UNIT-1

TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

1. What do you mean by lumped and distributed circuits?
The circuit which consists of parameter such as resistor, capacitance, and inductance
which are physically separate is called lumped circuit.
Eg: All electrical circuits.
The circuit which consists of parameters such as resistance, capacitance, and
inductance which are not physically separable is called distributed circuit. Eg:
transmission line.
2. What are the different types of transmission lines?
Open wire line
Cables
Coaxial lines
Wave guide
3. What are the transmission line in parameters? RResistance per unit length(ohms)
G- conductance per unit length (mho) Ccapacitance per unit length (farad) Linductance per unit length (Hendry)

4. What are primary and secondary constant of a transmission line?

The transmission line parameters R, G, C, and L which are independent of

frequency are called primary constant of the transmission line.
Characteristic impedance, propagation constant, attenuation constant and phase
constant are constant which are fixed at one particular frequency but change their
values as frequency changes and are called as secondary constant of the
transmission line.
5. What is infinite line?
It is an imaginary line of infinite length having input impedance equal to the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
A line of finite length, terminated in a load equivalent to its characteristic impedance
appears the sending end as an infinite line.
6. What are the properties of infinite line?

a) As the line has infinite length, no waves will never reach the receiving end and hence
there is no possibility to reflection at the receiving end. Thus there cannot be reflected
waves returning to the sending end. The line absorbs the complete power applied at the
sending end.

b) As the reflected waves are absent, the characteristic impedance at the sending end
will decide the current flowing, when a voltage is applied to the sending end. The
current will not be affected by the terminating impedance Zr at the receiving end.
7. Define wavelength and velocity of propagation.
The distance the wave travels along the phase angle is changing through 2 radians is
called wavelength.
=2/.
Velocity of propagation
v=/.
8. Define phase and group velocity?
The velocity of a traveling wave at some point is called phase velocity and is given by
Vp=/.
Group velocity is the velocity of propagation of the wave packet envelop of a group of
frequency Vg=/. (m/sec).
9. When will a transmission line deliver maximum power to the load?
A transmission line will deliver maximum power to the load when its load impedance is
equal to its characteristics impedance.
10. List the types of line distortion?
i)

Frequency distortion ii) phase or delay distortion.

11. What is meant by frequency distortion?

Attenuation is a function of frequency. All the frequency transmitted on a line will then
not be attenuated equally. A complex applied voltage, such as voice voltage containing
many frequency will not have all frequencies transmitted with equal attenuation and
received waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the sending end. This
is called frequency distortion.
12. How is frequency distortion avoided in the line?
Frequency distortion is reduced in the transmission of high quality ratio broadcast
programs over lines by the used of equalizers.
13. What are equalizers?
Equalizers are network whose frequency and phase characteristic are adjusted to be
inverse to those that of lines, resulting in on overall uniform frequency response over the
desired frequency band.

14. How is phase distortion avoided in the line?

Phase distortion can be overcome by the use of coaxial cables.
15. What is a distortion less line? What is the condition for distortion less line?
A line in which there is no phase or frequency distortion is called a distortion less line.
The condition for a distortion less line is given as RC=LG.
16. What are the two methods of loading?
1. Continuous loading

2. Lumped loading.

17. When does reflection takes place in a transmission line?

When the load impedance ZR is equal to the characteristic impedance Z0 of a
transmission line reflection takes place.
18. What is smooth line?
A smooth line is one in which the load is terminated by its characteristic impedance and
no reflection occurs in such a line.

UNIT-2
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
1. Define standing wave ratio?
The ratio of the maximum magnitudes of voltages or currents on a line having
standing wave ratio and it is denoted by S
S=|Emax/Emin|=|Imax/Imin|
2. Give the relationship between SWR and reflection coefficient K.
S= 1+ | k | / 1- | K|
(OR)
K= S-1/S+1.
3. What are standing waves?
In a transmission line, if the load impedance is not equal to the characteristics
impedance, the energy delivered to the load is reflected back to the source. The actual
voltage at any point on the transmission line is the sum of the incident and reflected
wave voltages at that point. The resultant total voltage wave appears to stand still on the
line, oscillating in magnitude with time, having fixed position of maximum and
minimum such waves are called standing waves.
4. Give the minimum and maximum value of SWR and reflection coefficient.

i)
ii)

1<SWR< infinite
Minimum value of SWR is 1 and Maximum value of SWR is infinite
0<k<1
Minimum value of SWR is 0 and Maximum value of SWR is 1.

5. Write the equation for reflection coefficient in terms of maximum and minimum
voltages.
|K| = | V max| - |V min| / | V max| + | V min |
6. What are Nodes and Antinodes?
Nodes are points of zero voltage or current in the SWS.
Antinodes (or) loops are points of maximum voltage (or) current.
7. What is smooth line?
A line terminate in characteristic impedance R0 has no standing waves, and thus no
nodes or loops and is called a smooth line.

UNIT 3- IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES

1. What are the disadvantages of single stub matching?

Single stub matching requires the stub to be placed at a definite point on the line.
It requires two adjustment to be made, these being the location and the length of the
stub.
Single stub matching is adequate for open wire lines. But for coaxial lines this is
not suitable because it is difficult to obtain the location of voltage minimum
without slotted line section. That is coaxial line placement of a stub at exact point
is difficult.
2. What are the application?
Measurement of input impedance
Measurement of SWR
Measurement of reflection coefficient
Location of voltage maximum and minimum
8. Give the application of eight wave line.
The input impedance of an eight wave line is given by |Zs|=R0. It is used to transform
any resistance to an impedance with a magnitude equal to R0 of the line or to obtain a
magnitude match between a resistance of any value and a source of R0 internal
resistance.
9. What is the application of half wave line?
The input impedance of half wave line is Zs=ZR. It may be considered as a one to one

transformer. It is used for connecting a load to a source in case where the load and
source cannot be made adjustment.
10. Why short circuited stub is preferred over an open circuited stub.

i)

ii)

A short circuited stub is preferred to an open circuited stub because of the greater
case of construction and because of the inability to maintain high enough
insulation resistance at the open circuit point to ensure that the stub is really open
circuited.
A short stub has a lower loss of energy due to radiation, since the short circuit
can be definitely established with a large metal plate, effectively stopping all
field propagation.

11. Give an application of circle diagram.

It is used to find the input impedance of a line of any chosen length.
12. Define skin depth.
Skin depth is a measure of depth to which an EM wave can penetrate the medium.

UNIT 4 - FILTERS
1. What is filter?
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which performs signal processing functions.
Specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted
once or both.
2. What are passive filters?
Passive implementation of linear filters are based on combination of resistor, capacitor,
inductor. These types are collectively known as passive filters, because they do not
depend upon an external power supply and/or they do not contain active components such
as transistor.
3. What are active filters?
active filters are implemented using a combination of passive and active components, and
required an outside power source. Operational amplifier are frequently used in active
filters designs.
4. What are the characteristics of ideal filters?
Ideal filter would have zero attenuation in pass band and infinite attenuation in the stop
band.
5. What is a symmetrical network?
When the electrical properties of the networks are not effected even after interchanging

input and output terminals the network is called as symmetrical network.

A network is said to be symmetrical if two series arms of a T network or shunt arms of
a network are equal.
6. Define characteristic impedance of a symmetrical network?
Characteristic impedance of a symmetrical of a symmetrical network is the
impedance measured at the input terminals of the first network in a chain of infinite networks
in cascade and is denoted as Z.
7. What is constant k filters.
A filter in which the series arm impedance Z1 and arm shunt arm impedance Z2 satisfy
the relationship between Z1.Z2=RK. Is called constant k filter, where Rk is a real
constant independent of frequency.
8. What is importance of terminating half section?

1. Terminating half section are normally added to any filter to provide uniform
terminated and matching characteristics.
2. They provide a point of high attenuation at a frequency 1.25 times that of cut off.
Thus improving the attenuation the attenuation characteristic of the filter.
9. What is one Neper equal to? 1
Neper = 8.686 db.
10. Why constant k filters are also known as proto type filters?
Constant k filters are also known as proto type filters because other complicated
networks can be derived from it.
11. Define Neper.
The natural logarithmic of the ratio of input current or voltage to the output current or
voltage is expressed in neper.
N=ln [v/v2]=ln[I1/I2].
12. Give relationship between decibel and neper.
One neper = 8.686 db.
One db= 0.115 nepers.
13. What are the advantages of m-derived filters?
Attenuation rises sharply at cutoff frequency.
In the pass band output of the filter remains constant which means the
characteristic impedance remains constant throughout the pass band.
14. Draw the equivalent circuit for a piezoelectric crystal.

15. What is the significant of propagation constant in symmetrical network?

The current ratio or voltage ratio is expressed as v1/v2 (or) i1/i2. Propagation constant
=+j.
Where -is the attenuation constant - is
the phase constant.
16. Define cut off frequency of a filter?
The frequency at which the network changes from a pass band to stop band is called cut
off frequency.
Z1/4Z2=0 or z=0
Z1/4Z2=-1 Or Z1=-4Z2.
17. What are the features of crystal filter?
The piezoelectric quartz crystal having a very high Q, therefore it is possible to make
very narrow band filters and filters in which attenuation rises very rapidly at cut off.

UNIT - 5

WAVE GUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS

1. What are guided waves? Give examples.

The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting or dielectric
surfaces are called guided waves.
EXAMPLE: waves along parallel wire and transmission lines, wave guides.

2. What is TE waves or H waves?

Transverse electric TE wave is a wave in which the electric field strength E is entirely
transverse. It has a magnetic field component Hz in the direction of propagation and no
component of electric field Ez in the same direction ( Ez=0 )

3. What is TM wave or E waves?

Transverse magnetic TM wave is a wave in which the magnetic field strength H is
entirely transverse. It has a electric field component Ez in the direction of propagation
and no component of magnetic field Hz in the same direction ( Hz=0 ).

4. What is a TEM wave or principle wave?

Transverse electromagnetic wave is special case of TM waves in which an electric field
component E along the direction of propagation is also zero. The TEM waves are in
which both electric and magnetic fields are transverse entirely and have no components

of Ez and Hz is also referred to as the principle waves.

5. What is a parallel plate transmission line?

It consists of two parallel conducting plates separated by a dielectric stab of uniform
thickness.

6. Define critical or cutoff frequency?

The frequency bellow which the wave is attenuated exponentially and above which the
wave propagation occurs is called cutoff frequency.
The frequency at which wave motion ceases is called critical frequency or cutoff
frequency fc of a wave guide. At cutoff frequency fc.

7. Define phase and group velocity.

Phase : it is define as the rate at which the wave changes its phase as the wave propagates
inside the region between the plates. Called phase velocity.
Group velocity : the actual velocity with which a wave propagates inside the region
between plates.

8. Define wave impedance.

It is define as the ratio of electric to magnetic field strength and is represented
as Z.
Wave impedance in z direction is given by Z=Ex/Hy=-Ey/Hx.
For TEM waves in parallel plate wave guides. Z is the same as that of free space.

9. Define attenuation of EM waves in terms of power.

Attenuation factor = power loss per unit length / 2power transmitted.

10. What is evanescent mode?

Field components having the propagation factor. Diminishes rapidly with z and are
said to be a evanescent.
In a waveguide, a time varying field having an amplitude that decreases as a function of
distance, but without an accompanying phase shift is called evanescent mode.

11. A wave guide can be called as high pass filter. Why?

Wave propagation does not exists for frequency below cutoff frequency in wave guides
and above the cutoff frequency, wave propagation does occur. Therefore wave guides
can be called as high pass filter.

12. Which is the dominant mode in TE waves in parallel plane guide.

The mode which has the lowest cutoff frequency is called dominant mode.TE10 is the
dominant mode in TE waves.

1. What is waveguide?
Wave guide or hollow metallic tubes are used for the transmission of very high
frequency where the attenuation caused by the wave guide is smaller than any
other form of a transmission line.
A wave guide consist of hollow metallic tubes of either circular or
rectangular cross section which are used to guide electromagnetic waves.
2. Compare transmission line and a wave guide?
TRANSMISSION LINE
1. May operate from DC to very
high frequency

WAVE GUIDE
It can operate only above a certain
frequency called cutoff frequency

2. Inefficient due to skin effect And

dielectric loss

Larger bandwidth and lower

attenuation.

3. What do you mean by a dominant mode?

The wave which has the lowest cutoff frequency is called the dominant wave. In
rectangular wave guide, the lowest order TE wave, TE10 mode has the lowest cutoff
frequency and so TE10 wave is the dominant wave.
4. Why TEM wave is impossible in rectangular waveguide.
TEM wave has no axial component of either E or H. so it cannot propagate with in a
single conductor waveguide.
5. What are degenerate modes?
Higher order modes having some cutoff frequency but different field pattern are called
degenerate modes.
All TEmn and TMmn modes are degenerate when m and n are not equal to zero.
For example: TE23 and TM23.
6. What is the significance of propagation constant being imaginary, zero and real?

When the propagation constant =j is imaginary and the wave propagates

without attenuation.
When the propagation constant is real =. and the wave does not propagate
and its amplitude decreases with time.
When the propagation constant is zero there is no wave.
7. How do you account for the finite conductivity of the conductor forming the walls of
the wave guide?
For an ideal guide the walls are assumed to be made of perfect conductors. But for
practical guides the walls have finite conductivity which results in losses. This loss is
represented by attenuation due to conductor losses ().

8. Explain why TM and TM modes in a rectangular guide do not exist?

All the equations for the field components of a TMmn wave become zero when m or n
equals zero. That means TM waves do not exist when m=0 or n=0.
9. What is a circular waveguide? mention the application of circular
waveguide.
A circular wave guide is a cylindrical hollow metallic pipe with uniform cross section of
finite radius a it is also called as cylindrical waveguide.
APPLICATION:
Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters It is also used
in long low loss communication links.
10. Which is dominant mode in rectangular and circular wave guides?
Rectangular waveguides-TE
Circular waveguides-TE
11. What is the need for guided termination?

To avoid reflection loss

The termination should provide a wave impedance equal to that of the
transmission mode in the guide.
12. Give application of cavity resonator.

Used for measurement of frequency of microwave signals

Used in klystron amplifiers for amplifying the microwave signals
Used in reflex klystron oscillators and cavity magnetrons for the generation
of microwave signals.
Used in duplexers and radar systems.
13.What are degenerate modes?
Different modes having the same resonant frequency but different field distribution are
called degenerate modes. TMmnp and TEmnp modes are always degenerate if none of the
mode indices are zero.
14. Define quality factor?
Q=2

max energy stored per cycle/energy dissipated per cycle.

15. Which is the dominant mode in circular resonator?

TM is the dominant mode.
16. Which mode used in circular waveguide for making a wave meter?
TE mode is used in wave meter.