A.

Problem with Verbs

A.1 Explanation
As we know that verb is a complex one in part of speech. It has special
form in every arrangement in sentences. According to the function, verb can
be function as predicate. Hence, it generally shows the action of the sentence.
A good sentence is the sentence that has a good form, started from noun or
from using an appropriate verb itself. Thus, the verb needs enough
explanation for asssisting us to understand more and to minimize an error in
writing or speaking English. Because actually, there are many problems in
establishing the verb used in the sentence. For example :
The sound of the drayer that bothers my concentration.
=) At glance, that example is the right one. But we need to analyze the
meaning of the sentence before. We have to think it gramatically and
meaningfully. The sound of the drayer that bothers my concentration
means . Actually, this sentence is thoughtless, and something that has
made this sentence awkward is no more that as a relative pronoun in
which it needs more explanation if this relative pronoun defended. Hence,
this sentence has some possibilities for making it to be a good sentence.
Here are :
1. The sound of the drayer bothers my concentration. (that is omitted)
2. The sound of the drayer that bothers my concentration is annoying.
(that is defended and added by using Linking verb as more
explanation)
The other examples:
1. The prettiest girl in our class with long hair and brown eyes.
a. The prettiest girl in our class with long hair and brown eyes looks at me.
b. The prettiest girl in our class has a long hair and brown eyes.
c. The prettiest girl in our class having long hair and brown eyes is my
friend.
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2. In my opinion, too soon to make a decision.

a. In my opinion, too soon to make a decision is a bad way.
b. In my opinion, its too soon to make a decision.
3. Do you know wheather the movie that starts at seven?
a. Do you know wheather the movie starts at seven or not?
b. Do you know the movie that starts at seven is good?
4. Sam almost always a lot of fun.
a. Sam almost always has a lot of fun.
b. Sam is almost always a lot of fun.
c. Sam is almost always having a lot of fun.
5. The book that I lent you having a good bibiliography.
a. The book that I lent you has a good bibiliography.
6. An awesome thing to be taught by an awesome lecturer with fashionable
apparel.
a. An awesome thing is taught by an awesome lecturer who is fashionable
apparel.
b. An awesome thing, taught by an awesome lecturer with fashionable
apparel is Speaking materials.
7. The handsome boy in Restaurant with white skin and wears a jacket.
a. The handsome boy in Restaurant has white skin and wears a jacket.
b. The handsome boy in Restaurant with white skin and wearing a jacket is
my friend.

c. The handsome boy in Restaurant has white skin ang he wears a jacket.

B. Logical Conclusion
Logical conclusion is the statement that has appropriate form and meaning. It
expresses a truth in the present, repeat, even in the past.
Logical conclusion consist of 3 kinds :
1. Events in the Past
must followed by have plus past participle expresses a logical
conclussion about something that happened in the past. The conclussion is
based on evidence.
Example :
a. The street are wet, it must have rained last night.
FACT

CONCLUSION (PAST)

b. The pen wont write, it must have run out of ink.

c. The car wont work, it must have run out of gass.
d. I dont see Rini, she must have left early.
2. Events in the Present
must followed by be and -ing form or an adjective expresses a
logical conclusion about something that happened in the present.
Example :
a. The line is busy, someone must be using it.
b. Andi is absent, Andi must be sick again.
3. Events that repeat
must followed by V1expresses a logical conclusion that happened in
repeatation.
Example :
a. The light is always off in his room at 10 oclock, he must go to bed
early every night.
b. She usually goes to the movie every Saturday night, she must go there
with her beloved.
C. Preferences
Preferences consist of 3 types :
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1. Prefer
You can use this form to say what you prefer in general.
2. Would prefer
You can use would prefer to say what somebody wants in a particular
situation (not in general)
3. Would rather
Here are the formulas :
a. Prefer to do and Prefer doing
Prefer something to something else
=) I prefer this umbrella to the umbrella you used 2 days ago.
Prefer doing something to doing something else
=) She prefers sharing to shopping in the supermarket.
Prefer + to infinitive
=) Ann prefers to live in this country.
Prefer to do something rather than do something else
=) I prefer to finish my homework today rather than go shopping to the
market.
b. Would Prefer
Would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive
=) She would prefer to stay at home rather than go walking to the mall.
Would prefer + to infinitive + N + rather than + bare infinitive + N
=) I would prefer to look your eyes rather than touch your skin.
c. Would Rather
Would rather + V1
=) I would rather have a coffee.
Would rather + V1 + than + V1
=) She would rather stay than go out.
Would rather + V1 + noun + than + V1 + noun
=) Ann would rather finish the task than play together with her friend.
Would rather + S2 + V2
=) Angga would rather you came early.
The negative form
Would rather + not + V1
=) I would rather not go for this time.
D. Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or

that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a
statement, ask a question, or express an exclamation.)
1. Statement
They say to him that she must do her homework.
=) you can analyze that the sentence above is Indirect Sentence even it
describes a command.
2. Question
=) Ani asked me, Will you come to my house tomorrow?
Ani asked me if I would come to her house the following day.
=) From that sentence, youll comprehend more about how to make a
question sentence and it can be pointed by question mark.
3. Exclamation
Exclamation is able to be used to express surprised.
Example : He said, Thank you!
=) He thanked me.
From three kinds of the sentences above, you can compare with imperative
sentence as our material now.
An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb, as in
Go now! The implied subject you is said to be "understood" (or elliptical): (You)
go now!
Imperative sentence is devided into 2 forms, positive form and negative one.
Formula :
a. Positive Form
Verbal
Example

Nominal
Example

: V1 + O
: Go out!
Do it now!
Louder please!
: Be + Adjective
: Be careful!
Be quiet, please!

b. Negative Form
Verbal
Example

Nominal
Example

: Dont + V1 + O
: Dont do anything!
Dont disturb me now!
Dont come to me!
Dont move!
: Dont + be + adj
: Dont be lazy!
Dont be fast!

Imperative sentence can be formed by would, could, can, and plese as an

expression of request.
Example : Would you please come to me soon!
Would you please not be late!
Would you please not come to me soon!
Notice : Dont put to in imperative sentence. It is wrong if you say Would you
please not to come me soon!.
It can also express an invitation.
Example : Come in and sit down!
Lets sing together!
Imperative sentence can also formed with Noun in front of the sentence.
Example : Everybody move!
No one knows!
E. Pronouns
1. Reflexive Pronoun
a). We use a reflexive pronoun when the subject and object are same:

Andy cut himself while he was shaving. (not Tom cut him)
Dont get angry. Control yourself! (said to one person)

But, we dont use a reflesive pronoun after bring/ take something with :
She went out and took an umbrella with me. (not with herself)
b). We dont use a reflesive pronoun after feel/ relax/ concentrate:
They feel great after having a swim. (not They feel themselves

great)
Its good to relax.

c). Study the difference between selves and each other:

Suci and Ani looked at themselves in the mirror.
(=Suci and Ani looked atSuci and Ani)
But: Suci looked at Ani and Ani looked at Suci. They looked at
each other.
d). We also use reflexive pronoun in another way. For example:
She bought a television by herself.

Analyze the following sentences !

1. She looked at her in the mirror.
She looked at herself in the mirror.
2. It was a lovely holiday. We really enjoyed very much.
It was a lovely holiday. We really enjoyed ourselves very much.
3. He himself better after taking a rest.
He feelsbetter after taking a rest.
4. Did the teenagers enjoy themselves when they were on holiday?
5. The film itself was not good, but they liked the characters in that film.
6. Mrs. Tanisa took an umbrella with herself.
Mrs. Tanisatook an umbrella with her. OrMrs. Tanisatook an umbrella by
herself.
7. John and Lucy stood in front of the mirror and looked at one other.
John and Lucy stood in front of the mirror and loked at themselves.
(John and Lucy looked at John and Lucy)

8. John and Lucy looked at each other.

9. I will repair my television by me.
I will repair my television by my self.
I will repair my television on my self.
10. Who told you Lia was getting married?
Liaherself told me or Linda told me herself.

2. Relative Pronoun
Relative pronoun is a kind of pronoun that used to link one phrase or
clause to another phrase or clause. The other function of relative pronoun is
refering to noun antecendents which immediately preceede them. The kinds of
Relative Pronoun :
a. Defining Relative Pronoun
1. Who
Who is used to refer person (as the subject in the sentence).
e.g.
+ Marco Simoncelli was the Moto GP rider.
+ Marco Simoncelli was killed in the accident at Sepang circuit.
We can see the sentences above have the same subject. And the
second sentence is the key whether we use who or whom. Because the
same thing is subject, so we can combine them like this :
Marco Simoncelli who was the Moto GP riderwas killed in the accident
at Sepang circuit.
2. Whom
Whom is used to refer person (as the object in the sentence).
e.g.
+ Casey Stoner is the 2011 world champion.
+ Ardan likes Casey Stoner .
As we know that the key is at the second sentence. Because the same
person in both of them are Casey Stoner, and in the second sentence he
is placed in object possiton, we can combine them like this :
Casey Stoner whom Ardan likes is the 2011 world champion.
3. Which
Which is used to refer or replace things, animals, plants whether it is
subject or object of the sentence.
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e.g.
+ Im fixing the camera.
+ The camera doesnt work.
From the sentences above, the same thing is thecamera. So,we can
combine them like this:
Im fixing the camera which doesnt work.
4. That
That is used to replace everything whether it is human,things,
animals plants etc.
That has the same function with who, whom and which. So, from
the sentences that have been combined, we may replace each relative
pronoun with That.
- Marco Simoncelli who was the Moto GP riderwas killed in the
-

accident at Sepang circuit.

Marco Simoncelli that was the Moto GP riderwas killed in the
accident at Sepang circuit.
+ Casey Stoner whom Ardan likes is the 2011 world champion.
+ Casey Stoner that Ardan likes is the 2011 world champion.
# Im fixing the camera which doesnt work.
# Im fixing the camera that doesnt work.

b. Non-defining Relative Pronoun

It adds some informations to the phrase that explained or as apposition.
Dont forget to put a comma.
e.g.
- Sebastian Vettel, who is the F1 driver, gets the world championship.
- Tasikmalaya, in which I live, is very famous of kelom.

c. Connective Relative Pronoun

They are who, whom, whose, which that usually placed after the object
of the main verb.
e.g :
- I told Tantan, who said it wasnt his bussiness.
Both of Non-defining Relative Pronoun and Connective Relative Pronoun
are almost the same, but there is a difference between them. Non-defining
relative pronoun describe a noun, meanwile connective relative pronoun
doesnt describe the noun.

Analyze the following sentences !

1. A boy who/whom is standing beside me is my boyfriend.
2. I thanked to the man who/whom helped me yesterday.
3. I bought a new car whom/which/whose door can be on and off
automatically.
4. She belongs to an organization which/that specializes in saving
endangered species.
5. A specialization in saving endangered species which/that is possessed
by Mr. Veil is oout of work lately.
6. That is my decision which/that she doesnt has to leave this room.
7. Those ideas, which/that we have discussed throughly dont need to be
addressed anymore.
8. We want to know on who/whom the prank
9. Give this candy to whoever/whomever asks for it first.
10. I will give whatever/whomever you want.
11. I will hire whoever/whomever you reccomend.
12. Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget.

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Which Vs That
To distinguish among which and that is stated to the clause possessed by the
sentence. Notice, that refers to main clause, while which explains sub-clause.
Example :
She belongs to an organization which/that specializes in saving endangered
species.

Main Clause

Sub-Clause

According to the note above, you can analyze the sentence above that the
appropriate answer is that. Because the sentence specializes in saving
endangered species refers to an organization in which an organization works to
specialize in saving endangered species.
Compare with this sentence!
A specialization in saving endangered species, which/that is possessed by Mr.
Veil, is out of work lately.
The appropriate answer for this sentence is which. Why? Lets see the
underlined sentence. It is explained by main clause, is out of work. You can
imagine that something which is out of work is a specialization in saving
endangered species, which is possessed by Mr. Veil.

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Whoever Vs Whomever
how to differenciate between whoever and whomever?
there is a way to distinguish whoever and whomever. Lets see the form below!

Her/Him + She/He

= Whoever

Her/Him + Her/Him = Whomever

Example :

Give this candy to whoever/whomever asks for it first.

Lets see the sentence above!

The way: Devide into two parts of clause.
1. Give this candy to her/him
2. She/he asks for it first
=) That sentences deliver her/him and she/he. So, the appropriate answer is
whoever.

Compare with this sentence below!

I will hire whoever/whomever you reccomend.
=) I will hire him/her.
You recommend him/her.
=) That sentences deliver her/him and her/him. So, the appropriate answer is
whomever.

3. Demonstrative Pronoun
Demonstrative pronouns are a pronouns that use to show the direction,
location, or place of things.
Demonstrative pronouns consist of :

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Demonstrative Pronouns

Function

This (singular)

Refers to things that are near at hand

These (plural)

Refers to things that are near at hand

That (singular)

Refers to things that are farther away

Those (plural)

Refers to things that are farther away

Such

Refers to singular things

One (singular)

Refers to singular things

Ones (singular)

Refers to plural things

Example :
This

This is my pen

These

You must bring these

That

That is your bag

Those

Those are my letters

Such

Such is my dream

One

This blackboard is more clean than that one

Ones

I like this one but she likes those ones

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This, these, that and those in the sentence can be a subject, direct object, or
object of preposition.

Example :
This as subject

This is my girlfriend

This as direct object

Would you take this?

This as object preposition

Look at this.

These as subject

These are my oldfriend.

These as direct object

You can put these in the kitchen.

These as object preposition

He is good at these.

That as subject

That is your fiancee

That as direct object

I will get that next month

That as preposition

You can wait me besides that

Those as subject

Those are your fault

Those as direct object

I must leave those for a moment

Those as preposition

You can go with those

Such or so may function as demonstrative prounoun.

Example :
1. His teacher was pleased with his composition and she told him so
(this/that).

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So in here is referfs to what his teacher say to him about his

composition.
2. I like Mary and Maggi because such (those) are very kind to me.
Such here is indicated for plural countable noun.
3. If such (this/that) is her desicion, she may go now.
Such here is indicated for singular countable noun.

The demonstrative Pronoun is identical to demonstrative adjective,but

those are used differently.

Demonstrative Pronoun is not followed by the object directly.
Example : this is my belt
Demonstrative Adjective is followed by the object directly.
Example : this belt is mine.
Note :
Dont be confused if you use Demonstrative pronoun, you thing that is
meaning less. Because you must know that demonstrative pronoun is only
used when the speakers have known each other about something there is
talking about.
Exercise :
Analyze the following sentence!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I must tell you these. I want to go to Europe.

I want to buy orange, aple, and mellon, because that is very cheap.
This girl is yours.
It such is your choice, you can take it now.
Her friend were pleased her style, and he told her so.

Answer!
1. I must tell you this. I want to go to Europe.

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2.
3.
4.
5.

I want to buy orange, aple, and mellon, because those are very cheap.
This girl is yours.
It such is your choice, you can take it now.
Her friend was pleased her style, and he told her so.
4. Interogative Pronoun
Interrogative pronouns are pronouns used in order to ask the questions.
There are interrogative pronouns :
1. What
: can be used to ask about noun usually.
2. When
: can be used to ask about the time.
3. Where
: can be used to ask about the place.
4. Why
: can be used to ask about the reasons.
5. Who : can be used to ask about the people that funtion
6. Whom
7. Whose

as subject.
: can be used to ask about the people that funtion as object.
: can be used to ask about possessive pronoun.

Choose the right answer in these following sentences !

1. ( Whose/whom/who) shoes are they? They are mine.
2. (How/what/which) are they coming? By bus.
3. (Which/what/how) trosers do you want, the red one or the blue ones? I
want the red one.
4. (How/when/what) far is Paris from Caen?
5. (Where/who/whom) you doing homework? In my bedroom.
Answer
1. Whose shoes are they? They are mine.
2. How are they coming? By bus
3. Which trousers do you want, the red one or the blue ones? I want the
red one.
4. How far is faris from laen?
5. Where are you doing your homework? In my bed room
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Choose the right answer in these following sentence !

Will (your /yours/youre) family attend the graduation ceremony.
Janie and ( I/ me/ mine) will have dinner at italian restaurant.
We will not take what does not belong to (our/ ours/ us).
My parents are worried about ( there/ their / there are) holiday plan.
Dont judge a book by (its/its/it) to
Please dont hurt (yourself/ myself/ herself) with that knife.
(whose/ whom/which) jacket is this lying on the sofa?
(everything/ everyone/ everybody) is going well.

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Answer
1. Will your family attend the graduation ceremony?
2. Janie and I will have dinner at italian restaurant.
3. We will not take what does not belong to us.
4. My parents are worried about their holiday plan.
5. Dont judge a book by its to
6. Please dont hurt yourself with that knife.
7. Whose jacket is this lying on the sofa?
8. Everything is going well.

F. Nouns
a. Countable Noun
Generally, the nouns can be counted by one or a for singular
nouns, and it can be two, three, four, a hundred, etc for plural
nouns.
Because those are some nouns that can be counted, so its called
countable nouns. We are going to talk about a dan an in singular
nouns, using s and es in plural nouns, irregular plural nouns, nouns
that is always plural, dan plural nouns that is from Latin.
Example:
1. I only have a pen but Anita has more than five different pens. (Aku
hanya punya satu pulpen, tapi Anita punya lebih dari 5 pulpen yang
berbeda).
2. There are many books and pencils on the library desks. (Ada begitu
banyak buku dan pensil di atas meja perpustakaan).
3. I have two volleyballs. (Saya punya dua bola volley).
a.1 PENGGUNAAN a DAN an
1. Article a is used when noun preceded is pronounced consonant,
beside that the article an is used when noun preceded is vowel sound.

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Notice: The usage of these nouns is based on pronunciation in front of

the noun itself.
Example:
- a cat
- a tree
- a house
2. When you spell

- a dor
- an umbrella
- a knife
- an angel
- a flower
- an egg
an alphabet, you can use the article an in these

alphabets: a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r , s, and x.
a.2 THE USE OF S AND ES
Plural noun is formed by adding s or es after noun.
1. Penggunaan s
The most of plural nouns in English is formed by adding s.
e.g.: Singular apple, cat, clue, door,egg
Plural apples, cats, clues, doors, eggs
2. Penggunaan es
a. Nouns with o
e.g.: Singular hero, mango, potato, tomato
Plural heroes, mangoes, potatoes, tomatoes
b. Noun with y
Plural nouns which is ended by y is formed bu adding -es, if
y is preceded by consonant. Take a look at the change of y
becomes i.
e.g.: Singular baby, berry, cherry, city,
Plural babies, berries, cherries, cities
But, if before y is vowel, so you just add s as plural form.
e.g. Singular play, toy, day
Plural plays, toys, days
c. Nouns with f and fe
If the noun is ended by f, the plural form is added -es and f
becomes v. But, if fe in that word, the plural form is simple.
You just add s and the f becomes v.
e.g. Singular elf, knife, leaf, thief
Plural elves, knives, leaves, thieves
d. Nouns with ch
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Plural nouns is ended by ch is formed by adding es.

e.g. Singular arch, watch, witch, church
Plural arches, watches, witches, churches
e. Nouns with s
Plural nouns that is ended by s is formed by adding es.
e.g. Singular kiss, miss, bus
Plural kisses, misses, busses
f. Nouns with sh
Plural nouns that is ended by sh is formed by adding es.
e.g. Singular dash, dish, push, wish
Plural dashes, dishes, pushes, wishes
g. Nouns berakhiran x
Plural nouns that is ended by x is formed by adding es
e.g. Singular ax, box, fox, tax
Plural axes, boxes, foxes, taxes
h. Nouns with z
Plural nouns that is ended by z is formed by adding es
e.g. Singular buzz, topaz, waltz
Plural buzzes, topazes, waltzes
i. Nouns with th
Singular cloth
Plural clothes
a.3 IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS
Not all plural countable nouns are formed by adding s atau es.
Some nouns have different form with its singular form, and it is
irregular countable noun.
e.g. Singular child, foot, goose,
plural children, feet, gees
a.4 NOUN YANG SELALU DALAM BENTUK PLURAL
These are some nouns that are always in plural form. And its
always added by -s or es.
e.g. scissors, shorts, glasses, pliers, tongs
1. The scissors are in the drawer. You can take them by yourself.
(Guntingnya ada di dalam laci. Kamu dapat mengambilnya sendiri).
2. Where are my jeans? I put them here an hour ago. (Dimana jean
saya? Saya menaruhnya di sini sejam yang lalu).
a.5 PLURAL NOUNS BERASAL DARI BAHASA LATIN

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Generally, some plural nouns adopted from Latin are always

followed the Latins rules. For example :
Notice: The ending -um becomes a; on becomes a; us becomes i; is
becomes es. e.g. Singular datum, medium, focus
Plural data, media, foci
a.6 PROBLEMS WITH COUNTABLE NOUN
Countable nouns: many, number, few, fewer
Uncountable nouns: much, amount, little, less
1. (F) They have taken much trips recently
(T) They have taken many trips recently
2. (T) She will visit Bandung in a few months
a few is followed by countable noun and months is countable
noun, too.
3. (F) There was a large amount of apples in the bowl.
(T) There was a large number of apples in the bowl.
4. (T) He visited many exotic places
many is followed by countable noun, place is countable noun.
5. (F) You have a number of choice
(T) You have a number of choices.
a number should be followed by plural of countable noun choice
should be choices .

b. Uncountable Noun
1. Pengertian Uncountable Noun dan Contoh
Selain countable nouns, ada benda-benda yang tidak dapat atau sangat
sulit dihitung. Kata-kata-benda yang tergolong ke dalam kategori ini disebut
uncountable nouns. Jumlah uncountable nouns cukup banyak, yang dapat
dikelompokkan ke dalam benda berbentuk cair, padat (bermakna massa),
gas, partikel, benda yang terbuat dari materi-materi sejenis, abstrak, bahasa,
bidang ilmu, aktivitas yang dinyatakan dengan gerund, permainan/games,
dan nama penyakit. Tabel berikut menyajikan contoh uncountable nouns
berdasarkan kategori yang disebutkan di atas.
Berbentuk Cair

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juice (jus)
tea (teh)
water (air)
blood (darah),

ink (tinta)
beer (bir)
soup (sup)
oil (minyak)
milk (susu)
kerosene (minyak tanah)
coffee (kopi
gasoline (bensin), etc
Berbentuk Padat
soap (sabun)
gold (emas)
paper (kertas)
bread (roti)
iron (besi)
wood (kayu)
butter (mentega)
silver (perak)
cotton (kapas)
cheese (keju)
steel (baja)
wool (wol)
meat (daging)
glass (kaca)
ice (es), etc
Berbentuk Gas
steam (uap panas)
nitrogen (nitrogen)
smog (kabut asap)
air (udara)
helium
pollution (polusi)
oxygen (oksigen)
smoke (asap)
etc
Berbentuk Partikel
hair (rambut)
dirt (lumpur)
pepper (merica/lada)
rice (nasi, beras)
grass (rumput)
salt (garam)
corn (jagung)
dust (debu)
sand (pasir)
wheat (gandum)
powder (bedak)
sugar (gula)
flour (tepung)
chalk (kapur)
Benda yang terbuat dari materi-materi sejenis
furniture (furnitur)
baggage (bagasi)
equipment (peralatan)
food (makanan)
luggage (bagasi)
jewelry (perhiasan)
fruit (buah)
garbage (sampah)
junk (rongsokan)
money (uang)
hardware (piranti keras)
scenery (pemandangan)
cash (uang cash)
clothing (pakaian)
traffic (lalulintas)
mail (surat)
makeup (makeup)
machinery (permesinan)
Abstrak
time (waktu)
advice (nasihat)
space (ruang angkasa)
beauty (kecantikan)
information
energy (energi)
confidence (keyakinan)
news (kabar/berita)
homework (PR)
courage (keberanian)
evidence (bukti)
work (pekerjaan)
education (pendidikan)
proof (bukti)
grammar (tata bahasa)
enjoyment (kesukacitaan)
knowledge (pengetahuan)
slang (bahasa gaul)
fun (kesenangan)
luck (keberuntungan)
vocabulary
health (kesehatan)
laughter (tawa)
sleep (tidur)
help (bantuan)
music
truth (kebenaran)
honesty (kejujuran)
patience (kesabaran)
significance (signifikansi)
hospitality (keramahan)
piece (kedamaian)
violence (kekerasan)
importance (pentingnya)
pride (rasa bangga)
wealth (kekayaan)
intelligence (kecerdasan)
progress (kemajuan)
sadness (kesedihan)
justice (keadilan)
recreation (rekreasi)
dislike (antipati), etc.
Bahasa

21

English
Indonesian
Javanese (bahasa Jawa)

Japanese (bahasa Jepang) Spanish (bahasa Spanyol)

German
Arabic
Chinese
etc.
Bidang ilmu
Mathematics
physics (fisika)
literature
Economics
chemistry (kimia)
psychology, ect
Permainan/games
Football
basketball
bridge
soccer (sepakbola)
tennis
poker
badminton
chess (catur)
etc,
Aktivitas yang dinyatakan dengan gerund
advertising (pengiklanan)
shopping
sleeping
driving
studying
traveling
swimming
fishing
marketing, etc
Fenomena alam
weather (cuaca)
heat (panas)
light
wind (angin)
humidity (kelembaban)
sunshine
dew (embun)
lightning (halilintar)
electricity
fog (kabut)
snow (salju)
fire
rain
thunder (guntur)
gravity
hail (hujan es)
darkness
etc
Nama penyakit (disease)
mumps (gondok)
Flu
cancer
measles (gondok)
cold (flu)
appendicitis (radang usus
buntu)

2. Penggunaan uncountable nouns

General rules penggunaan uncountable nouns adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Uncountable nouns tidak dapat dipluralkan dengan menambahkan
suffix s atau es. INCORRECT jika:
Contoh:
a) The teacher gave us a lot of homeworks.
b) My mom has put too much salts on the soup. Its so salty.
b. Jika uncountable noun berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat, verb yang
mengikutinya harus dalam bentuk singular. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa
beberapa uncountable nouns pada tabel di atas diakhiri dengan huruf
s. Uncountable nouns tersebut perlu dihafalkan, agar (misalnya kalau
ujian) anda tidak salah karena mengira plural noun.
Contoh:
22

a) Homework has to be done regularly. (PR harus dikerjakan secara

reguler).
b) Blood is important for transporting oxygen into each cell in our
body. (Darah penting untuk mentransport O2 ke dalam tiap sel di
dalam tubuh kita).
c) News from Jakarta about the increased gasoline price has
increased people dislike to the government. (Berita dari Jakarta
tentang harga bensin yang dinaikkan telah meningkatkan
ketidaksukaan masyarakat kepada pemerintah).
d) Physics is studied by all high school students. (Fisika dipelajari
oleh semua murid sekolah lanjutan).
c. Determiners yang digunakan untuk menerangkan uncountable nouns
antara lain: some, a lot of, any, much, amount of, a little of, less, more,
etc. Walaupun diawali dengan determiners, jika uncountable nouns
berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat, verbs yang mengikutinya tetap
dalam bentuk singular.
Contoh:
a) Much more money is needed to reduce poverty in Indonesia.
(Jauh

lebih

banyak

uang

dibutuhkan

untuk

mengurangi

kemiskinan di Indonesia).
b) Some new evidence has been discovered. (Beberapa bukti baru
telah ditemukan).
c) Heavy traffic during rush hours always makes me stressful. (Lalu
lintas yang padat selama jam-jam sibuk selalu membuat saya
stress).
d. Uncountable nouns dapat dikuantitatifkan dengan menggunakan
takaran atau container tertentu.
Contoh:
a) I am so thirsty. I need three big glassesofwater. (Saya begitu haus.
Saya butuh 3 gelas besar air).

23

b) Because Didit is so small, he needs to eat ten plates of rice every

day. (Karena Didit begitu kecil (badannya), dia perlu makan 10
piring nasi tiap hari).
c) Milk is very important for our health. We must drink at least three
glasses ofmilk every day. (Susu adalah sangat penting bagi
kesehatan kita. Kita mesti minum paling sedikit 3 gelas susu
setiap hari).
Note: Yang dipluralkan adalah penakarnya. Pada contoh di atas, kata
glass dan plate mengalami pluralisasi, sedangkan uncountable nounnya tidak berubah.
e. Jika takaran atau containernya plural (lebih dari satu), dan dalam
kalimat berfungsi sebagai subject, maka verb atau to be yang
mengikutinya juga dalam bentuk plural.
Contoh:
a) Three big glasses of water are needed to reduce my thirst. (Tiga
gelas besar air dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi rasa haus saya).
b) Four glasses of milk were drunk by my brother this morning.
(Empat gelas susu diminum oleh kakak saya pagi ini).
c) Two plates of rice are not enough for me. (Dua piring nasi tidak
cukup buat saya).
d) Two trucks of paper have been stolen from the warehouse. (Dua
truk kertas telah dicuri dari gudang).
e) Two portions of meal always make my breath short. (Dua porsi
makanan selalu membuat nafas saya sesak).
3. Pengecualian
a. Uncountable nouns terdiri dari beberapa noun sejenis. Misalnya, fried
rice, pizza, spaghetti, etc adalah tergolong dalam food, sedangkan
apples, durians, mangoes, etc. tergolong fruit, dan begitu juga untuk
uncountable noun lainnya. Untuk menyatakan/menekankan tipe atau
perbedaan tipe nouns yang tergolong dalam uncountable noun

24

tertentu, maka uncountable noun tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai

countable noun.
Contoh:
a) Fried rice is one of my favorite foods. (Nasi goreng adalah salah
satu makanan favorit saya).
b) For his thesis, he studied meats such as beef, pork, and chicken.
(beef = daging sapi, pork = daging babi, chicken = daging ayam).
c) Indonesia produces many different fruits, including apples,
durians, mangoes, mangosteens, jackfruits, rambutans, and so on.
(mangosteen = manggis, jackfruit = nangka).
b. Advertising/advertisement, clothing/cloth
Advertising dan clothing adalah uncountable nouns, sedangkan
advertisement dan cloth adalah countable nouns. Jika ingin
menyatakan tipe iklan atau tipe pakaian, gunakan advertisement atau
cloth.
Contoh:
a) Advertising is what he does for living. (Periklanan adalah apa
yang dia lakukan untuk hidup/periklanan adalah pekerjaannya).
b) Cigarette advertisements are almost everywhere. (Iklan-iklan
rokok hampir ada di setiap tempat).
c) Clothing is one of the basic needs of human being. (Pakaian
adalah salah satu kebutuhan dasar manusia).
d) Mr. Warjo, a homeless,doesnt have enough clothes to wear. (Pak
Warjo, seorang tuna wisma, tidak punya cukup pakaian untuk
dipakai).
c. Time/times
Kata time dapat uncountable noun dan countable noun. Jika
berarti waktu maka kata time adalah uncountable noun. Tetapi jika
berarti kali, maka kata time adalah countable noun.
Contoh:

25

a) Although we have spent so much time on this homework, were

still unable to finish it. (Walaupun kita telah habiskan begitu
banyak waktu pada (untuk mengerjakan) PR ini, kita masih belum
bisa menyelesaikannya).
b) We have already gone to Bali five times. (Kami telah pergi ke
Bali 5 kali).

4. Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with
a change of meaning.
Countable

Uncountable

There are two hairs in my coffee!

hair

I don't have much hair.

There are two lights in our

bedroom.

light

Close the curtain. There's

too much light!

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.

There are so many different noises
in the city.

It's difficult to work when

noise there is too much noise.

Have you got a paper to read?

(newspaper)
Hand me those student papers.

I want to draw a picture.

pape
Have you got some paper?
r

Our house has seven rooms.

room

We had a great time at the party.

How many times have I told you
no?

time

Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's

greatest works.

work

Is there room for me to sit

here?
Have you got time for a
coffee?
I have no money. I need
work!

Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable. But if we

are thinking of a cup or a glass, we can say (in a restaurant, for example):

Two teas and one coffee please.

26

5. Common Problems with Count/Uncount Nouns

1. Uncount nouns used as count nouns
Although substances are usually uncount nouns...
Would you like some cheese?
Coffee keeps me awake at night.
Wine makes me sleep.
... they can be also used as count nouns:

Id like a coffee please.

May I have a white wine.

They sell a lot of coffees.

I prefer white wines to red.

They had over twenty

cheeses on sale.

This is an excellent soft

cheese.

Id like a [cup of] coffee.

May I have a [glass of] white

wine.

They sell a lot of [different

kinds of] coffee.

I prefer [different kinds of]

white wine to red.

They had over twenty [types

of] cheese on sale.

This [kind of] soft cheese is

excellent.

2. Some nouns have both a count and an uncount form:

We should always have hope.
George had hopes of promotion.
Travel is a great teacher.
Where did you go on your travels?
27

3. Nouns with two meanings

Some nouns have two meanings, one count and the other non count:
Example:
His life was in danger.

There is a serious danger of fire.

Linguistics is the study of language.

Is English a difficult language?

Its made of paper.
The Times is an excellent paper.

Other words like this are:

busine
ss

Dea
th

Indust
ry

marria
ge

pow
er

Tax

Tim
e

Victor
y

use

wor
k

proper
ty

4. Uncount
nouns that end in -s
Some uncount nouns end in -s so they look like plurals even though
they are singular nouns.
These nouns generally refer to:
Subjects of study:

mathematics, physics, economics, etc.

Activities:

gymnastics, athletics, etc.

Games:

cards, darts, billiards, etc.

Diseases:

mumps, measles, rabies, etc.

28

Example:

Economics is a very difficult subject.

Billiards is easier than pool or snooker.

5. Group nouns
Some nouns, like army, refer to groups of people, animals or things,
and we can use them either as singular nouns oras plural nouns.

army

Audienc
e

committe
e

company

crew

enem
y

family

Flock

Gang

governmen
t

grou
p

herd

media

Public

regiment

staff

team

We can use these group nouns either as singular nouns or as plural

nouns:
Example:

My family is very dear to me.

I have a large family. They are very dear to me. (= The members

of my family)
The government is very unpopular.
The government are always changing their minds.

Sometimes we think of the group as a single thing:

The audience always enjoys the show.

The group consists of two men and three women.

29

Sometimes we think of the group as several individuals;

The audience clapped their hands.

The largest group are the boys.

The names of many organisations and teams are also group nouns,
but they are usually plural in spoken English:

Barcelona are winning 2-0.

The United Oil Company are putting

prices

up

by

12%.

6. Two-part nouns
A few plural nouns, like binoculars, refer to things that have two
parts.

glasses

Jeans

knicker
s

pincers

pant
s

Pliers

pyjamas

Scissors

shorts

spectacle
s

tight
s

Trainer
s

trousers

Tweezer
s

Example:

These binoculars were very expensive

Those trousers are too long.

To make it clear we are talking about one of these items, we use a

pair of

I need a new pair of spectacles.

Ive bought a pair of blue jeans.

30

If we want to talk about more than one, we use pairs of :

Weve got three pairs of scissors, but they are all blunt.
I always carry two pairs of binoculars.

G. Type of Nouns
One of the most important types of words in English are nouns. Nouns are a
part of speech that indicate people, things, objects, concepts, etc. There are seven
types of nouns in English. Each type of noun can have important grammar rules
when used. For example, one type of noun is the uncountable noun, mass noun or
non-count noun. This type of noun is always used in the singular because it can
not be counted. Here are the types of nouns in English with a short explanation
and links to further resources to study each type of noun in more detail.
1. Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to concepts, ideas, emotions, etc.
Abstract nouns are nouns that you can not touch, are not made of
materials, but play an important role in life. Here is a list of some common
abstract nouns:
success
depression
love
hate
anger
power
importance
tolerance
etc.

31

Example Sentences
Tom has had a lot of success this past year.
Many people prefer to let love inspire them rather than hate.
Jack has little tolerance for people who waste his time.
The desire for power has ruined many good people.
2. Collective Nouns
Collective nouns refer to groups of various types. Collective nouns are
most commonly used with groups of animals. Collective nouns can be used in
both the singular and plural, although collective nouns tend to be used in the
singular. Here are some common collective nouns referring to groups of
animals:
herd
litter
pack
swarm
hive
etc.
Example Sentences
The herd of cattle moved to a new field to graze.
Be careful! There's a hive of bees someone near here.
Collective nouns are also commonly used for names of institutions and
groups within institutions such as academic, business and governmental
organizations.
department
firm
party
staff
team
etc.
Example Sentences

32

Staff will meet at ten thirty tomorrow morning.

The sales department met its goals last quarter.
3. Common Nouns
Common nouns refer to categories of things in general, never to specific
examples something that are named. In other words, when speaking about
education in general someone might refer to 'university' in a general sense.
I think Tom should go to university to study science.
In this case, 'university' is a common noun. On the other hand, when
'university' is used as part of a name it becomes part of a proper noun (see
below).
Meredith decided to go to the University of Oregon.
Note that common nouns that are used as the part of a name and become
proper nouns are always capitalized. Here are some common nouns that are
often used as common nouns and part of names.
university
college
school
institute
department
state
etc.
Example Sentences
There are a number of states which are in financial difficulty.
I think you need to go to college.
4. Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns refer to things that you can touch, taste, feel, see, etc.
There are actual things that we interact with on a daily basis. Concrete nouns
can be both countable and uncountable. Here are some typical concrete
nouns:
a. Countable Concrete Nouns
orange
desk

33

book
car
house
etc.
b. Uncountable Concrete Nouns
rice
water
pasta
whiskey
etc.
Example Sentences
There are three oranges on the table.
I need some water. I'm thirsty!
My friend has just bought a new car.
Can we have rice for dinner?
The opposite of concrete nouns are abstract nouns that do not refer to
things we touch, but to things we think, ideas we have, and emotions we feel.
5. Countable / Count Nouns
Countable or count nouns are concrete nouns that can be used in both the
singular and the plural form because they can be counted. Here are some
examples of countable (count) nouns.
window
tree
computer
poster
etc.
Example Sentences
There are a few trees in my backyard.
She bought a new computer yesterday.
Countable nouns can take a definite or indefinite article depending on
usage.

34

F. Gerundial and Infinitive Phrase

a. Gerundial Phrase
Gerund is the ing form of a verb. It is used as a noun.
Example : I enjoy walking in the park.
=) walking is gerund of a verb enjoy
Gerundial phrase can be placed as subject or object in the sentence. In this
case, we are going to comprehend gerund as a subject in the sentence.
For example

: The hunters shot the birds

It can be : The shooting of the birds by the hunters ...

These are the clasifications of the gerund as subject.
1. The subject in gerund is understood
a. Commonly, it is a general statement, especially with a form of be as
the main verb.
Example : Playing with guns is dangerous.
Gerund

be as main verb

Working in a factory is not disgrace.

b. It is understood from the general context
Example : He suggested avoiding dinner with his friend.
Bringing up the subject will only cause trouble.
2. The subject of gerund phrase is in another part of sentence
Example : On seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed.
We thanked them for making such a generous contribution.
=) The subject of making is them and them is an object of
main verb.

35

If a subject is included in the gerund phrase, it may be used :

a. In possesive or unchanged form
It consists of Formal and Informal form.
- Formal Form
Example : The girl resents her sisters getting more attention than she
does.
I remember about my mothers having a new car.
Note : In formal form, theres a possesive form before word in gerundial
phrase.
- Informal Form
a. Gerund phrase after a main verb
Example : We cant understand them doing a thing like that.
I remember you being very strict with us.
Note : Gerund phrase is considered as the second part off a two-part
object.
b. Gerund phrase after a preposition
Example: I dont approve of a woman walking by herself late at night.
Sometimes

Prep Sec-part gerund

: I cant understand the doors not being open.

b. In an of phrase
1. Indicates an inanimate thing
2. The initiates the phrase
3. Personal Pronouns are not used as subject in of phrases.
Example
It can be

: The childrens shouting.

: The shouting of the children.

c. In a by phrase
It marks the passive voice of a transitive verb in a gerund phrase.
Example : The broadcasting by that station comes from the top of a
skyscraper.
He resents being nagged by his wife.
c. Infinitive Phrase
Infinitive phrase is the to form of a verb. It is used as a noun.
Infinitive phrases functioning as nouns differ from gerund phrases in that
they cant be preceded by determiners nor can they serve as objects of
prpositions.

36

We are going to comprehend infinitive as subject that occurs chiefly with

the same type of verbs as do other nominals : be, causative verbs, verb
expressing emotion, and a few other verbs like require, take, mean.
a. Be
=) To be one of your heatmate needs a long struggle.
b. Causative Verbs
=) I would like to get you to wash my favorite raincoat this afternoon.
c. Verb expressing emotion
=) You must realize to do it immediately!
d. A few other verbs
=) You require avoiding gambling as soon as possible.

Some infinitive phrase subjects appear more commonly after anticipatory it.
Example : It would be wrong to ask for more money.
It will make him very happy to see his children again.
After a predicate adjective is an anticipatory it construction, the subject of
the infinitive phrase may be in a for phrase, an of phrase, or either.
Here are the list of words that may be preceded by of, for, or either.
Adjective Followed
By FOR Phrases Only
(dis) advantageous
Advisable
Beneficial
Delightful
Difficult
Easy
Essential
Fatal
Good (= beneficial)
Hard
Hopeless
Important
Necessary
Pertinent (= relevant)
(un)pleasant

Adjective Followed
By FOR or OF Phrases
Only
(dis)courteous
Foolish
Impertinent
(un)natural
Noble
(im)polite
(im)proper
Rash
Right
Rude
Strange
Stupid
Wicked
(un)wise
Wrong

Adjective Followed
By OF Phrases Only
Generous
Good (= kind)
Intelligent
Kind
(dis)loyal
Magnanimous
Magnificent
Malicious
Nice (informal)
Unworthy

37

(im)possible
Preferable
(ir)relevant
Satisfactory
Useful
Useless
Worthwhile
Example

: Its difficult for me to do that.

Its impolite of (or for) you to keep avoiding him.
It was kind of you to help him.

G. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase indicates noun, pronoun or noun phrase. The function of
prepositional phare can be adjective or adverb.
a. Adjective
=) The coast of the jeans was surprisingly high.
b. Adverb
=) The mets played at shea stadium.
Qualifying phrase by ing form nouns.
Pattern : the ing + of + noun
Example

: Buying of computer needs a lot of money.

It should be

: The buying of computer needs a lot of money.

H. Problem with Adjective

38

1. Definiton
Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or
thing in the sentence. The Articles a, an, and the are
adjectives.

the tall professor

the lugubrious lieutenant
a solid commitment
a month's pay
a six-year-old child
the unhappiest, richest man
If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an

adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much

older than I am, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of
its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective
Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.
Before getting into other usage considerations, one general
note about the use or over-use of adjectives: Adjectives are
frail; don't ask them to do more work than they should. Let
your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do the hard work of
description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives that
don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful,
lovely, exciting. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and
excitement and interest, and when you simply insist on its
presence without showing it to your reader well, you're
convincing no one.
2. Position of Adjectives
Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost
anywhere

in

sentence,

adjectives

nearly

always

appear

immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify.

Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do,
they appear in a set order according to category. When indefinite
pronouns such as something, someone, anybody are modified
by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:

39

Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice

should

be

punished.

Something wicked this way comes.

And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain
words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they
modify):
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in
New York proper.

3. Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives can express degrees of modification:

Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and

Sadie is the richest woman in town.

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the

comparative,
comparative

and
and

the

superlative.

superlative

show

(Actually,

degrees.)

We

only

the

use

the

comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for

comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than
frequently accompanies the comparative and the word

the

precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice
to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier
and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and
happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has
more than one syllable.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Rich

richer

richest

Lovely

lovelier

loveliest

40

Beautiful

more beautiful

most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative

degrees:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
Good

Better

best

Bad

Worse

worst

Little

Less

least

much
many
some

More

most

Far

Further

furthest

Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which

already express an extreme of comparison unique, for instance although
it probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives:
something can be more perfect, and someone can have a fuller figure. People
who argue that one woman cannot be more pregnant than another have never
been nine-months pregnant with twins.a m m a r ' s

Response

41