

Low-Thrust Trajectory Optimization Using Orbital Averaging

and Control Parameterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Craig A. Kluever

112

5.1 Introduction and Background

5.2 Low-Thrust Trajectory Optimization
5.3 Numerical Results
5.4 Conclusions
Nomenclature
References

112
113
125
136
136
138

Analytic Representations of Optimal Low-Thrust Transfer

in Circular Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jean A. Kchichian

139

6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Optimal Unconstrained Transfer
6.3 The Optimal Transfer with Altitude Constraints
6.4 The Split-Sequence Transfers
References

139
141
145
157
177

Global Optimization and Space Pruning for Spacecraft

Trajectory Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dario Izzo

178

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

178
179
179
181
183
186
190
194
197

Introduction
Notation
Problem Transcription
The MGA Problem
The MGA-1DSM Problem
Benchmark Problems
Global Optimization
Space Pruning
Concluding Remarks

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Contents

ix

Appendix 7A
Appendix 7B
References

198
199
200

Incremental Techniques for Global Space

Trajectory Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massimiliano Vasile and Matteo Ceriotti

202

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modeling MGA Trajectories
8.3 The Incremental Approach
8.4 Testing Procedure and Performance Indicators
8.5 Case Studies
8.6 Conclusions
References

202
203
209
216
221
234
235

Optimal Low-Thrust Trajectories Using Stable Manifolds . . .

Christopher Martin and Bruce A. Conway

238

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

238
240
247

Introduction
System Dynamics
Basics of Trajectory Optimization
Generation of Periodic Orbit Constructed as an
Optimization Problem
9.5 Optimal Earth Orbit to Lunar Orbit Transfer:
Part 1GTO to Periodic Orbit
9.6 Optimal Earth Orbit to Lunar Orbit Transfer:
Part 2Periodic Orbit to Low-Lunar Orbit
9.7 Extension of the Work to Interplanetary Flight
9.8 Conclusions
References

10

Swarming Theory Applied to Space Trajectory Optimization

Mauro Pontani and Bruce A. Conway
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Description of the Method
10.3 Lyapunov Periodic Orbits
10.4 Lunar Periodic Orbits
10.5 Optimal Four-Impulse Orbital Rendezvous
10.6 Optimal Low-Thrust Orbital Transfers
10.7 Concluding Remarks
References

Index

250
253
256
259
260
261

263
263
266
269
274
277
284
290
291
295

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