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(JVC)
[117]
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Article
Abstract
In this paper nonlocal nonlinear buckling of a double layer graphene sheet covered by ZnO piezoelectric layers has been
investigated. The surrounding circumstance of the system was considered as Pasternak foundation. Graphene sheets
were subjected to magnetic field and biaxial forces, and the ZnO piezoelectric layer was subjected to an electric field.
Classical plate theory was employed to model the plates. Governing equations of motion were derived using Hamiltons
principle. Nonlinear von-Karman equations were utilized to derive motion equations. The known numerical differential
quadrature method was applied to obtain the nonlocal nonlinear buckling load. The detailed parametric study was
performed concerning parameters, including magnetic field intensity, dimensions of plates, small-scale effect, and intensity
of stiffness matrix. The results revealed that magnetic field intensity is an effective parameter that makes the system
stable. The results of this study may be advantageous for designing and manufacturing of stable graphene-based nanostructures in micro/nano electromechanical systems.
Keywords
DLGS, DQM, nonlinear buckling, Pasternak model, ZnO piezoelectric layer
1. Introduction
Nanostructures are composed of a diversity of fundamental elements, which include nanotubes, nanoplates,
nanowires, nanorings, etc. There are many studies relating to these components, which investigate the diverse
aspects of their behavior from mechanical properties to
electrical ones. The nanotubes and nanoplates among
the forenamed components have a key asset owing to
their particular applications. From the mechanical
point of view, nanotubes are generally considered as
beams. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as one of the most
popular nanotubes, have indicated brilliant mechanical
and thermal properties and the most signicant features
of CNTs are their extremely high stiness along with
excellent resilience. CNTs are considered to be one of
the best reinforcement materials for high structural performance and multi-functional composites with a wide
range of application (Iijima, 1991; Lei et al., 2014).
Embedding CNTs on the magnetic substrate or
adding electrons or holes makes the CNTs achieve
magnetic properties (Saito and Zettl, 2008). There are
a large number of studies that have reported on vibration and buckling analysis of beams in both local and
nonlocal forms (Reddy, 2007; Wang and Ni, 2008;
Mahdavi et al., 2009; Sayyad, 2011).
Graphene sheets (GS) are one of the most wellknown types of carbon nano-structures among research
communities (Benningho, 1925; Faghihi et al., 2014a,
2014b). There are many reports on the mechanical
behavior of the GSs under dierent types of boundary
conditions and subjected to various kinds of loading
congurations, which have attracted the interest of
1
(JVC)
[117]
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many researchers. This is because of the valuable properties of GSs among carbon nano-structures. The primary and widely accepted denition of a single-layer
graphene sheet (SLGS) presented as: a at monolayer
of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional
honeycomb lattice in which carbon atoms bond covalently with their neighbors (Yang et al., 2010; Arash
et al., 2012); Graphene sheets have extraordinary properties of physical, chemical and electrical types. Some of
these properties are: (Baykasoglu and Mugan, 2012;
Chen et al., 2012; Oh et al., 2012): relatively high mechanical strength (Youngs modulus 1.0 TPa), considerable
thermal
conductivity
(thermal
conductivity 3000 W/km), and exceptional electric
conductivity (electric conductivity up to 6000 S/cm).
On the grounds of these stunning and heralded properties, GSs are capable of being used in many nano-structures, i.e., nanosensors, nano-optomechanical systems,
super capacitors, nanocomposites, etc (Jomehzadeh and
Saidi, 2011; Qian et al., 2011).
Recently, the mechanical properties of GSs and
nanoplates have been investigated. Pradhan and
Kumar (2011) studied the vibration of GSs using nonlocal elasticity and a DQ approach. They considered
the eects of parameters, such as graphene dimensions,
nonlocal parameters, material properties, and dierent
boundary conditions on the dimensionless frequency of
an orthotropic SLGS. Pradhan and Murmu (2010)
assessed the small-scale eect on the buckling analysis
of an SLGS, which was assumed to be on an elastic
medium. They used nonlocal plate theory to model
the problem. The results of their study revealed that
small-scale parameter and elastic medium stiness
aect the buckling load of GS considerably. The thermal buckling properties of a nanoplate considering
small-scale parameters were studied by Wang et al.
(2013) based on the nonlocal continuum theory. As
shown in their work, in thermal buckling analysis
small-scale eects must be taken into account.
Pradhan and Phadikar (2009) investigated the smallscale eect on the vibration of multi-layer graphene
sheets (MLGS). Narendar and Gopalakrishnan (2012)
investigated buckling analysis of orthotropic nanoplates, such as graphene, by use of the two-variable
rened plate theory and small-scale eects. It has
been proven that the non-dimensional buckling load
of the orthotropic nanoplate is always smaller than
that of the isotropic nanoplate. Liew et al. (2006) studied the vibration of MLGS resting on an elastic
medium. The inuence due to the presence of van der
Waals (vdW) force between the graphene layers and the
elastic medium on their natural frequency has been considered. Based on Liew et al.s research, the lowest natural frequency of MLGS is not aected by vdW force.
According to Murmu et al. (2013) applying an in-plane
(JVC)
[117]
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Ravandi et al.
l
1 r2 Dnl
ij Dij
where ijnl and ijl are nonlocal and local stress tensors,
nl
respectively. Also, Dnl
ij and Dij denote components of
nonlocal and local electric displacement, respectively.
e0 a2 represents the small-scale eect on the
response of structures in nanosize and r2 is Laplacian
operator.
Figure 1. The (a) schematic of double-layer graphene sheet covered by ZnO piezoelectric layer and (b) direction of applied magnetic
field to graphene sheets.
[117]
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(JVC)
"xx
"0xx
"1xx
B
C B 0 C
B 1 C
@ "yy A @ "yy A z@ "yy A
0
1
xy
xy
xy
e31
6
7 6
4 Dyy 5 4 0
0
Dzz
where
1
@u0 1 @w0 2
C
0 0 1 B
C
B @x 2 @x
"xx
B
2 C
C
0 B 0 C B @v
1 @w0
0
C,
" @ "yy A B
C
B
C
B
2
@y
@y
0
xy
C
B
@ @u0 @v0 @w0 @w0 A
@y
@x
@x @y
1
0
2
@ w0
0 1 1 B @x2 C
C
B
"xx
1 B 1 C B
@2 w0 C
C
B
" @ "yy A B 2 C
@y C
B
1
C
B
xy
@
@2 w0 A
2
@x@y
Dxx
e31
e33
0
0
0
0
e15
0
0
e15
K11
6
4 0
C13
6 P 7 6C
6 yy 7 6 12 C11 C13
7 6
6
6 P 7 6 C13 C13 C33
6 zz 7 6
7 6
6
6 P 7 6 0
0
0
6 yz 7 6
7 6 0
6
0
0
6 P 7 6
4 zx 5 4
P
0
0
0
xy
3 2
2
"xx
e31
6" 7 6e
6 yy 7 6 31
7 6
6
6 "zz 7 6 e33
7 6
6
6
76
6 yz 7 6 0
7 6
6
7 6
6
4 zx 5 4 0
C44
C44
0
C11 C12
2
P
xx
C11
C12
xy
0
0
0
e15
0
0
0 7
72 3
7 Ex
0 7
76 7
74 Ey 5
0 7
7 Ez
7
e15 5
@
@i
P
yy
C12 "xx C11 "yy e31 Ex ,
P
xy
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
C11 C12
xy ,
2
G
xx
Q11
6 G 7 6
4 yy 5 4 Q12
G
0
xy
Q12
Q22
0
32
"xx
76
7
0 54 "yy 5
xy
Q66
,
1 12 21 1 12 21
E2
,
1 12 21
G12
Q11
i x, y, z
P
xx
C11 "xx C12 "yy e31 Ex ,
where C11 , C12 , C13 , C33 , C44 are linear elastic constants
and e31 , e33 , e15 are linear piezoelectric constants.
Superscript P refers to piezoelectric material. Ei
i x, y, z shows electric eld intensity and can be
obtained as (Ghorbanpour Arani et al., 2011)
Ei
xy
32 3
0
Ex
76 7
0 54 Ey 5
K33
Ez
0
K11
0
4
3
"xx
7
36
6 "yy 7
0 6
7
76 "zz 7
7
0 56
6 7
6 yz 7
0 6
7
4 zx 5
2
Q12
Q22
Q66
10
(JVC)
[117]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Ravandi et al.
Subscript G denotes parameters corresponding to graphene. In this equation, fmz and fmy are Lorentz force
along z and y axes, respectively. They can be calculated
as (Murmu et al., 2013)
fmx 0
In which Utot and Vtot are total potential energy and
work done by external forces, respectively.
3.2.1. Virtual potential energy and virtual external
works. Virtual potential energy and virtual work
applied by external forces to both graphene and piezoelectric layers have been calculated separately and
nally added together.
Virtual potential energy and virtual work for piezoelectric layer are
Z Z
P
P
P
UP
"xx yy
"yy xy
xy
xx
S 0
Dxx Ex dzdx dy
Z Z hp
P 0
P
fmy
fmz
hp
0, H2x
qP x, ywdx dy
2
@2 v @2 v
@2 w
2 @ w
, Hx
@x2 @y2
@x2 @y2
qmz
13
14
2
@ w @2 w
@x2 @y2
fmz dz
hg H2x
fmy dz
hg H2x
qmy
qP x, y Kw w1 GP r2 w1
18
17
hg
VP
hg
@2 v @2 v
@x2 @y2
19
20
"xx z"1xx
S
G
P
G
P
yy
yy
xy
"0yy z"1yy xy
o
0
1
xy
zxy
21
Dxx Ex dz dx dy
hg
Z (Z
@2 v @2 v @2 w
0
G
G
xx
"xx z"1xx yy
"0yy z"1yy
hg
)
i
G
0
1
xy xy zxy dz dx dy
Z
15
hg
0
0
VG
S
fmz w fmy v dz
0
1
Nxy xy
Mxy xy
GEx qP w qmz w
qmy v Cv w1 w2 w dx dy dt
22
Cv w1 w2 w dx dy
Nxx "0xx Mxx "1xx Nyy "0yy Myy "1yy
16
(JVC)
[117]
[PREPRINTER stage]
In the construction of equation (22), the following definitions have been used:
P
Nxx NG
xx Nxx ,
P
Nyy NG
yy Nyy ,
P
Nxy NG
xy Nxy ,
P
Mxx MG
xx Mxx ,
Myy
MG
yy
MPyy ,
Mxy
MG
xy
@
@w
@w
Nxx
Nxy
w
@x
@x
@y
@
@w
@w
Nxy
Nyy
@y
@x
@y
23
MPxy
where in this equation, the stress and moment resultants are calculated as
8 G 9
8 G 9
>
= Z0 >
=
< Nxx >
< xx >
G
G
Nyy
yy
dz,
>
hg >
;
;
: G >
: G>
Nxy
xy
8 P 9
8 P 9
>
= Z hp >
=
< Nxx >
< xx >
P
P
Nyy
yy
dz,
>
0 >
;
;
: P >
: P >
Nxy
xy
Z hp
G
Dxx dz
where
27
Doing dierentiation and sorting equation (27) the following relation can be obtained:
@w @Nxx @Nxy
@w @Nxy @Nyy
8 G 9
8 G 9
w
@x @x
@y @x
@y
@y
>
= Z0 >
=
< Mxx >
< xx >
G
G
2
2
2
Myy
yy z dz,
@ w
@ w
@ w
>
Nyy
28
Nxx 2 2Nxy
hg >
;
;
: G >
: G>
@x
@x@y
@y
Mxy
xy
8 P 9
8 P 9
>
= Z hp >
=
< Mxx >
< xx >
P
P
Myy
yy
z dz, According to the rst two relations of equation (26), the
>
nal form of equation (28) is
0 >
;
;
: P >
: P >
Mxy
xy
@2 w
@2 w
@2 w
2N
xy
yy
@x2
@x@y
@y
2
2
@ v @ v @w
hg H2x
@x2 @y2 @y
w Nxx
24
To describe equations of motion as a function of displacements, it is necessary to write virtual strains in
terms of virtual displacements as follows (Reddy,
2004):
@u @w @w
@2 w
, "1xx 2 ,
@x @x @x
@x
2
@v
@w
@w
@
w
, "1yy 2 ,
"0yy
@y @y @y
@y
@u
@v
@w
@w
@w
@w
0
,
xy
@y
@x
@x @y @x @y
@2 w
1
xy
,
2
@x@y
@
Ex
@x
"0xx
25
0,
@x
@y
2
@Nxy @Nyy
@2 v
2 @ v
v :
hg Hx
,
@x2 @y2
@x
@y
u :
@2 Mxy @2 Myy
@2 Mxx
w :
2
w q,
@x2
@x@y
@y2
: G,x 0
26
29
A011
A
12
@x2
@x2 @x
@y@x @y@x @y
2
2
2
@ u1 @ v1 @ w1 @w1 @2 w1 @w1
A066
@y2 @x@y @x@y @y
@y2 @x
B011
3
3
@3 w1
@2 1
0 @ w1
0 @ w1
B
2B
n
0
31
12
66
@x3
@x@y2
@x@y2
@x2
31a
(JVC)
[117]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Ravandi et al.
v1 :
2
2
@ u1 @2 w1 @w1
@ v1 @2 w1 @w1
A012
A022
@x@y @x@y @x
@y2
@y2 @y
2
@ u1 @2 v1 @2 w1 @w1 @2 w1 @w1
2
2
A066
@y@x @x
@x@y @x
@x @y
2
@ v1 @ 2 v1
@3 w 1
2 B012 2
hgH2x
2
@x
@y
@x @y
3
@3 w1
@2 1
0 @ w1
B
n
31
22
@x2 @y
@y3
@x2
4
@ 4 v1
@ 4 v1
2 @ v1
hgHx
2 2 2 4
0
@x4
@x @y
@y
2B066
31b
1 :
n31
!
@u1 1 @w1 2 @v1 1 @w1 2
@x 2 @x
@y 2 @y
K11 hp
31d
@1
0
@x
P
A012 AG
12 A12 ,
P
A022 AG
22 A11 ,
P
A066 AG
66 A66 ,
P
B011 BG
11 B11 ,
P
B012 BG
12 B12 ,
P
B022 BG
22 B11 ,
P
B066 BG
66 B66 ,
D011 DP11 DG
11 ,
P
D012 DG
12 D12 ,
P
D022 DG
22 D11 ,
P
D066 DG
66 D66
32
w1 :
!
4
@4 w1
@4 w1
@u1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
0
0 @ w1
0
2D12 2 2 D22 4 A11
2 @x
@x4
@y @x
@y
@x @x2
@x2
!
@v1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
@1 @2 w1
@u1 @2 w1 @v1 @2 w1 @w1 @w1 @2 w1
0
0
A12
2A66
n31
2 @y
@y @x2
@x2
@x @x2
@y @y@x @x @y@x @x @y @y@x
!
!
@u1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
@v1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
@1 @2 w1
0
0
A12
n
31
22
2 @y
@x @y2 2 @x
@y2
@y @y2
@y2
@x @y2
2
2
@ w 1 @2 w 1
@2 w1
@2 w 1
@2 v1 @w1
2 @ v1 @w1
2
Kw w1 Gp
2 N0 2
N0 2 hg Hx
@x2
@y
@x
@y
@x2 @y
@y @y
2
2
@
w
@
w
1
1
hgH2x
2 Cv w1 w2
@x2
@y
3
3
@ u1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1
@ v1
@2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1
0
B011
B
12
@x3
@x2 @x2
@x @x3
@x2 @y @x@y @x@y @y @x2 @y
3
@ u1
@ 3 v1
@3 w1 @w1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1
2B066
22
@x @y
@x@y2 @x@y @x@y @x @x@y2
@y3
@y2 @y2
@y @y3
D011
2
2
2
2
2
2
@2 w1 @2 w1
@3 1
0 @ w1 @ w1
0 @ w1 @ w1
0 @ w1 @ w1
B
2B
4B
m
311
12
66
22
@x2 @x2
@y2 @x2
@y@x @y@x
@y2 @y2
@x3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
@ 1
@ w1 @ w1
@ w1 @ w1 @ w2 @ w2
m311
Kw
2 Cv
2 2 2
@x@y2
@x2
@y
@x2
@y
@x
@y
4
4
4
4
4
4
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
Gp
2 2 2 4 hgH2x
2 2 2 4
4
4
@x
@y @x
@y
@x
@y @x
@y
2
3
2
3
4
4
2
@
v
@
w
@
v
@
w
@
v
@w
@
v
@w
@
v1 @3 w1 @2 v1 @3 w1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
hgH2x
2 2
@y @x @y
@y @y
@x3 @y@x @y2 @x @y@x @y@x2 @y2
@y3 @y2
B011
31c
(JVC)
[117]
[PREPRINTER stage]
AP11 , AP12 , AP66
hp
A066
,
A011
n0031
C11 hp
,
A011
N0 ahg
,
N~ 0
D011
A0066
33
0
hp
e31 z dz
m311
0
D0022
K 11
3
Z hp
e31 dz e31 hp ,
Z
B0022
B~ 12
e31 2
hp
2
m0311
where
1
C66 C11 C12
2
34
2
Z0
G G G G
Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66 z2 dz
D11 , D12 , D22 , D66
hg
A~ 66
Kw hg a3
K~ w
,
D011
A~ 11
A011 h2g
,
D011
A066 h2g
,
D011
Gp ahg
G~ p
,
D011
A~ 12
A012 h2g
,
D011
C11 h3g
H2x h2g a
H2x b
0
00
,
MP
,
MP
,
A011
D011
D011
D0
D012
D066
00
00
12
,
D
,
D
,
12
66
D011
D011
D011
K11 C11
B11
B12
, B0012
,
, B0011
2
A
a
A
e31
11
11 a
B22
B66
B11 hg
, B0066
, B~ 11
,
A11 a
B11 a
D11
m311 C11 hp
B12 hg
B22 hg
, B~ 22
, m~ 311
,
D11
D11
e31 D11
hp
m311
e31 2
hp , f
, m311
36
2
e31 a
2
hg
A66
2
@
2 @
@
@
@ @
@
@
2
3
2 3
@ i
@ wi
@ wi
n0031 f 2 B0011 3 B0012
@
@
@@
2
2 3
@ wi
2B0066
0
@@
2
37a
vi :
2
@2 u i
@2 w i @w i
@ vi
@2 w i @w i
00
2
A22
@@
@@
@
@
2
@
@
2
2
2
2
@ u i @ vi
@ wi @w i
@ w i @w i
00
A66
2
@
@ @2
@
@ @
@ @
2 2
2
3
2 3
@
@
@
v
v
w
i
i
i
i
00
00 @ w
B
MP0
B
12
22
@2
@
2
@2 @
@
3
@3 w i
@2 i
en2
2B0066 2 n0031 f
@ @
@@
#
2
4
4
4
@
@
@
v
v
v
i
i
i
MP0 2 4 22 2 2
2 4 0
@
@ @
@
A0012
35
w
v,
u,
A022
,
A011
n~ 31
n31
A0022
37b
(JVC)
[117]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Ravandi et al.
wi :
2 2 !
2
4
4 4
2
@4 w i
@
u
@
@w i @ w i
w
i
i
i
i
00 @ w
00 @ w
D22 3 4 A~ 11
4 2D12
2 @
@
@
2 @2
@
@ @2
@2
!
2 2
@vi @2 w i 2 @w i 2 @2 w i
@i @2 w i
@i @ w i
~
A12
n~31
n~ 31
2
2
2
@
@
@ @
2
2 @
@
@ @
@u i @2 w i @vi @2 w i
@w i @w i @2 w i
2A~ 66
@
@
@ @ @
@
@ @
@
@
!
3
2 2 !
2
2
2
2
@
u
@
@
w
@
@
v
@
@w i @ w i
w
w
w
i
i
i
i
i
i
A~ 22
A~ 12
@ @
2 2 @
2 @
@
2
@
@
2
@
2
3
@ u i
@2 w i @2 w i
@w i @3 w i
B~ 11
@3
@2 @2
@ @3
2 3
@3 vi
2 @2 w i @2 w i 2 @w i @3 w i
@ u i @3 vi
2 @w i @3 w i
~
~
B12
2
B
66
@2 @
@
@ @
@ @
@2 @
@@
2 @2 @
@
@2 @
2
4
2 @2 w i @2 w i 2 @2 w i @2 w i 2 @w i @3 w i
i
00 @ w
4D
66
@
@ @
@ @2 @
2
@ @
2 @
@
2 @2
!
2 3
2 2 2
2
3
2
2
2 2
2
@
@
@
@
w
@
u
w
w
w
i
i
i
i
i
~ 11 @ w i @ w i B~ 12 @ w i @ w i
B~ 12
B
@
2 @ @
@ @
@ @ @
2 @
@2 @2
@2 @
2
2 2
2 2
4 2
37c
@ w i @ w i
@ w i @ w i
@ w i @ w i
B~ 12
B~ 22 3 2
K~ w w i
@
@ @
@
@2 @
2
@
@
2
2 2 !
2 2
2
@2 w i
@ w i
~
~ 0 @ w i
N~ 0 @ w i
Gp
N
@
2
@
2
@2
@2
2 2
2 2 !
@2 vi @w i
@ vi @w i @2 w i
@ w i
00
2
MP 2
@
2 @
@
2
@ @
@
"
2 2 !
2 4
4 4 !
@2 w i
@ w i
@4 w i
@ w i
@ w i
2
~
~
~
Cv w 1 w 2 en Kw
Gp
2
2
4
2
2
@
@ @
@
4
@
@
"
2 2
2 4
2 2 3
@2 vi @3 w i
@ vi @3 w i @4 vi @w i
@ vi @w i
@ vi @ w i
MP00
@
2 @
@2 @4 @
@
2 @2 @
@2 @
3
@2 @
@2
4 2 3
2 4
4 4
@ vi @ w i @4 w i
@ vi @w i
@ vi @w i
4
@
2 @
3
@
2 @2 @
@
4 @
@
3 2
4 4
2 4 #
@ vi @ w i
@3 vi @2 w i
@3 vi @2 w i @3 vi @2 w i
@ w i
@ w i
2
2
3 2
2
3
2
2
4
@
@2 @
2
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@
@
2
@ w 1 @2 w 1 @2 w 2 @2 w 2
C~ v
0
@2
@
2
@2
@
2
4B~ 66
i :
@u i 2 @w i 2
@vi 2 @w i 2
@
2 @
@
2 @
0
2
@i m311 @ w i m0311 2 @2 w i
K11 f
0
@
2
@
f @2
f
37d
4. Solution procedure
Because of the nonlinearity nature of equations, the
closed-form solution is out of scope, and hence we
must explore the problem solution using numerical
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methods. There are many useful methods to solve equations and they have desirable accuracy (Shu, 2000;
Zhang et al., 2013; Weng et al., 2014; Zhang and
Liew, 2014). DQ approach has been chosen for our
study. In this method, equations will be discretized
and rearranged in a matrix form.
Ax,ik f xk , yj ,
n
@x
k1
Ny
m
X
@ f xi , yj
Ay,jk fxi , yk ,
@ym
k1
Nx
X
@nm f xi , yj
Ax,ik f xk , yj
n
@x
k1
Bij1
x 0, a
y 0, b
m 1, . . . , Ny 1,
i 6 j,
i, j 1, 2, . . . , Nx
i j,
i, j 1, 2, . . . , Nx
i 6 j,
i, j 1, 2, . . . , Ny
i j,
i, j 1, 2, . . . , Ny
j1,j6i
39
KL KNL N 0 Kg fdg 0
n
T o
fdg fu gT , fvgT , fw gT ,
j1,j6i
Ny
Y
yi yj
Pyi
45
In which
is the eigenvector corresponding to the
linear eigenvalue problem.
40
j1,j6i
n
An A1 ,
m
1
m
B
B
44
where
Nx
Y
xi xj ,
43
i1
i
5 0:01%
i1
Mxi
42
j1,j6i
8 P y
i
>
>
< yi yj Pyj
Ny
P
>
>
Aij1
:
x 0, a & y 0, b
Aij1
uvw0 @
@2 w
0
@
@x2
@2 w
0
@
@y2
n 1, . . . , Nx 1,
38
8
M x i
>
>
< xi xj Mxj
Nx
P
>
>
Aij1
:
In this study, we have considered the boundary conditions for all edges of plates as simply supported. These
boundary conditions can be expressed as
41
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investigated. Properties of graphene and ZnO piezoelectric material are presented in Table 1 (Gao and
Wang, 2007; Pradhan and Phadikar, 2010). In order
to verify the results, a comparison is presented in
Table 2. Unfortunately, there is a lack of knowledge
in the literature covering all aspects of the problem of
the present study, and hence, a simplied analysis proposed by Pradhan and Phadikar (2010) and
DLGS
E1 1765 GPa
E2 1588 GPa
12 21 0:3
Exact
solution, [41]
FEM,
[42]
DQM,
Present work
1
2
475.5153
123.1903
475.5155
123.1906
475.5154
123.1905
1
2
475.0192
119.7309
475.0194
119.7312
475.0192
119.7310
e0 a2
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be the optimum. Through increasing nonlocal parameters, the dierence between diagrams will be the same.
Figure 5 depicts the eects of changing the length of
plates on thr required load for buckling. Obviously,
with an increase in dimensions of the plate, the instability of the system decreases. This behavior of the system
is expected as we know that there is an inverse relation
between buckling load and the length of plate. Another
point that should be noted from this gure is that for
the smaller plates e.g. a 10 or 20 nm, the eects of the
nonlocal parameter are more obvious. The reason is
that as can be interpreted from the name of smallscale parameter, it is a criterion for measurement of
the smallness of a system, and therefore, for
the larger systems its eect becomes less than
smaller ones.
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Figure 5. Nonlinear buckling load versus nonlocal parameter for various lengths of plates.
Figure 6. The (a) effect of graphene thickness on stability of the system and (b) the effect of piezoelectric thickness on stability of the
system.
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Figure 7. Variation of the nonlinear buckling load against nonlocal parameter with magnetic field intensity.
Figure 8. Effect of presence and absence of van der Waals force on stability of the system.
Figure 9. Variation of stability of system versus small-scale parameter for different values of stiffness.
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Figure 10. A comparison for stability of the system between the uniaxial and biaxial forces.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, the nonlinear instability of double layer
graphene sheet covered by ZnO piezoelectric layers,
subjected to biaxial forces, electric and magnetic eld,
and surrounded by Pasternak foundation was investigated. To sum up, the following major conclusions can
be drawn:
1. Omitting nonlinear terms from equations results in
conservative analysis.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conicts of interest.
Funding
This work was supported by the Iran University of Science
and Technology.
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