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It affects the
4- Tinea pedis (Athletes foot [soles & between toes]) pedis -->
5- Tinea unguium (nails) unguium -->
2. Histoplasmosis
- Most common systemic mycosis in AIDS pts.
- Pathogen: Histoplasma capsulatum
- Reservoirs: bird droppings (ex. bat droppings)
- Most common systemic mycosis in US
- Mode of Transmission: inhalation of conidia
- NO person-to-person transmission.
3. Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP, Interstitial Plasma-Cell Pneumonia)
- common contributory cause of death in AIDS pts.
- Pathogen: Pneumocystis jiroveci.
- P. jiroveci cannot be cultured and it can be seen with special stains.
4. Pulmonary Zygomycosis (mucormycosis or phycomycosis)
- Cause a diseases in vulnerable patients specially patients with DM (may
lead to death)
- Mode of Transmission: inhaling airborne spores
- NO person-to-person transmission.
5. Cryptococcosis (common cause of Cryptococcus meningitis)
6. Aspergillus & Penicillium
6- Fungal infections of Oral region, Oral Candidiasis, Moniliasis,
Thrush
- Common in infants, elderly & immunosuppressed.
- Pathogen: yeast C. albicans (most common) & related spp.
- Lab diagnosis: microscopic examination of wet mounts for yeast cells
&pseudohyphae (strings of elongated buds).
- Culture: C. albicans is yeast & fungus most commonly isolated from clinical
specimens
Parasitic Infections
* Protozoal infections of Skin
1- Leishmaniasis
- Disease: 3 forms
(1) cutaneous: starts with papule which enlarges into craterlike(
)
3. Cryptosporidiosis
- Cryptosporidium is very important as it is a cause of outbreaks associated
with waterborne.
- Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and giardia cysts they can resist the
normal chlorine
conc. In potable water supply , thats why they might be involved in causing
waterborne
outbreaks.
- It is GIT related so it lead to cryptococcal enteritis.
- Pathogen: Cryptosporidium parvum
4. Cyclosporiasis
- Lead to diarrhea last for few days in immunocompetent and lasts for
months in immunocompromised patients.
- Pathogen: Cyclospora cayetanensis .
- primarily waterborne, but outbreaks have involved contaminated
raspberries()
(mainly by contaminated water)
5. Giardiasis
- Pathogen: Giardia lamblia , flagellated protozoan.
Helminths
- Always endoparasites.
- Multicellular eucaryotes.
Inflammation
The fluid accumulating in the site of inflammation is of two types:
1. Transudative: with low protein and WBC content.
2. Exudative: with high protein and WBC content. It may even be purulent,
as it may contain a high concentration of pus cells (i.e. neutrophils)
Overview of Immune Disorders
Disorders affecting the immune system may cause a myriad of problems:
1. Immunodeficiency: As the main functions of the immune system are
protection against microbes and neoplasia, when the level of the immune
response falls down, it may cause increased risks of infectious diseases and
neoplasms (i.e. tumors).
2. Hypersensitivity: As the main functions of the immune system are
protection against foreign, harmful triggers, when the immune response
gets misguided, it will cause autoimmune diseases, allergy (in response to
environmental substances), and overzealous response to infection.
3. Transplantrelated disorders: When a foreign tissue is transplanted inside
the body to compensate for a lost function, ensuing problems include graft
rejection and graftversushost reaction.
Vaccination
Vaccines are divided into various types:
1. Live attenuated vaccines: where the vaccine is derived from pathogens
weakened to the degree that they are nonpathogenic anymore (e.g.
measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, polio, BCG).