Llistat de preguntes

Photonics.Optics Applied to Engineering.

Les preguntes de lexamen es trauran daquest llistat.
(els valors numrics poden variar en les preguntes de lexamen)
1-Which is the cause of light dispersion in a dielectric material? Which is the
relationship between dispersion and absorption in a dielectric material? Explain the
propagation of light through matter.
2- What is the phenomenon of light scattering? Explain how it is originated. Is it
necessary an absorbing medium?. We can observe the Earth atmosphere from space due
to the light scattering. A light ray with an electric field amplitude E0 and linearly
polarized on the x axis reaches a dipol. In which directions this dipol emits? Explain the
direction dependence How the emitted intensity varies depending on the angle with the
x axis? In which directions has the emitted intensity a maximum?
3- Explain light propagation using the Huygens principle. Which is the relationship
between wave-front and light-rays? Deduce the reflection and refraction laws in an
optical interface using the Huygens principle.
4- What means that light has momentum? What kind of experiences point out this
property? How can be explained that light always transfers momentum to the material in
its propagation direction? Explain what is the radiation pressure.
5- Which is the effect on a light ray propagating through a medium with a nonhomogeneous refractive index? Explain mirages and the apparent reflection of objects
in a road.
In a desert with temperature inversion in the atmosphere, i.e. the air temperature
increases with height. If we know that the index variation with air temperature is about
1.410-6 oC-1 and the radius of the Earth is 6400km, what should be the temperature
variation in height to obtain light following the curvature radius of the Earth? (in this
case the horizon would not be curved but flat).
6- The intensity of light reflected and refracted at an interface depends on the optical
polarization. Explain the main differences that exist between the two polarizations
(parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence). Calculate the fraction of light
energy reflected and transmitted when a light beam with natural polarization incides on
the surface of a lake with incidence angle 45 (nH2O=1,33).
7- What movement should have an electrical charge to emmit electromagnetic
radiation? Explains Radiation electric dipole, in which situations occur and what are its
main features.
8- Which condition is satisfied by an astigmatic optical system? Is a spherical interface
astigmatic? In which conditions can you consider it astigmatic?
9- We want to construct a microscope with an objective of 5mm focal length, and a
eyepiece of 5cm focal length. The tube distance is 18cm. Find the total magnification of
the microscope. Draw a diagram including the object, the objective, the eyepiece and
the observer eye (eye focal length = 2cm). Locate the image that is created inside the

microscope and in the retina of the observer. For an object of 1mm, how large are the
two images? are they inverted?
10- Explain what dysfunction has a myopic eye and how it can be corrected. What is the
far point? A myopic person cannot focus properly objects placed at distances longer
than 225 cm from his eye. Which is the optical power of the lenses he needs to see
distant objects properly?
11- Name the types of telescope you know and explains its basic operation.
12- Find graphically and
numerically the three
images of the candle
created by his optical
system. Specify the
characteristics of each
one. The radius of the
mirror is 80cm, the focal
length of the lens is 40cm
and the candle is located
at 20cm from the lens.
(the grid is 10cm).

13- Find numerically the image position created by

the set of lenses with focal f1 = 2 and f2 = -3
separated a distance of 4. Represents the propagation
of rays to the final image. Specify the characteristics
of the final image.
14- Make a diagram and explain what is a prism
spectrometer. Explain its operation, its properties and
the power of resolution.
15- Consider the interference of two beams of equal intensity I0 on a screen. How much
is the maximum intensity that we can observe?
16 - Explain the concept of coherence and its necessity for interferences.
17 Which is the difference between wave front division interferometers and
amplitude division interferometers. Give a short description of the amplitude division
interferometers that you know.
18 - Describes the Young interferometer and its interference pattern.
19 - Explain the basic concepts of multilayer optics and its applications (filters and
mirrors).
20 - Give a general explanation of the diffraction phenomena. Under what conditions
can be observed? Which are the important parameters? Explain the difference between
Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction.
21- Which is the diffraction grating equation for a normal incident beam? What is the
meaning of the quantities that appear in this equation? Give a physical interpretation.

22-Explain the resolution limit introduced by light diffraction and give some examples.
23- Explains the basis of holography and how a hologram is recorded and read.
24- What is a delay plate? which ones are the most common ones? Consider light from
an incandescent bulb passing through two crossed polarizers. Explain the so-called
interference colors observed at the output of the assembly when plastics, adhesive tape
or tensioned transparent materials are located between the two polarizers.
25- Explains the phenomena of dichroism and birefringence. Define the optical axis of a
uniaxial crystal, the ordinary and the extraordinary rays?
26- Defines the polarization of light and describes the different types of polarization
that we can have.
27- Consider a beam passing through two polarizers with orthogonal axis (crossed
polarizers).
a) Suppose that the light beam has natural polarization. How much light will pass
through the second polarizer? How much light will pass through in case of a linear
polarized incident light?
b) Consider again a light beam with natural polarization. What can be introduced
between the two polarizers for that the light passing the first polarizer also passes the
second one? Does it matter that the light is monochromatic or not?
28- Name and explain the main modulators using induced birefringence and optical
activity.
29- Explain the difference between thermal and non-thermal emitters. Name the
principal light sources.
30- Describe the different photon-atom interaction processes.
31- Name and explain the basic elements of a laser and laser operation. Which are the
main characteristics of laser light?
32-Explain the longitudinal and transverse mode selection in lasers.
33- List the different techniques to generate laser pulses. Estimates the duration of the
pulses in each case.
34- Name the different laser-matter interaction types in industrial applications.
35- Describe and explain the different industrial applications of the laser. Advantages
and drawbacks
36- - What are modes of waveguides and why they appear? What is the propagation
constant of modes? Explain the appearance of modes in waveguides. Limit of modes
number in a waveguide.
37.- Explain how light is introduced in fibres and the coupling between fibres.
38- Optical fibers. Types of fibers. Causes of signal attenuation in fibers.