Chapter 5 : SUMMATION OF SERIES

Assumcd Knowledsc

. Aritbmetic and Geornetdc progressions and the related notations.

. The s),rnbol Z for integers and Zn for positive integers.

Key Concepts

. Finite and infinite sequences and series

. Use the notation u,10 denote the / th term ofa sequence or series;

. Use I notation to express the sum tor? terms ofa series,e.g.

c \- -.
,=l
. Obtain the /? th term ofa sequence using S,, -S, l;
o Recurrence relationi

. Methodofdifferences;

. use a graphic calculator to investigate a sequence genented by a sirnple recurrence

relation of thc form .rf"+t =I(ir,J
. Infinite sequence or series that converges, and to find:

. the limit to the sequence

. the sum 1{) infinity

c5-1
(I) Sequence and Series

Definition of a sequence:
A !9q!94!9 is a set of tems in defined order with a rule for obtaining each tenn.
a
Itisolien,"lTitlenas:rt,u2.ut....,uh and we denote the rd term as u,

A sequence can be finite or infinite. Here are some examples ofsequences.

(i) 1. 2. 3, 4, s, ..., 100.

This is a finite sequ€nce where u I = 1,u2=2,tt5:5,... , rr roo: 100.

ln this case, u,. = r, where r: 1,2,3, ...,100.

(jD 2,4.6.8,10.12,...
This is an infinite sequence where I,l r : 2, a z: 4, u t: 12, ...
u, : 2r, where r - 1,2, 3,...

E.g. State whether the followrng sequences are finite or infinite, and list the l"t, 3'd, sth and the
rlh terms olthe sequences.

(iiD t,3, s,'/, ...,99

--.[4;. ""q,r"tr""
ut: 1 ,u3:5 .u8: It fi' = a+ tr,,lJ
: l+ (r-{lr
u,: 2r - 1,wherer: 1,2, 3,..., 50 OR _' )r
Ir,+r: )(ru)-r , wher€ r:0, 1,2,...,49 -j

= )t+r
(iu) 2, -4, 8,-16, 32,... sequence

Ut- ,Ll!: ' 8=

u ,: , where r:

(") sequence
1x2' 2x3 ' 3x4' 4x5 ' '99xr00

,u3: , 8:

c5-2
 Definition of a scries:
A gglig! is the sum ofthe 1em1s jn a sequence- Therelbre,

(i) if we have a finite sequence rr1. u2, a3, .. ., u /, , and we add up the tenns of this sequence, we will
have a finite series rr ] u2+ .. - + Lq.

E.g.: l,2.4,8, 16,32 is a finite sequence.

I +2+,1+8+ 16+32 is a finite series.

(ii) if we have an infi nite sequence 11. r.r2, uJ,..., Lt n, ...

and we add up these Ienns, Ne will have an infinile series I + ,/2 + ... + un+ .. .

_ I ll
I .9.: l. . -. -.... ri an rnlrnrle \equence
- 214
Ir
tlt , : , ... is rn inllnite series.
231

Sequ€nce genemted from recurrence relation ,l, + t : f(rr, )

It is a sequence in which a new teml (rr"+ r) is generated based on thc previous term (r, ).

- For example:
The tems rt, 12, &r, . .. arc l elated by the recurrence relation 3u,+ t:2u,- l for all positive integral
values ofr. lfrr = 1, find 12, u3.and u4-

JUn+t = 2U. l
1.
::. u"+t = -12u. l)

Therefore,

whenz:1, unn,=u,=!12u, ry=112 *r-r1=] [2"d term]

when
r,-"r ', 3\.- 3 ') -+
,,:2, u,,,:,.:!lzu..r\=1l.r']-tl= c
[3rd term]

l'' lf ' /
when' J. un-t-u.t-.,,(2u.-r)-rl: r.1= I!
'\ 1-f'\1 ') - i., f4,h re'ml

cs-3
 Using GC:
I Sct t0 "Seouence" mod€: !c I Errg
<MOilE>. Selcct "Scq" in 4tr'row- <ENTllR> 61?3456789
FEIEE oFSree
ur.]c PET PoI FEE
ElEll Ft,ri.
EEFI-iir'.rt
E+bL I^P"HI
hlputling the sequence:
Horiz G-T

(a)Tostaft:'-Y=>
Plntl Flalz F lntj
(b) Sincc scquence starts with /, r,J,i,, =I r?l'1i n= I
..u\il,rE( I/ J J.i<LluL
tl t?-1J-lJ
,c,ll,/ ,-'(,,, i). rlen a. - : (:a, , l) ..
t-ri.rrl'lin)E{1}
JJ
l
hcrcrorc \ rnpur a l)
I.(2a.,,
l e c.,n

To lwe L: <2nd>, <7>

(d) Since r,.,": l, then u(,,,,r,) = ar -s, .fj
5:

:irt.-..;..,.,.'
3. Switch to thc table scrccn to sec thc respcctivc x, tcmls.

u{n}
rr 1

3 -.1111
r -.l07rr
5 -.50t9

(II) l he "Sisma" Notation. t

The Greek capital letter, t ("sigma"), dcnotes '1he sum o1".

n
sr
L U , thc .um nl thc tcnn. nf', qurn.c r. lbr' I lo / ll "
r=l = ut+ u2+ ... + ut

Note: r is a non-negativc intcgcr which dcflnos the terms in the sequence.

Here it stafts frorn - 1 and ends wheu r : l,
'-
Hence, r: I is the lower limit a dr=nistheapperlimitoftheseies.

E.e.: (i) t/:l+2+l+. +100

(iD ) (z' - t) = t + : + 5 + 7 + . . + 99

C5-,1
 l0
(iii) t,1 ,,rl(,.'.. rl00 lt)rr{ 4rtr ... l0 I.
t=t

tlrel,$Lr limit i. Lr.uully r lH.,,rerrr.iti,n,'tnci<....rril)lh(.:r.,c,\cryr'rnc.

L U , rhc.unr ol dr(r renn- ol requenc( rr lot r lo u"

r:1n = +x,
'rr+'l'nrt+llmrl
Note: Again. r is a non-negative integer which dgll]]g! the teuus ir tbe scLlucncc
Here it starts lrom r = ,? ancl ends when r : lr
Ilence, r: m is the loh'er limit and r: n is the appet linit oflhe seies.

E.e.: (iv) I (2/ +l)=65+6?+69+ ..+ l0l

(v) t (r+6)=6+7+8+...+28

** Notice that, in e.g. (ii) and (iv). the terms ofthe sedes are odd nurnbers.
In lirct, to yield a scqucncc that contains odd numbers, wc can dcfinc thc scqucnce to be
u,=2r+l or 2r l, whcre,- is an intcger
Hence, to oblain a summation of odd nu bcrs, we can have l(2r +1) ot l(2r l)
Thinkl How can we define a sequencc that has terms which are multiples of3 ?
How c:ln we define a sequence that has terms which has a cornmon dilTcrcnce of3?
lntottrpl"l Write the lollowing series in sigma notation. ( Do not evaluate )
(a) 3+6+9+ 12+...+99
(b) 32 +.52 +72 r 91-r-..- + 512
(") 1-2+3-4+ . -12
(d) 2 -.1+ 8 16+..+128
lSolutionl:

(a) 3+6+9+12+...+99=

OR
3 + 6 r- 9i 12 -r-... +99: 3(1 +2+3+4+...+33):
(b) 32 + 52 + i2 + 92 +... + 5t2 :
:I
c5-5
(c) I 2+3-4+.. 12: l+ (-2) + 3 + (-4) + 5 ... + (- 12)
:'

(d) 2-4+8-16+ . +128 -

=t

J Do Yoursel{ Q1 Tutorial 5l

Important Results

1. !(a,tr,,) : lu,!1v,.
Prool':
l(u,+v,): (rrtvr)+ (t, r2)+(rr +vr) ...
+
: (rtt+ u2+ Lt3+...)+ (vl+v2+v3 -..)
: lu,+lv,

zs.: f,o+21 = f,rt *2,1 = f,'rfz,

Note:
* lu,v, + (Iu, )(Iu, )

Eg: lr(r+\*$'[11'+z))

* -u, , 2',
v, Lv,
\--
/''
r-. ll Ll*
"".L\,+r) lr,+11

c56
 L"",: c t ,, where c is a r-eal coDslant oa a teml indcFendent o[/.

Proof:

L LLL. = CUn+Crtn+l

- clu,
ll 3l
E.s.: (i) I3r =3 tr [Scc Example l(a)]
t=l r=1

2n 2k
(ii) I(, + r)r : 1n+t;).
/=lj r=0

:. I c= c(r rr+1) whcrc c is a realconstant or a tem inclependent ofr.

2,( =L+c+c+.+...+r =.( r r,+l)

.9'r'S,
t'x.2
E.e.: (i) t5 =5+5+5+5+ +5=5,
20
(iD 13:3x20:60
r=l
2n
\1111 Ln-: : n'(r): ,'

30
{r\,} z Jd= =95a
r=12

cs,1
 4. " _ \',, for m22,meZ* lto chang€ the lower limit to 1]
s,,
Z'"' L)- "

Prooi

un+ utn+r+ utu+2 ... + un

: (q+u2+ut+...un-t+rm+rrn+l+r,n+2...+rr,) (ut+u2+ u:'+... un))

,L f 50 / \
f.g.: r,r 4f,
..r
4lZ, -Z,J
\ r 't )
- al, +1,

trt Lt' :

(III) Some Common Techniques in Solvinq Summation Ouestions

(a)
l0
(i) Z2'=1+2+22 +23 +...+2t0 [what do you notice about the pattem ofthe terms?]
r=0
: = 204'7

\-,, :

0D tk' = k+kz +k3 +...+ktl lsimilar to (i)l

Klt K l
t,t

t',i, i[1]'- 5l*t]r'

".\5) 5 tl''...-
5 -l;similarroli,)burir'sandinriniresenes...sorj
4

c5-8
\('lc: l. In rlre ,urnmutir,n I a . lbqrq are D /, I I lerms.

2 Z 4 canbesccnrsa senei u ith (r-n + /J lcrms. [rrstlennd". and

the common fttio d.

!...to ,. a (t a )
Hence. Z d _ tt +a La la

3. )a'- can be seen as a series with an infinite number ofterms.

II la l. then )a sum lo rnfinrl\ - a

l" a

(b)

(i) Ir"=0+l+2+ .+(1k I)+4k Lwhat do you notice aboul the pattem ofthe telms?l

= 2k(t+ 4k)

(ii) I r =l+2+3+...+2m+(2m+1) lsimilarlo(i)]

= (2m+t)(m+1)

50
(iii) :4r qz,=
50
=
r=2 t=2

: 5096

c5-9
 20 :0
(iV) t (6r+s)= elr + ls
r =,7

:10

Note: zlr Lan be scen cs rn scries with tel.rns. first tclm . last

I/ - 1,, I r .. -fi ", l-n r r'cornrnorrl) u-ed ro hcln us rn prnhlcm.nlring.

r=l
Wc convert the lower limit to I by using "lmponant Result No. 4"

(c) Imporlant Formulac

z,= !n6+t)
|=\

f;6, , 2 \r ' ..., n'

-t r\n't)\2t! tt)

\- r =t.r+z^r +.1 +. =l)'r'.tt]'

Lr
r=l
+/?

Examples:

20^
tir f" - "(20 r)l 2(20) rI 28'0

=
,+L -
tiir lr'=
t=O

=0+

= !ll]tn+)r\jl+31
6

c5-10
,iii, $, , l' o'10 *' l' ;o:s
= ' =
,=I L L )

To apply the above fonnulae, the lower linit must eithcr be a 0 or 1. lfthe lower lirnit is
greater than l, then before applying thc above formulac, we nccd to usc the lollo* ing:
ntt
t,, -t,, t,,
l) /J 1-2
t=l
'=l
n-l
!,-r
lJ -.\-"'
L)
_Y,,
1'
t) t=\

for nZ2, ueZ' I recali "lmpofiant Result No. 4"]

To tpply the above formulae for the sum of lu. , the general term or the rrh term, a.,

must be in the form of a polynomial in r and is at most of degree 3. Then

1", = \('+b,+cr' +clri 1=la + blr + c!" + /lr', where a, b, c and d are

rcal constants.

tI
(rv) t l-rrr+21
-
: :L'+ I:
r=t I

'l'-t
t I
14'
",

-J1" ',1{,t t)rtll2(, r}rtllI +21^ (n-l) llrll-11;(l

'ito lx2r)lI

= L(2h2 -3/. + 5)-tt'|i

c5 ll
 (") #
,u-*l'
16.r +6,]= I

l^ 2
.) - n2(rr+L)
,.rl
4
+l) 4
6n(2.n)

()t ]
I-nn'
I l{r )lt r- )

{k'o'* a)(8n + 2) -sl

- 6 n2l(sn + 2)(4n +1) 2)

: 6n3 (2on +13)

LE*44p!92
Find the following sums:
25 2k
(a) t(3 - 2r) O) I(2 +/)(l - r) (c) t(3/r+l 2r)
t=1 r=1
100 2n,
{d) Irl' - l'-'
,"=15
) tet tlr - znt'

lSolutionl:
(a) I(3 - 2r) :
r=1

=n(2-n)

c5-12
 25
(b) I(2 + r)0 t.) :

=fl 'i, 'i;

= 5800

2k
(c) I(3r+l-2l) =

= (3h + t\zh - 3\ - (2h -3N4 +2kt

=(2h-3)l0k+D $+2k)l
= (2r -3X* - 3)

tft:' :'
tat
r=15
't:

:2[ 3la + 316 + 317 + .. + 3t'l

l4*t
'l,t -l )
3t41399
3-l
,14
"100

)" 2n

r"r !r, zri: I

r=n+\ r="+l

c5-t 3
= r,o' *'.,' it' *'xt' *'rl -)n2 (3n +l)+ 4nJ
ll,"'
!en + t)(t n t.t) 2n2 \n + t)

Lpu) ,tu +ty

(IV) Mcthod of Differcncc
The Method ofDifferencc is a tecbnique ofsolvinS sumrnation questions.
This techniquc is usually applied when !4glllqLllhg ttgt41!l44e9lq4gh_ql!I9l when we find their
sum.
100
For instance, reledng to Example 2{J): l{;' :' 't.*"t'u'"easummatjonof
4 3i 3' I D

/=15
lor / = i 5 to 100.
Upon substitution of different values of r and adding them we observe that the
lerms cancel each oiher,

When we have such a situation, the Method ofDifference technique is very useful:

loo

I€'-3-'):
El5

:J -too J-14

However, sornetimes we may have to re-write the given expression as a difference of two
fractions using partial fractions.

Er.-pt"3 : Frnd. rn terms of r. I -1

lsolutioDl: + I - slf l-l)
? , t 2z\,-l , 'l) (Usingp.niai fracrion5)

1+rr r)
i1l, t ,-t)
Show that
{r*1)? n1 _ n!-n-l
n n-L r(n-1)
Hence prove that, for A' >> :
I^
I _=
r i N- r t-
/--n(n-r1 N
Soiution,
-l
{n+1):_ nr _ (n-1)(n}1)r-n3 _ n2-n 1

iz n t n(:n-l) ??(n 1)

\r ir- - n r
1- n1n- r)

in:-n-r (lv-r): _^
'' /- n(n- r) = .:..............
,v

(rv + l)'.- 4rv

(.\/) Limits of
Sequence and Series
Sometimes, a sequence or series will "approach closer and closer" (converges) to a particular
value, but will never reach it. lfsuch a number exists, it is called the limit olthe sequence / series.

Limit of s sequencc
Considerthe sequcnce, 1.1, 1.01, 1.001, 1.0001, ...

fhc,r'r'trrm olrhe above.equence rs giren by r,

\ro,
',f-l-)'.
{: n + co. [ ' l"
tr0i 'o
-- r lrl
u0/ 'r

ln orher $orils hmr - lim r , - I 'l-

[,r
{ I lu I
r

In this example, this sequcnce convcrqes to the value l, or, lhe limit ofthis sequence is I

Definition:
In general, if 1,, is the rth temr ola sequence and limr" exists, the sequence is said to converge

and Ihe value of lim r, is called the limiting value, or limit of the sequence.

Evaluatine the Limit of a scquencc

When evaluating Iim r, , thc lbllowing rcsults can be used:

I
)() ! - -, lt - o as en increases faster than n

--0
nl
r' +co if r> I a
> -, $ - O as e' increases faster than ln n

r'J0 if 0<r<l
Som€ common methods of evaluating th€ limit ofa sequence, ll,,:
Method 1: Expressing ,, as proper fraction

ffu="1.,n",,=lt-L]
' n+l r+ll I

li-' I - rirrll --ll-

,'- ' - ".-n-t
hence rimr.r
-l ,? I I

c5-17
 Method 2: Dividing polynomials by the term with the largest power

u' \n+t\ l- 56
+;
lf rr = -.-.then Ir ,nn
' 2n'+7n 2 = 72

Asn-o. r -) and
/1\?
n I
\n)
/ I s 6)
I -+ , I

hence Jimu" = liml --+-+ l=

"-'lz*
\ n-'1
n,/

Aseouencers siven b\' 1r' - --. tinditslimil.

1+2 10"
5+3.10'

ISolution]:
1+2.10"
" 5 + 3-10'

l
Ae , --t ,n' --)
-l0^
hence lima, =

F ".pt"A
A sequence ofpositive number 11, .r.:, r:... is defined by x"*, =l+J.t, +5 where r, = 1.
(i) Find the values of).r, rJ, and ta correct to 3 decimal places.

(ii) Given that as n -+ .o , rn ) I , fmd, without the use of a gmphic calculalor, the value of
/ . Verifu your answer with the use of GC.

Solution:
(i) Refer to pg C5-3 to revise how to enter a rccurence sequence in the GC. We find that

Xz- ,Xt=

c5-18
 (i) As n: i.c, r- : ? aadr,.-, -a (Wh!?)

l I 1):
3l 0

( l-l)(! -I )=o
(it -I I rejected) erhy2)
.. j=-r.

To vcrily your answer using thc GC,

5cr Lng
E 12f,456789
L Set to "Sequencc"node: 0egree
<MODE>. Sclect "Seq" in 4'r'row, <tsNTBR> ur]c PEr Pol EEE
EoL
5ir'rul
i+E re^6i
Horiz G-T
From hcrc wc trcat 5 as a,,

2. lnputting the sequcncc: Fl0t1 Pl+tE Pl0tl

(a) 'l'o stan: ':Y= :' rrll itr= I
u{n}El+{{u(n-1 )
(b) Since scqucnce sla(s with r/ , n,"i. =I 5)
u(trHin)Et1]
(c) Il x,,-, =1+J,r3s,th"n-..=1+JtF ** u{ F )=l
u(nl'lin)=
Therelorc we can inpul ,, = i +Jr4 , +5 u(n)=
To t),pc u: <2nd>, <7>
(d) Since n*;,: l, then a(r-r"): ar
Since -r1: l,then rrl: I

Using the tabie ofvalues to check the behavior of ": 5 3.99tt

<2nd>, <GRAPH> E 1.9996
3.5999
E
Notice that, as n increases, un increases and converges to 4 I
Hence we can conclude that the limit ofthe sequence is 4 fi-

c5-19
4. Dorble-checking with a plot.
Do remember to have appropriate <WINDOW> settings-

The dia$am shows the graph ofy: r' ,-.. The two roots ofthe equation e" 3-r: 0 are
denoted by a and /),where a <P.
(i) Find the values of rz andp, each corect to 3 decimal places.
A sequence ofrcal numbe$.r1, x2, -yi, ... satisfies the recurrence relation
l-
r,,, ;€ lor ,? : l.

(ii) if the sequence converges, then it converges to either .t

Prove algebraically that, or B.
(iii) Use a calculator to determine the behaviour ofthe sequence for each ofth€ cases
jrt : 0, tr : 1, )l:1 -2-
(iv) By considering ri+r - .r, prov€ that J

t.<x ila.x <8.

r r ifr aorr 0.
(v) State briefly how the results in part (iv) relate to the behaviours detetmined in part (iii).

Solution
(i) Use GC to find the v^l]ues of .t and p
by finding the zeros of y=e' 3x

.. a=0.619
p =1.st2

c5-20
 1
(ll) r,.,= t

lfthe scqucncc convcrges, then as 4 - .t, r,.: j ord-r, : : I

Hence. t=! n'

3
3l=tt
,J 3t=o
Roots of /-3l=0 arelhes:rmeasrootsolr:' 3-r from (i)
Thcreforc llre lirnitsol the secluence are u antl p,t.e.0.619a 1.512

(iii) Case -rr : 0:

't+tt Pl4tl
nl'li n= 1
',uLl)JH( t,/l-rF rrr( rE- 519
6190i
11 619qt
22 61905
u(nl'linlEg t3 61905
'.u(n)= 6t9t6
u(nl'lin)=
(n
81906
'-',i ) =
Froln the GC-, we can see that the sequence is increasing and conYergent to 0.619

Case -vr = l:
Pl+tl PI+t: Plntl n UIEJ
nl4 i n=1 .61509
'.ur ll rH ( l./.1 ) P,' ( lrt .5190t
-1) ) tt .61901
.619{r
u(nl4inlEl z6 .E1907
'.tr{l?}= .EL90E
Lr(nl'lin)= 1E -6190E
'.1,J (n) = Fro
m the GC, we can see that the sequence is decreasing and convergent to 0.619

Casert:2:
FI t1+t1 Pl+il l? u(nl
nl'lin=1
..u!l?l!M'lJle.'(u( I LtES
l 1.913\
t)) I
15.E5
5.98E
u(nt4iir)E2 6 EfiEOft
ERft[*
utnl,lin)= Eft[!E
'.r.J(n)=

From thc GC, wc can see that the sequence is increasing and divergent

c5-21
(iv) -r,,r ), lwhy do we consider this difference?J
:!", ,
3

lf a < t, < /r, then frorn diagram,l I

If -r, < ,? or r" > /r, then from diagr"-, f l

(v.) Wten r1 :0 -a, according to part (iv)

1.e. sequence ls as also shown by the CC.esults in part(iii)

according to part (iv).

i.e. sequence is as also shown by the GC results in pafl(iii)

When;1:2>1, according to part (iv)

1.e. sequence ls as also shown by the GC results in pafi(iii)

Thus, part (iv) proves in general the behaviours determined by speciflc examples of .rr^ in pafi
(iiD
Limit of a serics

We have seen earlier that in a geomelric progression (GP), ifthe geometric series is infinite, we
can lind its sum to jnfinjty when the common ratio, R is such that I < 1l < I.
ln this case, we say that the geometric serics is convergent, and therelbre its sum to infinitv is its
lildl (recall the limit as a value which a series/sequence approaches but never reaches).

What about series other than a geomehic series?

Consider the infinite series

ll11 +...
lx2 2x3
-+-+-+ 3><4 4x5

I
lhcsumol thcfir"t,rrcnns S"-I
? r(r +t)
+rt , r)t)
-1\, [By pafiial Lactions]

,1 lBy the Method ofDifferencel

n+l

Now the sum to infinity of the above series s- = I ,"a, =l11l =nO
a!
= trmll
"-.I n+11
-l

Thus tho seies above is said to be convergent witlr a sum to infinitys- = 1, or,
the limit ofthis sedes is I

Definition:
In general, if S, is the sum ol the first rr tenns of a series, and if lim S, exists, then the series is
said to be convergent with a sum to infinity, S- where .t- = lim S, .

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Given that the series l*-:t - *-!*... is convergent, lind its limit
3x4 4x5 5x6
ISolutionl:
<Steps>

I u rite rh( sum ofthe llrst ,r lerms. S,.

2. Use partial fractions and the method ofdifference to solve,t,.
3. Apply limits on ,t i.e. S. = lilns,

Sum of the first nrh tem, S,

=irr_ ' l)
2\r+2 r+3
_ 1_1'
3 ..4
I: l'
4'-5
I.' 1

5 ..6

I-=
t..'l
h+) ,+3
'ir
n+3

lim S =I =limI
,..?'
:,'*[!-l
,--lt
)r t
n+l )-
Use of GraDhic Calculators

Entering a sequcncc
. You can entcr a scquencc ofnumbers in your CC by using the "seq0" lunclion.
. The general format ofthe function looks like the following:
seq(expression, variable, initial valuc, final value, increment)

To call up the function "seq0":

Press<2nL <STAT> to go to the

"LIST MENU",

In the "LIST MENU", move to the

"C)PS" submenu.
il l(
E

Choose or scroll down to "5". press

<ENTER>

Examplc:
To enier the sequencc 2, 4, 6, B, 10, 12, 14 into your GC, we filst write alown the tern, ofthis
'lrh
sequence, i.e. u, = 2n, n - 1, 2, 3,..., 7

1. Do the above key presses (number l,

2, 3) to reach the "seqo" fimction.

2. Press <2> <X,T,o,n> <, >

<X,T,o,n> <,> <l> <,> <7> <)>
<F,NTF,R>

Finding sum of a sequence

. You can find the sum of a series by putting in "sum0" function over the "seq0" function.
. The general format of the "sum0" is very similar to the "seq0" function looks like the
following:
Sum(seq(expression, varitble, initial value, finnl value, itrcrement) )

Example:

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To lind thc sum of the :j2r =2+ 4+ 6+...+l.t in your GC, just bcgin $ ith the "sumo"

function lollowed by the "seq0" lunction exactly the same as above.

I Press <2"d> <SI'AT> to go to the "LIST

MENU".

In the "LIST MENU". move to lhe "MATtl"

submenu.

3. Choose or scroll down to "5", press <ENTER:' F-n(r

4. Procced wilh thc key presses similar 1() the

calling up of "scq0 ' function. Remember to
press anothcr < ) :- to close the "sum0"
lunction beiore prcssing <ENTER>. The
answer will be shown.

cc flP!
Wlat ifyou want to 6nd lhc suln ofthe above
queslion liom r : 5 to 25; I6 to 70 and so on?

\ uu J,'ll l lrr\ c r,, icl)?e lhe slroli (\l'r.ssion

L Prer. 2 t l nt.r ' to call bac( prcvrous

actions. You can go many times back by
pressjDg <2'! < Enter > several trmes.

2. Use the arrow keys al1d <2''L <lNS> to make

the necessary changes and press <ENTER>.

100
DIY: Evaluate ) 3r(r +2) using your CC. (Ans. - 1045200)
r=5

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Another method on the GCi Defininq a sequence

Example:
Let Ltn =3n -2 for r - 1, 2, 3, .-. . Find using your GC, a,o and anr.

1. Press <MODE>, to change to the "SEQ"

or sequence mode. Go to "Seq", and
press <ENTER> ftGu-iinur

2. Press <Y:>, your function screen will be

different in this "SEQ" mode.

3. Enter the nd term, r,, inlo the function

screen. Use the <X,T.0,n> button to enter
the n variable. You notice that in "Seq"
mode, pressing <X,T,o,n> will give you
'n' instead of 'X'.
1. Press <2'! <MoDE> to go back to the
HOME screen

5 To calculate rro and r97, press <2nd> <7>

( l0 J FN|LR 2'd 1
< ( > < 97 > < ) > < ENTER >: You will
get the ansrvers'28' and'289'.

GC TIP!
To generate list of sequence say from n : l0
and n : 15, do the following, in the HOME
scleen. enter as shown.

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Example:
tt 5nt6
I* \o,', (iar.,.v.lr,,telim,,
' )n ltt )

1 . Prcss .:MODE>, to chaDgc to the "SEQ"

or sequence mode il you haven'1 rlready
done so. Go to "Seq", and press
<BNTER>

2. Press <Y=>, and enter the expression

,' 5r+6 rn..ul'r).. assnr)wn'
),,.1" )
l- Press <2"r> <MODE>to go back to ihc
I Ia)ME screcn

I Cal, ulrlc t/ L . ,tu r/ u( . rr .l'orr rr in

the previous example.

5. Press <ENTER> 1{) get your answcls.

. that using this method can take a

long time especially n'hen you try
rroooo and above.
. The "Seq" function method is
faster.

Usine the "Seq" function method:

1. Change the mode to "Func" back

Call up the "Seq" function as shown

bcforc. Put in "1000" for both intial
and final values to tell the GC that you
are calculating at that point.
Prcss < Entbr > to get the answer.

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3. Remember, as mentioned earlier, to
enter "10000", you don't have to rct)?e
every4hing. But prcss <2'! < Enter >
to call back previous actions. You can
go many times back bY Pressing <2'!
< Enter > seveml times-

4- Use your arrow keys to change "l000"

to "100000". You will find that your

answer approaches nearer to l .

offering you the GC way of lirding the

iimit of the function.

5. Try for larger values ofn and make

your conclusion.

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