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CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT Alind Khare (XII A), Pallav Joshi (XIIA),
SESSION

2013-14 HAVE COMPLETED THEIR INFORMATICS

PRACTICES PROJECT AND HAS GIVEN A SATISFACTORY

ACCOUNT OF IT IN THE PROJECT FILE CONTAINING A RECORD
OF THE PROJECT WORK.
THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN COMPLETED AS PER THE CBSE
GUIDELINES.

Teachers Signature

Mr. HEMANT PATIDAR

Ms. NIRMALA REDDY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported
me during the project.
Our deepest thanks to teachers, Mr. HEMANT PATIDAR and Ms. NIRMALA
REDDY, for guiding and correcting various documents with attention and care. They
have taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when
needed.
We express our thanks to the Principal Mr. AJAY MISHRA Sir, D.P.S. Bhopal, for
extending his support.
Our deep sense of gratitude to the helpful people at D.P.S., and outside for their support.

We would also thank our Institution and our faculty members without whom this
project would have been a distant reality. We also extend our heartfelt thanks to our
family and well wishers.

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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3. CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
4. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
5. CONCEPT OF LED LAMP
6. APPLICATIONS
7. CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION
An LED lamp (or LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that uses light-emitting
diodes(LEDs) as the source of light. LED lamps offer long service life and high energy
efficiency, but initial costs are higher than those of fluorescent and incandescent
lamps. Chemical decomposition of LED chips reduces luminous flux over life cycle as
with conventional lamps.

The LEDs involved may be conventional semiconductor light-emitting diodes, organic

LEDs(OLED), or polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED) devices. However, PLED
technologies are not commercially available. Diode technology improves steadily.
LED lamps can be made interchangeable with other types of lamps. Assemblies of high
power light-emitting diodes can be used to replace incandescent or fluorescent lamps.
Some LED lamps are made with bases directly interchangeable with those of
incandescent bulbs. Since the luminous efficacy (amount of visible light produced per
unit of electrical power input) varies widely between LED and incandescent lamps, lamps
are usefully marked with their lumen output to allow comparison with other types of
lamps. LED lamps are sometimes marked to show the watt rating of an incandescent
lamp with approximately the same lumen output, for consumer reference in purchasing a
lamp that will provide a similar level of illumination.
Light-emitting diodes use direct current (DC) electrical power. To use them on AC power
they are operated with internal or external rectifier circuits that provide a regulated
current output at low voltage. LEDs are degraded or damaged by operating at high
temperatures, so LED lamps typically include heat dissipation elements such as heat
sinks and cooling fins.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Capacitors

Resisitors

Diodes

C1 = 22uF 50V

R1 = 470K 1W D1,D2,D3,D4 = IN 4007 Mic

C2 = 474K 250V

R2 = 470R 1W D5,D6,D7,D8 = LED

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CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
Capacitor C2 along with diodes D1 through D4 forms the AC step
down circuit. C2 reduces high voltage AC from mains to a low
voltage AC which is rectified by the diodes D1-D4.
Capacitor C1 removes ripples from AC so that low voltage DC is
available to power the LEDs.
C2 is the X rated AC capacitor that reduces AC voltage
through Capacitive Rectance property.
Resistor R1 is very important to remove the stored voltage from
C2 when power is switched off. This prevents lethal shock.
Resistor R2 limits the inrush current. More LEDs can be added by
reducing the value of R2.
Shock Hazard : Since the circuit is directly connected to mains, take utmost care to avoid shock. No
components should be touched when it is connected to mains. Construct this circuit only
if you are experienced in handling high voltage AC.

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DESCRIPTION OF
COMPONENTS
Diode IN 4007 Mic :- This is a simple, very common rectifier diode. Often
used for reverse voltage protection, the 1N4007 is a staple for many power, DC to DC
step up, and breadboard projects. 1N4007 is rated for up to 1A/1000V.

Diode LED :- A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used
for other lighting.

Capacitor 474K 250V :- C2 is the X rated AC capacitor that reduces AC

voltage through Capacitive Rectance property.

Resistor 470K 1W :-

Capacitor 22uF 50V :- High temperature electrolytics for use in switch

mode power supplies found in TVs, VCRs, etc. 105 C operating temperature
satisfies characteristic W of JIS-C-5141 standards. 20% tolerance.

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CONCEPT OF LED
LAMP
Diode Bridge OR Bridge Rectifier
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in
a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of
output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common
application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input
into a direct current(DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A
bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC
input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier
with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a centertapped secondary winding.
The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the
output is the same regardless of the polarity at the input. The
diode bridge circuit is also known as the Graetz circuit after its
inventor, physicist Leo Graetz, and the single-phase version, with
four diodes, may also be referred to as an H bridge.

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In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the

left corner of the diamond is positive, and the input
connected to the right corner is negative, current flows
from the upper supply terminal to the right along
the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the
lower supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.

When the input connected to the left corner is negative,

and the input connected to the right corner is positive,
current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right
along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to
the upper supply terminal via the blue(negative) path.

In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative.
Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC
output from an AC input.

Bridge Rectifiers :-

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APPLICATIONS
White-light light-emitting diode lamps have longer life expectancy and higher
efficiency (the same light for less electricity) than most other lighting. LED sources
are compact, which gives flexibility in designing lighting fixtures and good control
over the distribution of light with small reflectors or lenses.

The main difference of LED to other light sources is the directed light.
Thus illuminating a flat defined area requires less Lumen compared to light
sources which would need reflectors or lenses to do the same. For
illuminating an 360 orbit, the benefits of LED are much smaller. LED
lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where
colored light is needed, LEDs naturally emitting many colors are available,
with no need for filters. This improves the energy efficiency over a white
light source that generates all colors of light then discards some of the
visible energy in a filter
Most LED lamps replace incandescent bulbs rated from 5 to 60 watts.
LED Sign modules.

Favorite uses for LED light bulbs

1. Lamps: Lamps are a great place to use LED light bulbs. The lamp shade will help deflect the
light trumping the directness of LED lights. Plus when the lamp gets knocked over, your bulb
will survive the crash.
2. Bathroom: Most likely the most used light switch in the house will be the bathroom light
switch. Incandescent and CFL light bulbs don't like being turned on and off very often. This is
why an LED light bulb is the perfect solution for your bathroom lighting needs. Line up a few

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bulbs in your vanity and fill the can lights with LED bulbs as well. It will take years before you
have to worry about changing out the bulbs again!
3. Motion Lights: A lot of homes and business have motion sensors on their outdoor lights.
They turn on and off when someone walks by or drives by and even when the wind blows!
Not only will a LED light bulb save energy in this situation, it will take the abuse of being
turned on and off all the time!
4. Always On: This happens mostly in businesses, where there is a safety light on all the time.
The fastest way to recoup the cost of a LED light bulb is to have it turned on all the time! This
makes LED bulbs the perfect solution for those lighting applications that are turned on all the
time!
5. Display Cases: LED light bulbs are perfect for display cases for your home or store. They
emit hardly any damaging UV light and the cool running bulb won't burn your hand or melt
you products!
6. Garage Door Openers: Also known as light bulb destroyers, garage door openers are very
tough on light bulbs due to their vibrating nature. By using LED light bulbs in your opener you
may never have to change the bulbs again! LED's are very good at taking a beating from
vibrating sources.

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CONCLUSION

LED lights are great all rounders. LED lights are incredibly energy
efficient, they illuminate people and things in the best possible light, they
help the environment, require less maintenance than traditional bulbs.
L.E.D lights, or Light-Emitting Diodes, have been used industrially for
traffic lights, exit signs and home electronics for a long time. Unlike
traditional bulbs, L.E.D lights illuminate when the movement of electrons
across a semiconductor creates light. This long-lasting, energy-saving
technology is now a viable option for home and commercial users.
L.E.D. Lighting Concepts is focused on helping you create a stylish,
comfortable and beautifully lit space.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.ledlightingconcepts.com.au
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com
http://www.datasheetarchive.com
http://ledsmagazine.com
http://electroskan.wordpress.com