CERTIFICATE

I hereby declare that the work presented here in the report has been carried out by me towards
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in
Robotics and Automation at Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi. The
material taken from other sources has been acknowledged. The results presented in this report
have not been submitted in part or full to any other university or institute for the award of any
degree.

(Priya Sharma)
05202082013
Date: 12.06.2015
This is to certify that project report entitled "Development of An Automated Solar Lighting
System Using Photonics Integrated with Solar PV Technology" being submitted by Ms.
Priya Sharma(05202082013) to the Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in Robotics and Automationis a
record of the Dissertation work carried out by her under my guidance and supervision.

(Dr. O.K Singh)

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering,
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women,
Kashmere Gate,
Delhi - 110006
1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to place on record my sincere gratitude to Mr. O.K. Singh, Assistant
Professor, Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Indira Gandhi
Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, Delhi for providing his
dynamic and inspiring invaluable guidance that greatly helped me to overcome the
hurdles and problems arising during the course of this work. I consider it my
privilege to have worked under his guidance and supervision.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the Vice chancellor, Indira
Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women and all the faculty members of the
Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering for extending constant
motivation and inspiration for carrying out this work.
Last but not least, I deeply indebted to my parents and my family members for
their immense affection and encouragement at all stages of this work.

Priya Sharma
(05202082013)

ABSTRACT
2

In day time, when the sky is clear, the sunlight is bright and available in abundance. This natural
direct sunlight can be collected, concentrated and distributed inside the buildings using photonics
which is the science of transmission, switching, and detection/sensing of light that could only be
possible with set of optical fibers to replace most of the electrical lighting in day time. Not only
the electric lighting is replaced but also the undesired heating produced as in other cases of solar
passive lighting is reduced. Other benefits of daylighting include heath advantages and
psychological benefits like better performance of students and employees at workplace has been
discussed in this work.
Developed energy efficient system is of automated solar lighting for commercial and residential
structures that could reduce the overall GHG emissions associated with building operations.
The system has four key functional components. The first one is the mechanical structure to
support overall system and will give the dual axis motion to collecting unit. Second one harvests
sunlight called concentrator. Sunlight harvesting is accomplished by optimally collecting,
concentrating, and collimating (creating a parallel beam) and the third, distributes sunlight
throughout the room model through hybrid flexible optical guides ( optical cable) with LED as
alternative to be switched on as availability of sun is uncertain. Light guides provide a high
quality, healthy, and uniform light source over their entire span .Fourth, all controlling
electronics unit to track the sun and controller to switch with a PV solar cell module unit to store
energy for dark time and cloudy weather. The controller to check illuminance in lux, if no
sunlight is there up to a required amount set, it would check the solar energy stored in PV solar
cells ,even if that is also not sufficient , then controller of the system will glow the low energy,
highly efficient LED lamps. The technology used to perform these basic functions can be
integrated into most building designs with the concept of automated highly energy efficient
lightening system based on solar energy. When the PV module is added, the system could be
refers to this system as a full-spectrum solar energy system.
In this system, luminance is being tested at different height to compare with recommended one
and calculations on energy saved being done for a known time period.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate

Acknowledgements

ii

Abstract

iii

List of Figures
List of Tables
Nomenclature
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Light for a life
1.1.1 Light and its measurements

ix-xii
xiii

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4

xiv
1-17
2
2

1.1.2 Evolution of light

1.1.3 Energy saving
1.1.4 Human responses to natural light
1.2
Solar Radiation in context to India
1.2.1 Basics of Solar radiation
1.2.2 Solar radiation for tilted surfaces
1.2.3 Solar Radiation availability in India
1.3
Positive Aspects of Solar Lighting systems
1.4
limitation of solar lighting system
1.5
Specific Objectives
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Solar Passive systems (Day Light Systems)
2.1.1 Windows
2.1.2 Top-tubes
2.2
Solar Photovoltaics Lights
2.2.1 Principle
2.2.2 Types of PV Technologies:
2.3
Hybrid Solar system
2.4
Existed Fiber optic Daylighting systems
2.5
Central Lighting System
2,6
Motivation
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
3.1
Modular Bottom Up Approach
3.2
Thesis Outline
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
4.1
Software Used
4.2
Degree of freedom for mechanical structure

3
6
7
8
8
11
12
14
15
17
18-29
18
18
19
20
21
23
25
27
28

4.3

40
40
40

Description of material & Components used

4.3.1 MILD steel
4.3.2 Galvanized Iron

28
30-33
30
32
34-47
36
39

4.3.3

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7

40

Ball Bearings:
4.3.4 Wheels
4.4
List of Operations Performed
4.4.1 D/C Welding
4.5
Selection of Hollow Shaft Over Solid Shaft
4.5.1 Stress Analysis for Pipes
4.5.2 Modes of Failures
4.5.3 Theories of Failures
4.5.4 Stress Categories
4.5.5 Classification of Loads
SOLAR COLLECTOR: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
5.1
Non Concentrating Collectors
5.2
Concentrating Collectors
5.2.1 Geometrical Specifications
5.2.2 Mathematical Formulation
5.2.3 Tabular Representation
5.3
Reflective Material
5.3.1 Specifications of interest for reflective sheet in
this work
5.3.2 Reflective Material Used
5.4
Development of the Parabolic Dish
PHOTONICS FOR AUTOMATED SOLAR LIGHTING
6.1
Collection and Concentration of Solar Light
6.2
Transmission and Distribution of the light
6.3
Key concepts for optical fiber
6.4
The Dichroic filter: Cold mirror
6.5
Proposed model for the Automated Solar lighting system
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
7.1 Developed Dual-Axis Tracking System
7.1.1 Flow Chart of Dual Axis Solar Tracker
7.1.2 Working:
7.2 Software Used
7.2.1 ExpressSCH

7.3

7.4

42
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46
48-57
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53
54
58-69
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65
70-104
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76

7.2.2 Proteus 7 Professional

component Selection for the Tracking Mechanism
7.3.1 Sensor
7.3.2 Comparator IC LM358

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76
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76

7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5

77
78
83

Relay
DC motor
Analysis of the Performance Measure of the
Motor
Requirement of the Solar PV system
7.4.1 Steps to approach Solar Power electrification
5

89
90

CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9

7.4.2 Load consumption profile

7.4.3 Selection of Battery
7.4.4 Selecting Solar PV panel
7.4.5 Solar charge controller used
7.4.6 Placing of PV system
7.5 Switching controller
7.6 Measuring Instruments
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
8.1 Results & discussion
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
9.1 Conclusion
9.2 Future work

REFERENCES
BILL OF MATERIALS

91
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94
97
100
103
105-115
106
116-117
116
117
118-121
123

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.
1.1
1.2

Figure Description
Radiation absorbed in different layers
Principle of zenith angle ( )

Page No.
9
10

1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.1

Representation of Solar constant in respect of Sun

Representation of Daily Rotation with Azimuth angle
Different components of radiation on tilted surface
Average annual GHI (kW/m2) for India[17]
annual DNI (kW/m2) for India
A view of Solatube with 530 mm Diameter
PV System Model Set-up
Principle of PV cell
Electron-Hole pairs movement
Grid connected solar system for lighting (Net Metering)
Off Grid hybrid solar system for lighting (Standalone)
HIMAWARI collector
An overview of Hybrid Lighting system with collector
Bottom -Up approach to the Development of Automated Solar

10
11
12
13
14
20
21
22
22
26
26
27
28
31

4.1

Lighting System
SolidWorks Model of the Mechanical Structure in X, Y, Z

34

4.2

coordinates
Rotated wireframe model of the mechanical structure in

35

4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11

SolidWorks
Top View of the mechanical structure in SolidWorks
Figure showing Components of the Mechanical Structure
DOF of the Mechanical Structure
Ball-bearing
Dimensions of Ball bearing 6304-2Z [37]
Inner details of Ball bearing 6202-2Z [38]
Castor wheel
Castor wheels with 2-DOF
Developed mechanical structural support
Parabola Geometry of collector
Concentrated Ray Optics
Laws of Reflection
Template to design the Parabolic Collector
MS Rib Cage for Solar Dish
Trapezoidal Leaves cut from Fiber Sheet
Parabolic Dish after riveting the leaves
Parabolic Collector complete with Fiber Sheet
Silver vinyl Reflective Sheet Roll
Parabolic Solar Collector for Lighting after Reflective Sheet
Electromagnetic Spectrum of Light
Construction of Optical Fiber
End Face of Optical Fiber
Angle of incidence is less than critical angle
Ray enters outside acceptance cone
light is guiding in optical fiber
left shows output angle is equal to acceptance angle and right
shows angle dependent intensity
PMMA molecule
spectral attenuation of PMMA POF
8 after
Increased attenuation of PMMA POF after 2500 hours
exposure to UV light
Cold mirror reflecting the visible light and transmitting the

35
36
39
41
41
41
42
42
47
49
50
51
54
55
55
56
56
56
57
58
60
60
61
61
61
62
62
63
63
65

LIST OF TABLES
Table No.

Table Description

Page No.

1.1

Overview of light dimension and units

2.1
2.2
2.3
4.1

Types of Photo-Voltaic Modules available

Subtypes of Crystalline Photovoltaic
Subtypes of Thin Film Photovoltaic
Table of Components Used for Mechanical
Structure
Parameters of the Parabolic Collector
Calculated Parameters of the Parabolic Collector
Comparison of Different Reflective Materials
Performance of motor 1 and motor 2 according to
output voltages of the comparator
Specifications for Load Calculation
Calculated parameters of the motor
Power consumed by DC loads in the system
General Specifications of lux meter
Technical Specifications of lux meter used
Solar Insolation database using SAM software
Illuminance achieved inside the room model at
different height
Switching Conditions Set Values for LDR
Different Configurations for Lighting by the solar
lighting system
Comparison of illumination between optical fiber
set and LED (AC)
Recommended Illuminations

23
24
24
37

5.1
5.2
5.3
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

51
51
52
73
87
87
91
104
104
106
109
111
111
113
114

NOMENCLATURE

DNI
GHI
MNRE
NREL
CAD
CAE
MS
GI
SS
DOF
ACP
CSP
PV
AIP
ASTM
LDR
LCD

Direct Normal Irradiance

Global Diffuse Irradiance
Ministry Of New And Renewable Resources
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Computer Aided Design
Computer Aided Engineering
Mild Steel
Galvanized Iron
Stainless Steel
Degree Of Freedom
Aluminum Composite Panel
Concentrated Solar Power
Photovoltaic Panel
Auto-Ignition Point
Active Standard Test Method
Light Dependent Resistor
Liquid Crystal Display

Greek letters

nom

Hour Angle
Declination
Latitude Angle
Altitude Angle
Zenith Angle
Solar Azimuth Angle
Wavelength Of Incident Light
Calculated Nominal Efficiency

10