Project Title : Operating System

Institute Name : COMSTATS Sahiwal

Course Name : Computer

Project Title : Operating system
Submitted To : Sir Tariq Rafiq
Submitted By : Group No A

Students Name Roll No

Rana Umair 092
Mumtaz Gujjar 010
Ijaz-ul-Rahman 032
Sunit Gill 068
Fiaza 020
Khosbo
MBA Batch 5
 Tables of Contents
Project Title : Operating System ..................................................................1
Institute Name : COMSTATS Sahiwal..............................................................1
What is Operating system?..................................................................................................4
Operating system types........................................................................................................4
Examples of Operating Systems..........................................................................................6
Microsoft Windows.........................................................................................................7
Mac OS............................................................................................................................9
Operating system listing....................................................................................................11
Reference:..........................................................................................................................11
What is Operating system?
An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables
the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without
a computer operating system, a computer would be useless.

An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware

and user which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the
sharing of the resources of a computer, that acts as a host for computing applications run
on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the
resource allocation and access protection of the hardware. This relieves application
programmers from having to manage these details.

Operating systems offer a number of services to application

programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming
interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can
request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of
the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of
software user interface like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or
using a graphical user interface. For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface
is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems like
UNIX and Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an
application program that runs outside the operating system

Operating system types

As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems.
Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of
operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems
will fall into more than one of the below categories.

⇒ GUI
⇒ Multi-user
⇒ Multi-processing
⇒ Multi-threading
⇒ Multi-tasking

GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and
icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. Below are some examples
of GUI Operating Systems.

Mac OS
Windows 98
Windows XP

Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same
computer at the same time and/or different times. See our multi-user dictionary definition
for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-
user operating systems.

Linux
Unix
Windows 2000

Multi-processing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than

one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000

Multi-tasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software

processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating
systems.

UNIX
Windows 2000

Multi-threading - Operating systems that allow different parts of software program to

run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:

Linux
Unix
Windows 2000

Examples of Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and

graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating
environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to
the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to
dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been
introduced previously. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the
market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet. The most recent
client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows
Server 2008 R2

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems

that originated as an add-on to the older MS-DOS operating system for the IBM PC.
Modern versions are based on the newer Windows NT kernel that was originally intended
for OS/2. Windows runs on x86, x86-64 and Itanium processors. Earlier versions also ran
on the Alpha, MIPS, Fairchild (later Intergraph) Clipper and PowerPC architectures
(some work was done to port it to the SPARC architecture).

As of 2009, Microsoft Windows holds a large amount of the

worldwide desktop market share. Windows is also used on servers, supporting
applications such as web servers and database servers. In recent years, Microsoft has
spent significant marketing and research & development money to demonstrate that
Windows is capable of running any enterprise application, which has resulted in
consistent price/performance records (see the TPC) and significant acceptance in the
enterprise market.

Currently, the most widely used version of the Microsoft

Windows family is Windows XP, released on October 25, 2001.

In November 2006, after more than five years of development

work, Microsoft released Windows Vista, a major new operating system version of
Microsoft Windows family which contains a large number of new features and
architectural changes. Chief amongst these are a new user interface and visual style called
Windows Aero, a number of new security features such as User Account Control, and a
few new multimedia applications such as Windows DVD Maker. A server variant based
on the same kernel, Windows Server 2008, was released in early 2008.

On October 22, 2009, Microsoft released Windows 7, the

successor to Windows Vista, coming three years after its release. While Vista was about
introducing new features, Windows 7 aims to streamline these and provide for a faster
overall working environment. Windows Server 2008 R2, the server variant, was released
at the same time.
Mac OS

Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of graphical user interface-

based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) for
their Macintosh line of computer systems. The Macintosh user experience is credited
with popularizing the graphical user interface. The original form of what Apple would
later name the "Mac OS" was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced
in 1984 with the original Macintosh, usually referred to simply as the System software.

Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary, graphical operating

systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on
all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to the original
Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its
predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been
developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased
the company in early 1997.

The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server

1.0, with a desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0) following in March 2001. Since
then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the
most recent being Mac OS X v10.6, which was first made available on August 28, 2009.
Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats; the current version of Mac OS X is
nicknamed "Snow Leopard".
 The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical
to its desktop counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware.
Mac OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools
that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer agent, a
Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others

There are also many operating system like “Plan 9”and “GNU/Linux and Unix-like”
operating systems
Operating system listing
Below is a listing of many of the different types of operating systems available today, the
dates they were released, the platforms they have been developed for and who developed
them.

Operating system Platform Developer

MAC OS 8 Apple Macintosh Apple

MAC OS 9 Apple Macintosh Apple
MAC OS 10 Apple Macintosh Apple
MAC OS X Apple Macintosh Apple
MS-DOS 6.x IBM / PC Microsoft
NEXTSTEP Various Apple
System 7 Apple Macintosh Apple

Windows 2000 IBM / PC Microsoft

Windows 2003 IBM / PC Microsoft

Windows 98 IBM / PC Microsoft

Windows NT IBM / PC Microsoft
Windows Vista IBM / PC Microsoft
Windows XP IBM / PC Microsoft
XENIX Various Microsoft

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
http://alternatives.rzero.com/os.html
http://computerhope.com.html
http://google.com