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Article

Numerical analysis for nonlocal nonlinear


vibration of a double layer graphene sheet
integrated with ZnO piezoelectric layers

Journal of Vibration and Control


117
! The Author(s) 2014
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DOI: 10.1177/1077546314561036
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Abbas Karamali Ravandi1,2, Alireza Karimi1,2 and


Mahdi Navidbakhsh1,2

Abstract
In this paper nonlocal nonlinear buckling of a double layer graphene sheet covered by ZnO piezoelectric layers has been
investigated. The surrounding circumstance of the system was considered as Pasternak foundation. Graphene sheets
were subjected to magnetic field and biaxial forces, and the ZnO piezoelectric layer was subjected to an electric field.
Classical plate theory was employed to model the plates. Governing equations of motion were derived using Hamiltons
principle. Nonlinear von-Karman equations were utilized to derive motion equations. The known numerical differential
quadrature method was applied to obtain the nonlocal nonlinear buckling load. The detailed parametric study was
performed concerning parameters, including magnetic field intensity, dimensions of plates, small-scale effect, and intensity
of stiffness matrix. The results revealed that magnetic field intensity is an effective parameter that makes the system
stable. The results of this study may be advantageous for designing and manufacturing of stable graphene-based nanostructures in micro/nano electromechanical systems.

Keywords
DLGS, DQM, nonlinear buckling, Pasternak model, ZnO piezoelectric layer

1. Introduction
Nanostructures are composed of a diversity of fundamental elements, which include nanotubes, nanoplates,
nanowires, nanorings, etc. There are many studies relating to these components, which investigate the diverse
aspects of their behavior from mechanical properties to
electrical ones. The nanotubes and nanoplates among
the forenamed components have a key asset owing to
their particular applications. From the mechanical
point of view, nanotubes are generally considered as
beams. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as one of the most
popular nanotubes, have indicated brilliant mechanical
and thermal properties and the most signicant features
of CNTs are their extremely high stiness along with
excellent resilience. CNTs are considered to be one of
the best reinforcement materials for high structural performance and multi-functional composites with a wide
range of application (Iijima, 1991; Lei et al., 2014).
Embedding CNTs on the magnetic substrate or
adding electrons or holes makes the CNTs achieve
magnetic properties (Saito and Zettl, 2008). There are

a large number of studies that have reported on vibration and buckling analysis of beams in both local and
nonlocal forms (Reddy, 2007; Wang and Ni, 2008;
Mahdavi et al., 2009; Sayyad, 2011).
Graphene sheets (GS) are one of the most wellknown types of carbon nano-structures among research
communities (Benningho, 1925; Faghihi et al., 2014a,
2014b). There are many reports on the mechanical
behavior of the GSs under dierent types of boundary
conditions and subjected to various kinds of loading
congurations, which have attracted the interest of
1

School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and


Technology, Tehran, Iran
2
Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School
of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology,
Tehran, Iran
Received: 15 June 2014; accepted: 24 October 2014
Corresponding author:
Abbas Karamali Ravandi, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran
University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran.
Email: abbas_karamali@mecheng.iust.ac.ir

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many researchers. This is because of the valuable properties of GSs among carbon nano-structures. The primary and widely accepted denition of a single-layer
graphene sheet (SLGS) presented as: a at monolayer
of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional
honeycomb lattice in which carbon atoms bond covalently with their neighbors (Yang et al., 2010; Arash
et al., 2012); Graphene sheets have extraordinary properties of physical, chemical and electrical types. Some of
these properties are: (Baykasoglu and Mugan, 2012;
Chen et al., 2012; Oh et al., 2012): relatively high mechanical strength (Youngs modulus 1.0 TPa), considerable
thermal
conductivity
(thermal
conductivity 3000 W/km), and exceptional electric
conductivity (electric conductivity up to 6000 S/cm).
On the grounds of these stunning and heralded properties, GSs are capable of being used in many nano-structures, i.e., nanosensors, nano-optomechanical systems,
super capacitors, nanocomposites, etc (Jomehzadeh and
Saidi, 2011; Qian et al., 2011).
Recently, the mechanical properties of GSs and
nanoplates have been investigated. Pradhan and
Kumar (2011) studied the vibration of GSs using nonlocal elasticity and a DQ approach. They considered
the eects of parameters, such as graphene dimensions,
nonlocal parameters, material properties, and dierent
boundary conditions on the dimensionless frequency of
an orthotropic SLGS. Pradhan and Murmu (2010)
assessed the small-scale eect on the buckling analysis
of an SLGS, which was assumed to be on an elastic
medium. They used nonlocal plate theory to model
the problem. The results of their study revealed that
small-scale parameter and elastic medium stiness
aect the buckling load of GS considerably. The thermal buckling properties of a nanoplate considering
small-scale parameters were studied by Wang et al.
(2013) based on the nonlocal continuum theory. As
shown in their work, in thermal buckling analysis
small-scale eects must be taken into account.
Pradhan and Phadikar (2009) investigated the smallscale eect on the vibration of multi-layer graphene
sheets (MLGS). Narendar and Gopalakrishnan (2012)
investigated buckling analysis of orthotropic nanoplates, such as graphene, by use of the two-variable
rened plate theory and small-scale eects. It has
been proven that the non-dimensional buckling load
of the orthotropic nanoplate is always smaller than
that of the isotropic nanoplate. Liew et al. (2006) studied the vibration of MLGS resting on an elastic
medium. The inuence due to the presence of van der
Waals (vdW) force between the graphene layers and the
elastic medium on their natural frequency has been considered. Based on Liew et al.s research, the lowest natural frequency of MLGS is not aected by vdW force.
According to Murmu et al. (2013) applying an in-plane

magnetic eld to SLGS enhances its natural frequency.


Transverse free vibration of circular GSs under dierent
boundary conditions using nonlocal continuum mechanics was analyzed by Mohammadi et al. (2013). The
buckling analysis of SLGS using polyvinylidene uoride
(PVDF) was presented by Ghorbanpour Arani et al.
(2012a,b), who used nonlocal Mindlin plate theory to
simulate GS behavior. In this paper, applied electric
voltage has been employed to control SLGS smartly.
On the other hand, creating composite or hybrid
structures to achieve new materials with modied properties has a particular importance. At macro scales, the
exact solution for the vibration of thick circular plates
made of functionally graded material (FGM) covered
by piezoelectric layers has been analytically solved by
Hosseini-Hashemi et al. (2010b). In their study, the
plates were modeled by third-order plate theory.
Furthermore, the three dimensional Ritz solution for
free vibrations of annular plates made of FGM covered
by piezoelectric layers was carried out (HosseiniHashemi et al., 2010a). At nano scales, buckling analysis of a CNT as a core covered by ZnO layer subjected
to both electrical eld and mechanical strain was conducted by Zhang et al. (2012). The manufacturing and
characterization of ZnO-coated multi-walled carbon
nanotubes with enhanced photocatalytic activity was
recently proposed (Jiang and Gao, 2005).
The use of graphene-based structures has received
considerable attention due to their thaumaturgic properties. The design and manufacture of stable systems are
of common concern to researchers. The buckling of the
system can be postponed by changing parameters such
as magnetic eld intensity, length of plates, and particularly the thickness of the ZnO layer. In addition, there is
no study investigating the buckling analysis of a double
layer graphene sheet (DLGS) covered by ZnO layers.
Motivated by these considerations, in order to optimize
nanostructures design, our aim was to investigate stability control of DLGS based on classical plate theory
(CPT). Herein, DLGS is covered by a ZnO piezoelectric
layer, surrounded by Pasternak medium and subjected
to both magnetic and electric elds. The inuences of
small-scale parameter, elastic medium, length of the
plates, and magnetic eld intensity on the buckling
behavior of DLGS have been taken into consideration.
The motion equations of the system have been obtained
using Hamiltons principle.

2. A review on nonlocal theory


According to nonlocal piezoelasticity theory, the stress
and electric displacement eld of a specic point
depend not only on strain and electric eld components
at the same point but also on all other points of the
body. This statement of nonlocal theory can be

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formulated as nonlocal constitutive behavior as follows


(Han and Lee, 1998; Ke et al., 2012):
1  r2 ijnl ijl

l
1  r2 Dnl
ij Dij

where ijnl and ijl are nonlocal and local stress tensors,
nl
respectively. Also, Dnl
ij and Dij denote components of
nonlocal and local electric displacement, respectively.
 e0 a2 represents the small-scale eect on the
response of structures in nanosize and r2 is Laplacian
operator.

3. Modeling the problem


3.1. Geometrical description of the problem
A schematic conguration of the problem is illustrated
in Figure 1. As can be seen in the gure, a double layer
graphene sheet is covered by two ZnO piezoelectric
layers. The thicknesses of graphene and piezoelectric
layers are distinct and denoted by hg and hp , respectively. The interaction between graphene layers is

modeled by vdW force. The whole system is surrounded


by Pasternak foundation. The magnetic and electric
eld are applied to graphene and piezoelectric layers,
respectively. Moreover, a biaxial force was applied to
the GSs; it should be noted that the system shown in
Figure 1 is divided into two systems. System 1 considered the upper piezoelectric and graphene layers,
and system 2 considered the lower ones.

3.2. Governing equations of motion


In this section, the aim is to obtain the governing
equations of motion by means of Hamiltons
principle. In this study, all layers have been modeled
by CPT. The displacement eld for CPT is given by
(Reddy, 2004):
@w0
@x
@w0
vx, y, z, t v0 x, y, t  z
@x
wx, y, z, t w0 x, y, t
ux, y, z, t u0 x, y, t  z

Figure 1. The (a) schematic of double-layer graphene sheet covered by ZnO piezoelectric layer and (b) direction of applied magnetic
field to graphene sheets.

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where u0 , v0 , w0 is an arbitrary point at the middle


surface of the plate. The nonlinear von-Karman strains
are given by (Reddy, 2004):
0

"xx

"0xx

"1xx

B
C B 0 C
B 1 C
@ "yy A @ "yy A z@ "yy A
0
1
xy
xy
xy

where  is applied electric potential to piezoelectric


layers. On the other hand, electric displacement of
this particular material presented as (Gao and Wang,
2007):

e31
6
7 6
4 Dyy 5 4 0
0
Dzz

where

 1
@u0 1 @w0 2

C
0 0 1 B
C
B @x 2 @x
"xx
B

2 C
C
 0  B 0 C B @v
1 @w0
0
C,
" @ "yy A B

C
B
C
B
2
@y
@y
0
xy
C
B
@ @u0 @v0 @w0 @w0 A

@y
@x
@x @y
1
0
2
@ w0
0 1 1 B  @x2 C
C
B
"xx
 1 B 1 C B
@2 w0 C
C
B
" @ "yy A B  2 C
@y C
B
1
C
B
xy
@
@2 w0 A
2
@x@y

Dxx

e31

e33

0
0

0
0

e15
0

0
e15

K11
6
4 0

C13

6 P 7 6C
6 yy 7 6 12 C11 C13
7 6
6
6 P 7 6 C13 C13 C33
6 zz 7 6
7 6
6
6 P 7 6 0
0
0
6 yz 7 6
7 6 0
6
0
0
6 P 7 6
4 zx 5 4
P
0
0
0
xy
3 2
2
"xx
e31
6" 7 6e
6 yy 7 6 31
7 6
6
6 "zz 7 6 e33
7 6
6
6
76
6 yz 7 6 0
7 6
6
7 6
6
4 zx 5 4 0

C44

C44

0
C11  C12
2

P
xx

C11

C12

xy

0
0
0
e15
0
0

0 7
72 3
7 Ex
0 7
76 7
74 Ey 5
0 7
7 Ez
7
e15 5

@
@i

P
yy
C12 "xx C11 "yy  e31 Ex ,
P

xy

3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5

C11  C12
xy ,
2

Dxx e31 "xx e31 "yy K11 Ex


On the other hand, constitutive equations for an orthotropic GS modeled by CPT are (Reddy, 2004)
2

G
xx

Q11

6 G 7 6
4 yy 5 4 Q12
G
0
xy

Q12
Q22
0

32

"xx

76
7
0 54 "yy 5
xy
Q66

where Qij i, j 1, 2, 6 are the linear elastic constants


and their values can be obtained using the following
formulae:
E1
,
1  12 21
12 E2
21 E1

,
1  12 21 1  12 21
E2

,
1  12 21
G12

Q11

i x, y, z

P
xx
C11 "xx C12 "yy  e31 Ex ,

where C11 , C12 , C13 , C33 , C44 are linear elastic constants
and e31 , e33 , e15 are linear piezoelectric constants.
Superscript P refers to piezoelectric material. Ei
i x, y, z shows electric eld intensity and can be
obtained as (Ghorbanpour Arani et al., 2011)
Ei 

xy

32 3
0
Ex
76 7
0 54 Ey 5
K33
Ez

K11 , K33 are dielectric constants. In this investigation,


electric eld is applied along x direction and along the
two other directions is considered zero. For our particular problem constitutive and electric displacement
equations are summarized as follows:

Constitutive equations for ZnO material are as follows


(Gao and Wang, 2007):
2

0
K11

0
4

3
"xx
7
36
6 "yy 7
0 6
7
76 "zz 7
7
0 56
6 7
6 yz 7
0 6
7
4 zx 5
2

Q12
Q22
Q66

10

E1 and E2 are elastic modulus along 1 and 2 directions,


respectively. 12 and 21 are Poisson constants. G12 is
the shear modulus. As mentioned earlier the governing

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equations are obtained using Hamiltons principle,


which in its familiar form is expressed as:
ZT
Utot Vtot dt 0
11

Subscript G denotes parameters corresponding to graphene. In this equation, fmz and fmy are Lorentz force
along z and y axes, respectively. They can be calculated
as (Murmu et al., 2013)

fmx 0
In which Utot and Vtot are total potential energy and
work done by external forces, respectively.
3.2.1. Virtual potential energy and virtual external
works. Virtual potential energy and virtual work
applied by external forces to both graphene and piezoelectric layers have been calculated separately and
nally added together.
Virtual potential energy and virtual work for piezoelectric layer are
Z Z


P
P
P
UP
"xx yy
"yy xy
xy
xx
S 0

 Dxx Ex dzdx dy
Z Z hp


 P 0

P

xx "xx z"1xx yy


"0yy z"1yy
S
0

i o
P
0
1
xy xy
zxy
 Dxx Ex dz dx dy
12

fmy
fmz

hp

0, H2x

qP x, ywdx dy


 2

@2 v @2 v
@2 w
2 @ w

, Hx
@x2 @y2
@x2 @y2

qmz

13

14

In the equation (14), Kw and GP are coecients of


Winkler and the shear layer of Pasternak foundation,
respectively.
Similarly, virtual potential energy and virtual work
due to external forces for graphene are as follows:
Z Z0 

G
G
G
UG
xx
"xx yy
"yy xy
xy dz dx dy

 2

@ w @2 w

@x2 @y2

fmz dz

hg H2x

fmy dz

hg H2x

qmy

qP x, y Kw w1 GP r2 w1

18

Using internal integral of equation (16) and by use of


equation (17), values of Lorentz force along the thickness can be obtained as

In which subscript p refers to piezoelectric and qP


denotes all transverse forces acting on the piezoelectric
layer. Because of Pasternak foundation, transverse
forces are

17

hg

VP 

hg

@2 v @2 v

@x2 @y2

19


20

The total virtual potential and virtual work of external


forces for system 1 then becomes:
Utot UG UP
Z Z
 G
 0

P
xx xx

"xx z"1xx
S



 

G
P
G
P
yy
yy
xy
"0yy z"1yy xy
o


0
1
 xy
zxy
21
 Dxx Ex dz dx dy

hg

Z (Z

Since displacement components are independent of


thickness of plate, the nal form of Lorentz force
used in this investigation becomes:


@2 v @2 v @2 w

@x2 @y2 @y@z


 2

@2 w @2 v
2 @ w
Hx

@x2 @y2 @y@z


H2x



 0

G
G
xx
"xx z"1xx yy
"0yy z"1yy

hg

)

i
G
0
1
xy xy zxy dz dx dy
Z

15

hg

0
0

VG 
S

Substituting equations (13), (16) and (21) into equation


(11) and integrating, the following time integration may
be obtained:



fmz w fmy v dz

0
1
Nxy xy
Mxy xy
 GEx  qP w  qmz w

qmy v Cv w1  w2 w dx dy dt
22

Cv w1  w2 w dx dy


Nxx "0xx Mxx "1xx Nyy "0yy Myy "1yy

16

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In the construction of equation (22), the following definitions have been used:
P
Nxx NG
xx Nxx ,

P
Nyy NG
yy Nyy ,

P
Nxy NG
xy Nxy ,

P
Mxx MG
xx Mxx ,

Myy

MG
yy

MPyy ,

Mxy

MG
xy



@
@w
@w
Nxx
Nxy
w
@x
@x
@y


@
@w
@w
Nxy
Nyy

@y
@x
@y

23

MPxy

where in this equation, the stress and moment resultants are calculated as
8 G 9
8 G 9
>
= Z0 >
=
< Nxx >
< xx >
G
G
Nyy
yy
dz,
>
hg >
;
;
: G >
: G>
Nxy
xy
8 P 9
8 P 9
>
= Z hp >
=
< Nxx >
< xx >
P
P
Nyy
yy
dz,
>
0 >
;
;
: P >
: P >
Nxy
xy
Z hp
G
Dxx dz

where

27

Doing dierentiation and sorting equation (27) the following relation can be obtained:





@w @Nxx @Nxy
@w @Nxy @Nyy
8 G 9
8 G 9
w

@x @x
@y @x
@y
@y
>
= Z0 >
=
< Mxx >
< xx >
G
G
2
2
2
Myy
yy z dz,
@ w
@ w
@ w
>
Nyy
28
Nxx 2 2Nxy
hg >
;
;
: G >
: G>
@x
@x@y
@y
Mxy
xy
8 P 9
8 P 9
>
= Z hp >
=
< Mxx >
< xx >
P
P
Myy
yy
z dz, According to the rst two relations of equation (26), the
>
nal form of equation (28) is
0 >
;
;
: P >
: P >
Mxy
xy
@2 w
@2 w
@2 w

2N
xy
yy
@x2
@x@y
@y
 2

2
@ v @ v @w
 hg H2x

@x2 @y2 @y

w Nxx

24
To describe equations of motion as a function of displacements, it is necessary to write virtual strains in
terms of virtual displacements as follows (Reddy,
2004):
@u @w @w
@2 w

,  "1xx  2 ,
@x @x @x
@x
2
@v
@w
@w
@
w

,  "1yy  2 ,
 "0yy
@y @y @y
@y
@u
@v
@w
@w
@w
@w
0

,
xy

@y
@x
@x @y @x @y
@2 w
1
xy
,
2
@x@y
@
Ex 
@x

 "0xx

25

Substituting equation (25) into (22) and integrating by


parts, the results after separation of the coecients of
the same variables, displacement-based equations of
motion can be obtained as
@Nxx @Nxy

0,
@x
@y
 2

@Nxy @Nyy
@2 v
2 @ v
v :

 hg Hx

,
@x2 @y2
@x
@y

u :

@2 Mxy @2 Myy
@2 Mxx

w :

2
w  q,
@x2
@x@y
@y2
 : G,x 0

26

29

Now, by calculating stress and moment resultants for


graphene and piezoelectric layers from equation (24)
separately, adding them together and nally substituting into equation (26), the local equations of motion in
terms of displacement can be obtained. In order to
make the equation in the nonlocal form, the method
employed by Reddy (2010) has been used. Nonlocal
stress and moment resultants are related to local ones
using the following dierential equations:




N
NL
, M
ML
,
30
1  r2 ,
, 1, 2
where superscript L refers to the local form of stress
and moment resultants. These quantities are calculated
using equation (24). For the next step, linear operator,
, is applied to equation (26) and using equation (24)
the nonlocal displacement-based equations of motions
can be written as:
u1 :
 2

 2

@ u1 @2 w1 @w1
@ v1 @2 w1 @w1
0

A011

A
12
@x2
@x2 @x
@y@x @y@x @y
 2

2
2
@ u1 @ v1 @ w1 @w1 @2 w1 @w1

A066
@y2 @x@y @x@y @y
@y2 @x
 B011

3
3
@3 w1
@2 1
0 @ w1
0 @ w1

B

2B

n
0
31
12
66
@x3
@x@y2
@x@y2
@x2
31a

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v1 :
 2

 2

@ u1 @2 w1 @w1
@ v1 @2 w1 @w1
A012

A022
@x@y @x@y @x
@y2
@y2 @y
 2

@ u1 @2 v1 @2 w1 @w1 @2 w1 @w1
2
2
A066
@y@x @x
@x@y @x
@x @y
 2

@ v1 @ 2 v1
@3 w 1
2  B012 2
hgH2x
2
@x
@y
@x @y
3
@3 w1
@2 1
0 @ w1

B

n
31
22
@x2 @y
@y3
@x2

 4

@ 4 v1
@ 4 v1
2 @ v1
  hgHx
2 2 2 4
0
@x4
@x @y
@y

 2B066

31b

1 :
n31




!
@u1 1 @w1 2 @v1 1 @w1 2

@x 2 @x
@y 2 @y

 K11 hp

31d

@1
0
@x

In the above equations, the following denitions have


been utilized:
P
A011 AG
11 A11 ,

P
A012 AG
12 A12 ,

P
A022 AG
22 A11 ,

P
A066 AG
66 A66 ,

P
B011 BG
11 B11 ,

P
B012 BG
12 B12 ,

P
B022 BG
22 B11 ,

P
B066 BG
66 B66 ,

D011 DP11 DG
11 ,

P
D012 DG
12 D12 ,

P
D022 DG
22 D11 ,

P
D066 DG
66 D66

32

w1 :

!


4
@4 w1
@4 w1
@u1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
0
0 @ w1
0
 2D12 2 2  D22 4 A11


2 @x
@x4
@y @x
@y
@x @x2
@x2
!





@v1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
@1 @2 w1
@u1 @2 w1 @v1 @2 w1 @w1 @w1 @2 w1
0
0
A12

2A66
 n31

2 @y
@y @x2
@x2
@x @x2
@y @y@x @x @y@x @x @y @y@x
!
!





@u1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
@v1 @2 w1 1 @w1 2 @2 w1
@1 @2 w1
0
0
A12

n
31
22
2 @y
@x @y2 2 @x
@y2
@y @y2
@y2
@x @y2
 2



2
@ w 1 @2 w 1
@2 w1
@2 w 1
@2 v1 @w1
2 @ v1 @w1
2
 Kw w1 Gp
2 N0 2
N0 2  hg Hx
@x2
@y
@x
@y
@x2 @y
@y @y
 2

2
@
w
@
w
1
1
hgH2x
2  Cv w1  w2
@x2
@y
 3

 3

@ u1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1
@ v1
@2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1
0
 B011

B
12
@x3
@x2 @x2
@x @x3
@x2 @y @x@y @x@y @y @x2 @y

 3
@ u1
@ 3 v1
@3 w1 @w1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1

2B066

@x@y2 @x2 @y @x2 @y @y @x@y @x@y @x2 @y2


@x @x@y2




@4 w1
@ 3 u1
@2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1
@3 v1 @2 w1 @2 w1 @w1 @3 w1
0
 4D066 2 2 B012

22
@x @y
@x@y2 @x@y @x@y @x @x@y2
@y3
@y2 @y2
@y @y3
D011

2
2
2
2
2
2
@2 w1 @2 w1
@3 1
0 @ w1 @ w1
0 @ w1 @ w1
0 @ w1 @ w1

B

2B

4B

m
311
12
66
22
@x2 @x2
@y2 @x2
@y@x @y@x
@y2 @y2
@x3

 2

 2

3
2
2
2
2
@ 1
@ w1 @ w1
@ w1 @ w1 @ w2 @ w2
m311
  Kw
2  Cv
2  2  2
@x@y2
@x2
@y
@x2
@y
@x
@y
 4



4
4
4
4
4
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
@ w1
Gp
2 2 2 4 hgH2x
2 2 2 4
4
4
@x
@y @x
@y
@x
@y @x
@y
2
3
2
3
4
4
2
@
v
@
w
@
v
@
w
@
v
@w
@
v
@w
@
v1 @3 w1 @2 v1 @3 w1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

hgH2x

@x2 @y@x2 @y2 @y@x2 @x4 @y @x2 @y2 @y


@x2 @y3
@y @y3

 3
4
4
2
3
2
3
3
3
@ v1 @w1 @ v1 @w1
@ v1 @ w1 @ v1 @ w1
@ v1 @ w1 @ v1 @2 w1
4
2

 2 2

@y @x @y
@y @y
@x3 @y@x @y2 @x @y@x @y@x2 @y2
@y3 @y2

 B011

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The coecients corresponding to the piezoelectric


layer are



AP11 , AP12 , AP66

hp

C11 , C12 , C66 dz


0

C11 , C12 , C66 hp ,


Z hp
 P P P
B11 , B12 , B66
C11 , C12 , C66 z dz

A066
,
A011

n0031

C11 hp
,
A011

N0 ahg
,
N~ 0
D011

C11 , C12 , C66 2


hp ,
2
Z hp
 P P P
C11 , C12 , C66 z2 dz
D11 , D12 , D66

A0066

33

0
hp

e31 z dz

m311
0

D0022
K 11

C11 , C12 , C66 3


hp ,

3
Z hp

e31 dz e31 hp ,
Z

B0022
B~ 12

e31  2 
hp
2

m0311

where
1
C66 C11  C12
2

34

And coecients corresponding to the graphene layer


are:
 G G G G
A11 , A12 , A22 , A66

Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66 dz


hg

Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66 hg ,


Z0
 G G G G
Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66 z dz
B11 , B12 , B22 , B66
hg

Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66  2 


hg ,

2
Z0
 G G G G
Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66 z2 dz
D11 , D12 , D22 , D66
hg

Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66  3 


hg

A~ 66

Kw hg a3
K~ w
,
D011
A~ 11

A011 h2g
,
D011

A066 h2g
,
D011

Gp ahg
G~ p
,
D011
A~ 12

A012 h2g
,
D011

C11 h3g
H2x h2g a
H2x b
0
00
,
MP

,
MP

,
A011
D011
D011
D0
D012
D066
00
00
12
,
D

,
D

,
12
66
D011
D011
D011
K11 C11
B11
B12
, B0012
,

, B0011
2
A
a
A
e31
11
11 a
B22
B66
B11 hg
, B0066
, B~ 11

,
A11 a
B11 a
D11
m311 C11 hp
B12 hg
B22 hg

, B~ 22
, m~ 311
,
D11
D11
e31 D11
hp
m311
e31 2
hp , f

, m311
36
2
e31 a
2
hg

Then, using these dimensionless parameters, equations


(31ad) would change into the following form:
ui :
 2

 2

@ u i
@2 w i @w i
@ vi
@2 w i @w i
00


 2
A12
@ 2
@ @
@ @
@ @ @
 2

2
2 
@ u i @ vi
@ wi @w i
@2 w i @w i
00

A66
2
 @ 2 @ @
@ @ @
@ @
2 
3 
2 3 
@ i
@ wi
@ wi
n0031 f 2  B0011  3  B0012
@
@
 @ @ 2
2 3 
@ wi
 2B0066
0
 @ @ 2
37a
vi :


 2

@2 u i
@2 w i @w i
@ vi
@2 w i @w i
00

2
A22
@ @
@ @ @
@ 2
@ @
 2

2
2 
2
@ u i  @ vi
@ wi @w i
@ w i @w i
00


A66 
 2
@ @ @ 2
@ @ @
@ @
 2 2

2
3 
2 3 


@
@
@
v
v
w
i
i
i
i
00
00 @ w

B



MP0

B
12
22
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2 @
 @ 3
@3 w i
@2 i
 en2
 2B0066  2 n0031 f 
@ @
@ @
#

 2
4
4
4
@
@

@
v
v
v
i
i
i
 MP0  2 4 2 2 2 2
2 4 0

@
@ @
@

A0012 
35

In order to generalize the results of this investigation to


any system consistent with our work, we have to utilize
the dimensionless nonlocal form of equations (31ad).
To this end, dimensionless parameters have been introduced as
u, v, w
x
y
hg
, , ,  ,
hg
a
b
a
hg
e31
e0 a
A0
, A0012 12
, 
, en
,
a
b
C11 hp
A011

 w
 v,
u,

A022
,
A011

n~ 31

n31

A0022

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wi :

 2 2 !
2
4 
4 4 
2 

@4 w i
@
u
@

@w i @ w i
w
i
i
i
i
00 @ w
00 @ w
 D22 3 4 A~ 11

  4  2D12
2 @
@
 @ 2 @ 2
 @
@ @ 2
@ 2
!

 2  2
 
@vi @2 w i 2 @w i 2 @2 w i
@i @2 w i
@i @ w i
~
A12

n~31
n~ 31
2
2
2
 @ @
 @ @ 2
2 @
@
@ @


@u i @2 w i @vi @2 w i
@w i @w i @2 w i


2A~ 66
  @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @ @ @
!

 3


 2 2 !
2
2 
2 
2 





@
u
@

@
w
@

@
v
@

@w i @ w i
w
w
w
i
i
i
i
i
i

A~ 22

A~ 12
  @ @ 2 2 @

2 @
@ 2
@ @ 2
@ 2
 3

@ u i
@2 w i @2 w i
@w i @3 w i
B~ 11



@ 3
@ 2 @ 2
@ @ 3
 2 3


@3 vi
2 @2 w i @2 w i 2 @w i @3 w i
@ u i @3 vi
2 @w i @3 w i
~
~
B12

2
B
66
 @ 2 @  @ @ @ @  @ @ 2 @
 @ @ 2  @ 2 @  @ @ 2 @

2
4 
2 @2 w i @2 w i 2 @2 w i @2 w i 2 @w i @3 w i
i
00 @ w


4D
66
 @ @ @ @  @ 2 @ 2
 @ @ 2 @
 @ 2 @ 2
!
 2 3
2 2  2 
2 
3 
2
2
2 2
2


@

@
@

@
w
@
u
w
w
w
i
i
i
i
i
~ 11  @ w i @ w i  B~ 12 @ w i @ w i

B~ 12

B
 @ 2 @  @ @ @ @  @ @ 2 @
@ 2 @ 2
 @ 2 @ 2
2 2

2 2

4 2

37c

@ w i @ w i
@ w i @ w i
@ w i @ w i
 B~ 12
 B~ 22 3 2
 K~ w w i
 @ @ @ @
 @ 2 @ 2
 @ @ 2
 2 2 !
 2 2
2
@2 w i
@ w i
~
~ 0 @ w i
N~ 0 @ w i
Gp

N
 @ 2
 @ 2
@ 2
@ 2
 2 2
 2 2 !
@2 vi @w i
@ vi @w i @2 w i
@ w i
00

 2 
 MP 2
 @ 2 @
 @ 2
@ @
@
"
 2 2 !
 2 4
 4 4 !
@2 w i
@ w i
@4 w i
@ w i
@ w i
2
~
~
~
 Cv w 1  w 2 en Kw

Gp
2
2
4
2
2
 @
 @ @
 @ 4
@
@
"
 2 2
 2 4
 2 2 3
@2 vi @3 w i
@ vi @3 w i @4 vi @w i

@ vi @w i
@ vi @ w i
MP00

 @ 2 @ @ 2 @ 4 @
 @ 2 @ 2 @
 @ 2 @ 3
@ 2 @ @ 2
 4 2 3
 2 4
 4 4
@ vi @ w i @4 w i

@ vi @w i
@ vi @w i

4
 @ 2 @ 3
 @ 2 @ 2 @
 @ 4 @
@
 3 2
  4 4
 2 4 #
@ vi @ w i
@3 vi @2 w i
@3 vi @2 w i @3 vi @2 w i
@ w i
@ w i
2

2
3 2
2
3
2
2
4
 @
 @ 2 @ 2
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @
 2

@ w 1 @2 w 1 @2 w 2 @2 w 2
C~ v



0
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2
 4B~ 66

i :


 
 
@u i  2 @w i 2
@vi 2 @w i 2


@
2 @
@
2 @
 
0
2
@i m311 @ w i m0311 2 @2 w i


  K11 f

0
 @ 2
@
f @ 2
f
37d

In which index i can adopt 1 and 2 for the system 1 and


2, respectively.  is 1 for the system 1 and is 1 for
the system 2.

4. Solution procedure
Because of the nonlinearity nature of equations, the
closed-form solution is out of scope, and hence we
must explore the problem solution using numerical

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methods. There are many useful methods to solve equations and they have desirable accuracy (Shu, 2000;
Zhang et al., 2013; Weng et al., 2014; Zhang and
Liew, 2014). DQ approach has been chosen for our
study. In this method, equations will be discretized
and rearranged in a matrix form.

4.1. An introduction to DQ method


For two dimension problems, partial dierential is
approximated as (Ke et al., 2012)


Nx
X


@n f xi , yj

Ax,ik f xk , yj ,
n
@x
k1


Ny
m
X
@ f xi , yj

Ay,jk fxi , yk ,
@ym
k1


Nx
X


@nm f xi , yj

Ax,ik f xk , yj
n
@x
k1

Bij1

x 0, a
y 0, b

m 1, . . . , Ny  1,

i 6 j,

i, j 1, 2, . . . , Nx

i j,

i, j 1, 2, . . . , Nx

i 6 j,

i, j 1, 2, . . . , Ny

i j,

i, j 1, 2, . . . , Ny

j1,j6i

39



KL KNL  N 0 Kg fdg 0

n
 T o
fdg fu gT , fvgT , fw gT , 

j1,j6i
Ny
Y


yi  yj
Pyi

45

In which
is the eigenvector corresponding to the
linear eigenvalue problem.
40

5. Numerical results and discussion

j1,j6i

For higher-order of derivatives, the following formulae


have been employed:

n
An A1 ,
 m
 1
m
B
B

44

Eigenvalue problem (equation (43)), must be solved


using an iteration process until a convergence criterion
is satised. At rst, the nonlinear portion of the stiness matrix is ignored, the eigenvalue problem is solved
and eigenvalues and eigenvectors of equation (43)
obtained. These eigenvectors are used to achieve the
eigenvectors of the nonlinear problem. This process
iterates until the following convergence criterion is
satised:

where
Nx
Y


xi  xj ,

43

In which KL  and KNL  are linear

and nonlinear portions of the stiness matrix. Kg is the force coecient


matrix. N 0 expresses critical buckling load and fdg
denotes displacement matrix and dened as

i1 
i
5 0:01%

i1

Mxi

42

Applying the DQ method to all governing equations of


motion and boundary conditions, including systems
1 and 2, the following eigenvalue problem can be
obtained:

j1,j6i

8 P y
i
>
>
< yi yj Pyj
Ny

P
>
>
Aij1
:

x 0, a & y 0, b

4.2. Buckling analysis of problem

In which f x, y is a function of two variables, Nx and


Ny are number of points along x and y directions,
respectively, Ax,ik is weighting coecient. The meshing
of plates has been done by Chebyshev distribution formula. Weighting coecients are calculated as (Shu,
2000)

Aij1

uvw0 @
@2 w
0
@
@x2
@2 w
0
@
@y2

n 1, . . . , Nx  1,

38

8
M x i
>
>
< xi xj Mxj

Nx
P
>
>
Aij1
:

In this study, we have considered the boundary conditions for all edges of plates as simply supported. These
boundary conditions can be expressed as

41

Nonlinear instability of double layer graphene sheets


covered by piezoelectric layers and subjected to biaxial
forces, magnetic and electric elds, and surrounded by
Pasternak foundation has been studied in this paper.
The eects of parameters such as stiness of circumstance, magnetic intensity, nonlocal scale number,
thicknesses of graphene, and piezoelectric layer and
vdW force on the instability of the system are

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11

investigated. Properties of graphene and ZnO piezoelectric material are presented in Table 1 (Gao and
Wang, 2007; Pradhan and Phadikar, 2010). In order
to verify the results, a comparison is presented in
Table 2. Unfortunately, there is a lack of knowledge
in the literature covering all aspects of the problem of
the present study, and hence, a simplied analysis proposed by Pradhan and Phadikar (2010) and

Table 1. Material properties of ZnO and DLGS.


ZnO

DLGS

c11 207 GPa

E1 1765 GPa
E2 1588 GPa
12 21 0:3

c12 117:7 GPa


e31 0:51
k11 7:77 e11
DLGS: double layer graphene sheet.

Table 2. Comparison of the buckling loads (nN.nm-1) of simply


supported square DLGS under uniform biaxial compression
obtained by analytical method, FEM and DQM.
Mode
number

Exact
solution, [41]

FEM,
[42]

DQM,
Present work

1
2

475.5153
123.1903

475.5155
123.1906

475.5154
123.1905

1
2

475.0192
119.7309

475.0194
119.7312

475.0192
119.7310

e0 a2

DLGS: double layer graphene sheet; FEM: finite element method;


DQM: differential quadrature method.

Anjomshoa et al. (2014) has been chosen to partially


validate the results. In the simplied model, the ZnO
layer, magnetic eld, elastic medium, and nonlinear
terms in motion equations have been removed.
Table 2 shows comparison of the buckling loads of
simply supported square DLGS under uniform biaxial
compression obtained by the analytical method
(Pradhan and Phadikar, 2010), nite element method
(FEM) (Anjomshoa et al., 2014) and dierential quadrature method (present work). It can be seen that there
is a good agreement between the results of the present
study and that of the literature.
DQ approach convergence has been shown in
Figure 2. This gure shows nonlinear buckling load
against the number of grid points. This gure shows
that 14 grid points yield accurate results. In all the gures presented hereafter, vertical axis denotes nonlinear
buckling load and horizontal axis denotes small-scale
parameter.
At rst, the eect of nonlinearity of equations in the
instability of the system was investigated. Figure 3 displays the eects of considering and ignoring nonlinearity terms in the equations on instability of the system.
As can be seen from this gure, omitting nonlinear
terms triggers a decrease in the stability of the system.
In the other words, designing based on linear equations
is relatively conservative. By increasing the nonlocal
parameter, two diagrams tend to converge.
In order to explore the eects of dierent types of
surrounding circumstances, Figure 4 was plotted. As
can be expected, without elastic medium the load
required to fail the system in buckling shape is the
least. Appending springs and developing Winkler foundation increases the stability of the system considerably. On the other hand, Pasternak foundation makes
the system stier, and then the stability of system will

Figure 2. Convergence study for differential quadrature method.

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Figure 3. A comparison of stability between the linear and nonlinear state.

Figure 4. Influence of different types of surrounding circumstances.

be the optimum. Through increasing nonlocal parameters, the dierence between diagrams will be the same.
Figure 5 depicts the eects of changing the length of
plates on thr required load for buckling. Obviously,
with an increase in dimensions of the plate, the instability of the system decreases. This behavior of the system
is expected as we know that there is an inverse relation
between buckling load and the length of plate. Another
point that should be noted from this gure is that for
the smaller plates e.g. a 10 or 20 nm, the eects of the
nonlocal parameter are more obvious. The reason is
that as can be interpreted from the name of smallscale parameter, it is a criterion for measurement of
the smallness of a system, and therefore, for
the larger systems its eect becomes less than
smaller ones.

The inuence of the thickness of graphene and


piezoelectric layers on the stability of the systems is
shown in Figure 6(a) and (b), respectively. Clearly,
increasing the thickness of both the piezoelectric and
graphene layers makes the system stier, and consequently the buckling load becomes larger. It is because,
from our primary knowledge of strength of materials,
the relation between buckling load and stiness of a
system is direct. The only dierence is that, at the end
of the spectrum of nonlocal parameters, diagrams corresponding to the graphene layer are going to converge.
One of the most important parameters that can be
changed to control the stability of a system is magnetic
eld intensity. To this end, Figure 7 was drawn. It is
understood from this gure that enhancing the intensity
of the magnetic eld has a positive inuence on the

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Figure 5. Nonlinear buckling load versus nonlocal parameter for various lengths of plates.

Figure 6. The (a) effect of graphene thickness on stability of the system and (b) the effect of piezoelectric thickness on stability of the
system.

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Figure 7. Variation of the nonlinear buckling load against nonlocal parameter with magnetic field intensity.

Figure 8. Effect of presence and absence of van der Waals force on stability of the system.

Figure 9. Variation of stability of system versus small-scale parameter for different values of stiffness.

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15

Figure 10. A comparison for stability of the system between the uniaxial and biaxial forces.

stability of the system. An increase in small scale has


little eect on the dierence between diagrams.
To explore the eect due to the presence of van der
Waals force, Figure 8 has been plotted. This gure illustrates that, owing to the presence of the force, the
system becomes stier compared when the force is
absent and, consequently, the result is a more stable
system as expected. Another conclusion that can be
seen is that the inuence of an increase in the nonlocal
parameter on the dierence between the two diagrams
is slight and can be ignored.
Figure 9 presents the variation of buckling load of the
system with various values of spring coecients corresponding to Pasternak foundation. As illustrated in this
gure, with an increase in the stiness of springs, the
load required to buckle the system increases accordingly.
Finally, Figure 10 indicates a comparison between
two states. In one diagram the graphene layers undergo
only in-plane uniaxial forces while in the other one they
are subjected to in-plane biaxial forces. This gure
reveals that in the uniaxial state more powerful forces
are needed to destabilize the system. The tendency of
the two diagrams is convergence at the end of the nonlocal parameter spectrum.

6. Conclusion
In this paper, the nonlinear instability of double layer
graphene sheet covered by ZnO piezoelectric layers,
subjected to biaxial forces, electric and magnetic eld,
and surrounded by Pasternak foundation was investigated. To sum up, the following major conclusions can
be drawn:
1. Omitting nonlinear terms from equations results in
conservative analysis.

2. As the system becomes stier, the load required to


buckle it becomes larger.
3. Increasing the nonlocal parameter invokes a
decrease in the system stability.
4. There was an inverse relation between dimensions of
plates and the stability of the system.
5. Intensifying the magnetic eld makes the system
more stable.
6. The presence of van der Waals force has a positive
role in stability of the system.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Iran University of Science and
Technology for funding this project.

Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conicts of interest.

Funding
This work was supported by the Iran University of Science
and Technology.

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