Class#3

- The convolution sum (2.2)

- Convolution sum evaluation procedure (2.3)

UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 1

Chengbin Ma

Review of Previous Lecture

Elementary Signals:
Exponential signals: the 1st-order dynamics (RC), time constant
Sinusoidal signals: the 2nd-order dynamics (LC), natural freq.
Exponentially damped sinusoidal signals (RLC): Time constant and
natural frequency
Step function: construct discontinuous waveforms, speed of response
Impulse function: sampling/shift/scaling properties
Ramp function: test tracking performance
Properties of Systems:
Stability, Memory, Causality, Invertibility, Time Invariance, Linearity.

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Slide 2

Chengbin Ma

This Lecture
Chapter 2: examine several methods for describing
the relationship between the input and output signals
of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems in time
domain.
Convolution sum/integral
Linear constant-coefficient difference/differential equation

The convolution sum: the output of an discrete-time

LTI system is the convolution sum of the input to the
system and the impulse response of the system.
Convolution sum evaluation procedure:
LTI Forms, Convolution Table, Reflection and Shift, Direct
Form
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Slide 3

Chengbin Ma

Class#3
- The convolution sum (2.2)
- Convolution sum evaluation procedure (2.3)

UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 4

Chengbin Ma

Convolution
In mathematics and, in particular, functional analysis,
convolution is a mathematical operation on two
functions f and g, producing a third function that is
typically viewed as a modified version of one of the
original functions.
Convolution is similar to cross-correlation. It has
applications that include probability, statistics,
computer vision, image and signal processing,
electrical engineering, and differential equations.

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Slide 5

Chengbin Ma

LTI Systems

Convolution Integral

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Convolution Sum

Slide 6

Chengbin Ma

Representation of Discrete-time Signals

How to represent discrete-time signals?

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Slide 7

Chengbin Ma

Sampling Property
Sample the value of t=0:
x(t ) (t ) x(0) (t )
x(t ) (t t0 ) x(t0 ) (t t0 )

Still a function. only after integration will

it become a value.

A time-shifted impulse with

x[n] [n] x[0] [n]
amplitude given by the value of
x[n] [n k ] x[k ] [n k ] the signal at the time the impulse
occurs.
1, n 0
where [n]
0 , n 0

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Slide 8

Chengbin Ma

Sum of Time-shifted Impulses

x[n] can be represented as weighted sum of
time-shifted impulses:
x[n]

x[1] [n 1] x[0] [n] x[1] [n 1]

x[k ] [n k ]

x[n]: the entire signal

x[k ]: a specific value of the signal x[n] at time k .

x[n]

x[k ] [n k ]

Weighted sum of basis functions

Again, x[k]\delta[n-k] is still a function.

UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 9

Chengbin Ma

Graphical Example

x[n]

x[k ] [n k ]

The representation of a signal x[n] as

a weighted sum of time-shifted
impulses. impulse function.

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Slide 10

Chengbin Ma

Output of An LTI System

The output of an LTI system is the convolution
sum of the input to the (Linear) system and the
impulse response of the (Linear) system:

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Slide 11

Chengbin Ma

Convolution Sum
Convolution sum is denoted by the symbol *:
y[n] x[n]* h[n]

x[k ]h[n k ]

Derivation: [ n] h[ n] (impulse response)

[n k ] h[n k ] (time invariance)

LTI

x[k ] [n k ] x[k ]h[n k ] (homogeneity)

x[n]

x[k ] [n k ] y[n] x[k ]h[n k ]

(superposition)

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Slide 12

Chengbin Ma

Class#3
- The convolution sum (2.2)
- Convolution sum evaluation procedure (2.3)

UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 13

Chengbin Ma

Evaluation Procedure (1)

#Example 2.1 in Page 101 (textbook)
For a discrete-time LTI system:
1
y[n] x[n] x[n 1]
2

The output of the system in response to the input?

2, n 0
y[n] x[n] * h[n] x[k ]h[n k ]
4, n 1

k
x[n]
2, n 2
0, otherwise

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Slide 14

Chengbin Ma

Evaluation Procedure (2)

Find impulse response first:
KEY STEP!

1
y[n] x[n] x[n 1]
2

Let x[n] [n]

1, n 0
has memory
1
h[n] , n 1
2
0, otherwise

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Slide 15

Chengbin Ma

Direct Form (1)

2, n 0
4, n 1

x[n]
y[n] x[n] * h[n] x[k ]h[n k ]
2, n 2
k
0, otherwise

x[n] 2 [n] 4 [n 1] 2 [n 2]
A weighted sum of time-shifted impulses

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Slide 16

Chengbin Ma

Direct Form (2)

x[n] 2 [n] 4 [n 1] 2 [n 2]

A weighted sum of time-shifted impulse

response outputs

y[n] 2h[n] 4h[n 1] 2h[n 2]

Sum the weighted and time-shifted

impulse responses

y[n] [, 0, 2, 5, 0, 1, 0, ]
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Slide 17

Chengbin Ma

LTI Form
y[n] x[n] h[n]

x[k ]h[n k ]

x[0]h[n] x[1]h[n 1]

1, n 0
1
h[n] , n 1
2
0, otherwise
2, n 0
4, n 1

x[n]
2, n 2
0, otherwise

Time invariance, linearity, memory

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Slide 18

Chengbin Ma

Convolution Table

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Slide 19

Chengbin Ma

Reflection and Shift (a convenient method)

y[n] x[n] h[n]

x[k ]h[n k ]

w [k ]

1, n 0
1
h[n] , n 1
2
0, otherwise

wn [k ] x[k ]h[n k ] : The product signal

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Slide 20

Chengbin Ma

Homework
Problem 2.33(d)(h)
Problem 2.34(a)(j)

- Due: before 2:00PM, Thursday in next week

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Slide 21

Chengbin Ma