Campus Law Enforcement

U.S.
Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics
JANUARY 2015
Special Report
NCJ 248028
Campus Law Enforcement, 201112

Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D., BJS Statistician
uring the 201112 school year, about two-thirds

(68%) of the more than 900 U.S. 4-year colleges
and universities with 2,500 or more students used
sworn police officers to provide law enforcement services
on campus (figure 1). Sworn police officers have full arrest
powers granted by a state or local authority.
The percentage of public institutions (92%) using sworn
officers was more than twice that of private institutions
(38%). Similar to sworn officers, about two-thirds of
campuses were served by armed officers. The percentage of
public campuses (91%) using armed officers was also more
than double the percentage of private institutions (36%).
Among public institutions, nearly all students were enrolled
on campuses with sworn (96%) and armed (94%) officers.
Among private institutions, nearly half of the students
were enrolled on campuses with sworn (46%) and armed
(45%) officers.
These findings come from the 201112 Survey of Campus
Law Enforcement Agencies, the first conducted by the
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) since the 200405
school year. Among the institutions contacted for both
the 200405 and 201112 BJS surveys, the percentage
using sworn officers increased from 75% to 77%, and the
percentage using armed officers increased from 68% to 75%
(not shown).
Figure 1
Use of sworn and armed law enforcement officers on 4-year
campuses with 2,500 or more students, 201112
Campuses
Sworn officers
Armed officers
All campuses
Public
Private
Students served
All campuses
Public
Private
0
20
40
Percent
60
80
100
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies,

201112.
HIGHLIGHTS
Among 4-year institutions enrolling 2,500 or more students,
during the 201112 school year
About 75% of the campuses were using armed officers,

compared to 68% during the 2004-05 school year.
About 9 in 10 public campuses used sworn police officers

(92%), compared to about 4 in 10 private campuses (38%).
Most sworn campus police officers were authorized to

use a sidearm (94%), chemical or pepper spray (94%), and
a baton (93%).
Most sworn campus police officers had arrest (86%) and

patrol (81%) jurisdictions that extended beyond campus
boundaries.
About 7 in 10 campus law enforcement agencies had a

memorandum of understanding or other formal written
agreement with outside law enforcement agencies.
Most campus law enforcement agencies serving 5,000

or more students had personnel designated to address
general crime prevention (91%), rape prevention (86%),
drug education (79%), alcohol education (78%), stalking
(75%), victim assistance (72%), and intimate partner
violence (69%).
Compared to private campuses, a higher percentage of

campus law enforcement agencies on public campuses met
regularly with special interest groups, such as advocacy
groups (64% public compared to 43% private), and groups
seeking to prevent domestic violence (69% compared to
48%) or sexual violence (76% compared to 58%).
Nearly all campuses had a mass notification system that

used email, text messages, and other methods to alert and
instruct students, faculty, and staff in emergency situations.
A majority of the campuses with sworn police officers also

used nonsworn security officers. Overall, 41% of campuses
were served by both types of officers (table 1). About a
third of campuses (32%) were served by nonsworn officers
exclusively. The percentage of campuses using sworn officers
ranged from a high of 96% among public campuses with
10,000 or more students to a low of 30% among private
campuses with 2,500 to 4,999 students.
The officers were armed at more than 9 in 10 campuses using
sworn personnel (table 2). Among the campuses using only
nonsworn officers, about 1 in 10 had armed officers. Overall,
66% of campuses had armed officers.
About 95% of 4-year schools with 2,500 or more
students operated their own campus law enforcement
agency
exclusions) enrolled 82% of all students attending 4-year

institutions (those primarily awarding 4-year degrees or
higher) (appendix table 1). A total of 861 (95%) of these
schools reported that they operated their own campus
law enforcement agency using officers employed by the
institution (appendix table 2). Among the institutions that
did not operate their own campus law enforcement agency,
77% contracted with a private security firm to provide these
services, and 18% used local law enforcement agencies.
All 861 campus law enforcement agencies serving 2,500 or
more students received the BJS survey. Agencies serving
campuses with 5,000 or more students received a longer
questionnaire than those serving smaller campuses
(see Methodology).
The 905 4-year colleges and universities with 2,500 or

more students contacted for the 201112 Survey of
Campus Law Enforcement Agencies (see Methodology for
Table 1
Officers providing law enforcement services, by type and size of 4-year campus, 201112
Number
of campuses
905
501
173
83
146
99
404
31
37
96
240
Type and size of 4-year campus

All campuses
Public
15,000 or more students
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more students
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Total
68%
92%
96
96
92
84
38%
61
49
45
30
Sworn officers
With nonsworn
officers
41%
52%
59
49
51
44
26%
48
35
33
20
Without
nonsworn officers
27%
40%
37
47
41
39
11%
13
14
12
10
Nonsworn
officers only
32%
8%
4
4
8
16
62%
39
51
54
70
Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 201112.
Table 2
Use of sworn and armed law enforcement officers, by type and size of 4-year campus, 201112
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Number of
campuses
905
501
173
83
146
99
404
31
37
96
240
Total
68%
92%
96
96
92
84
38%
61
49
46
30
Sworn officers
Armed
63%
91%
94
95
90
83
30%
55
43
35
22
Unarmed
5%
2%
2
1
2
1
8%
6
5
10
7
Total
32%
8%
4
4
8
16
62%
39
51
54
70
Nonsworn officers
Armed
3%
0%
0
0
0
0
6%
10
3
7
6
Unarmed
29%
8%
4
4
8
16
56%
29
49
47
64

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015
A majority (83%) of the schools that were within scope for

the 201112 survey but not for the 200405 survey were in
the smallest enrollment category (2,500 to 4,999 students).
Since the inclusion of these schools could mask trends
occurring on larger campuses, comparisons presented in the
report are limited to the 724 institutions and 717 campus law
enforcement agencies that were included in both surveys.
The comparison agencies represent 96% of the agencies and
98% of the total enrollment covered by the 200405 survey.
These agencies accounted for 94% of the total enrollment
covered by the 201112 survey.
Between the 200405 and 201112 school years,
the increase in full-time campus law enforcement
employees (16%) outpaced the increase in student
enrollment (11%)
The 861 campus law enforcement agencies serving campuses
with 2,500 or more students employed about 32,000
persons on a full-time basis during the 201112 school
year (appendix table 3). The full-time total included about
15,000 sworn police officers, 11,000 nonsworn security
officers, 5,000 civilian support staff, and 1,000 student
employees. These agencies also employed another
12,000 part-time staff, including about 1,000 sworn police
officers, 3,000 nonsworn security officers, 1,000 civilian
support staff, and 7,000 students.
The 717 campus law enforcement agencies included in
both the 200405 and 201112 BJS surveys increased
their number of full-time employees by 16% during the
7-year period. This included a 10% increase in the number
of full-time sworn personnel. During the same period,
the collective enrollment of students on these campuses
increased by 11% (not shown).
Agencies serving private campuses had an average of

4.8 full-time employees per 1,000 students compared to
3.6 per 1,000 on public campuses
During the 201112 school year, agencies serving
campuses with 2,500 or more students had an average of
37 full-time employees, the equivalent of 4.1 employees
per 1,000 students (table 3). The average ratio was higher
on private campuses (4.8 full-time employees per 1,000
students) than public campuses (3.6 full-time employees per
1,000 students).
On campuses with sworn personnel, an average of
24 full-time sworn officers were employed, the equivalent of
2.4 officers per 1,000 students. The average ratio was higher
on private campuses (2.9 full-time sworn officers per 1,000
students) than public campuses (2.2 full-time sworn officers
per 1,000 students).
Table 3
Average number of full-time campus law enforcement
employees per 1,000 students, by type and size of 4-year
campus, 201112
Type and size of
4-year campus
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
All agencies
Full-time Per 1,000
employees students
37
4.1
41
3.6
67
2.5
32
2.5
26
3.6
24
6.7
32
4.8
114
5.0
62
5.2
30
4.4
17
4.8
Agencies employing
sworn personnel
Full-time Per 1,000
officers students
24
2.4
25
2.2
38
1.4
20
1.6
16
2.3
15
4.2
22
2.9
52
2.3
45
3.7
19
2.8
10
2.9
Note: See appendix table 4 for the 25 largest agencies ranked by number of
full-time employees. See appendix table 5 for the 25 largest agencies ranked by
number of full-time sworn officers.
201112.
About 9 in 10 sworn campus police officers had arrest

jurisdiction beyond campus boundaries
The arrest jurisdiction of nearly all sworn campus police
officers extended beyond the campus (table 4). In 86% of
agencies (employing 90% of officers) the arrest jurisdiction
included properties adjacent to campus. In 71% of agencies
(employing 76% of officers) the jurisdiction included areas
outside the area surrounding the campus (not shown).
In 70% of agencies (employing 71% of officers) the area
of off-campus arrest jurisdiction was defined through a
memorandum of understanding (MOU) or mutual aid
agreement (MAA).
Overall, 88% of the agencies serving public campuses had
MOUs or MAAs of some type, compared to 63% of the
agencies serving private campuses (figure 2). Most of the
agencies serving public campuses had agreements with
local police departments (81%) and sheriffs offices (55%).
About a third of these agencies had agreements with state
law enforcement (35%) or other campus law enforcement
agencies (31%). About half of the agencies serving private
campuses had written agreements with local police (52%)
and about a sixth had agreements with sheriffs offices (17%).
Figure 2
Agencies included in the memorandums of understanding
or mutual aid agreements with campus law enforcement
agencies serving 2,500 or more students, by type of 4-year
campus, 201112
One or more types
of agencies
Public
Private
Local police
department
Sheriff's office
State law
enforcement agency
Other campus law
enforcement agency
Other campus agency
(non-law enforcement)
State or local courts
Other type of agency
0
20
40
60
Percent of agencies
80
100
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement

Agencies, 201112.
Table 4
Extended arrest jurisdiction of sworn officers in campus law enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year campus,
201112
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Properties adjacent
to campus
86%
89%
94
94
83
86
76%
94
86
82
66
Properties outside the area

surrounding the campus
71%
75%
86
83
61
65
57%
75
79
68
41
Statewide
35%
40%
45
38
38
36
20%
25
14
18
20
Defined by memorandum
of understanding or mutual
aid agreement
70%
75%
79
72
70
78
52%
62
36
65
46
As with their arrest jurisdiction, most sworn officers had

patrol jurisdictions that went beyond the boundaries of the
campus they served. On 81% of campuses, sworn officers
had patrol jurisdictions that extended to properties adjacent
to campus, compared to 44% for nonsworn officers (table 5).
The patrol jurisdiction of sworn officers extended to
properties outside the immediate campus in 57% of agencies,
compared to 27% for nonsworn officers. Agencies using
sworn officers were also more likely to use an MOU or MAA
to define extended areas of patrol jurisdiction.
Most campus law enforcement agencies serving
campuses with 5,000 or more students conducted joint
patrols with local law enforcement
As in 200405, most of campus law enforcement agencies
implemented various community-oriented policing practices
during the 201112 school year. About 8 in 10 (79%)
agencies serving campuses with 5,000 or more students
had incorporated community policing elements into their

overall campus security policy (table 6). At least 6 in 10
agencies gave officers responsibility for specific geographic
areas on campus (63%), conducted joint patrols with
local law enforcement (62%), or conducted a ride-along
program (60%).
During 201112, about half of agencies serving campuses
with 5,000 or more students upgraded their technology to
support the analysis of campus community problems (54%).
They also actively encouraged officers to engage in problemsolving projects on campus (51%), partnered with citizen
groups and used their feedback in developing community
policing strategies (51%), conducted intelligence-led
policing (49%), conducted environmental analysis to assess
precursors to crime (48%), and included collaborative
problem-solving projects in the evaluation of patrol
officers (46%).
Table 5
Extended patrol jurisdiction of officers in campus law enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year campus, 201112
Type and size of
4-year campus
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Properties
adjacent
to campus
81%
84%
87
87
81
77
72%
81
80
68
70
Sworn officers
Properties outside
the area surrounding of understanding or
the campus
mutual aid agreement
57%
59%
60%
64%
68
69
64
60
48
61
58
65
47%
43%
81
56
47
40
50
53
38
34
Properties
adjacent
to campus
44%
13%
0
33
9
20
49%
73
15
44
52
Nonsworn officers
Properties outside
the area surrounding of understanding or
the campus
mutual aid agreement
27%
11%
13%
10%
33
17
33
33
9
9
0
0
29%
11%
55
27
15
8
34
19
27
8
Table 6
Community policing activities of campus law enforcement agencies serving 5,000 or more students, by type of 4-year campus,
201112
Incorporated community elements into campus security policy
Gave officers responsibility for geographic areas
Conducted joint patrols with local law enforcement
Conducted a ride-along program
Upgraded technology to support analysis of campus problems
Actively encouraged officers to engage in problem-solving projects
Partnered with citizen groups and used feedback to develop strategies
Conducted intelligence-led policing
Conducted environmental analysis to assess precursors to crime
Included collaborative problem-solving projects in officer evaluations
Had a formal, written community policing plan
Conducted an on-campus citizen police academy
All 4-year campuses

79%
63
62
60
54
51
51
49
48
46
33
9
Public
82%
62
65
68
53
55
54
51
48
48
34
10
Private
73%
69
52
36
55
38
42
42
48
39
28
5
More campus law enforcement agencies were engaging

in community policing activities during the 201112
school year compared to 200405
All but 3 of the 12 community-oriented policing activities
included in the 201112 survey were implemented on
a greater percentage of public campuses than private
campuses. The largest differences were for offering
ride-along programs (68% public versus 36% private),
encouraging officers to engage in problem-solving projects
(55% versus 38%), and conducting joint patrols with local
law enforcement (65% versus 52%).
For the 501 agencies serving campuses with 5,000 or more
students that responded to both the 200405 and 201112
surveys, the use of community policing techniques increased
at least 8% for 5 of the 10 community policing activities
(figure 3). The largest increases were for collaborative
problem-solving in the evaluation of patrol officers (46%
in 201112 compared to 21% in 200405), conducting
a ride-along program (61% compared to 49%), and
encouraging officers to engage in problem-solving projects
(52% compared to 39%).
Nearly all campus law enforcement agencies provided
24-hour patrol coverage at all times
Ninety-six percent of agencies provided 24-hour patrol
coverage with uniformed officers at all times, including
during weekends, breaks between academic terms, and
summer terms. Most of the remaining agencies provided
regular patrol coverage, but not on a 24-hour basis
(not shown).
All agencies had uniformed officers on duty at all times
(table 7). About 9 in 10 public campuses had sworn
uniformed officers on duty at all times, while about 3 in 10
public campuses had both sworn and nonsworn uniformed
officers on duty at all times. About 8 in 10 private campuses
had nonsworn uniformed officers on duty at all times,
and about 2 in 10 private campuses had both sworn and
nonsworn uniformed officers on duty at all times.
Approximately 11% of agencies used officers from local law
enforcement agencies at times to increase patrol coverage
on campus or assist with special events during the 201112
school year. Four percent of agencies used officers from
private security firms to supplement patrol coverage, and
24% used private security officers to assist with special
events (not shown).
Figure 3
Community policing activities of campus law enforcement
agencies on 4-year campuses with 2,500 or more students,
200405 and 201112
Incorporated community elements
into campus security policy
Gave officers responsibility
for geographic areas
201112
200405
Conducted a ride-along program

Upgraded technology to support
analysis of campus problems
Actively encouraged officers to
engage in problem-solving projects
Partnered with citizen groups and
used feedback to develop strategies
Conducted Environment Analysis
to assess precursors to crime
Included collaborative
problem-solving projects
in officer evaluations
Had a formal, written
community policing plan
Conducted an on-campus
citizen police academy
0
20
40
60
80
Percent of agencies
100

Agencies, 201112 and 200405.
Table 7
Use of sworn and nonsworn uniformed officers by campus
law enforcement agencies on 4-year campuses with 2,500 or
more students, 201112
Agencies using sworn officers Total
Public campuses
100%
At all times
91%
Some of the time
2
At no time
7
Private campuses
100%
At all times
37%
Some of the time
5
At no time
59
Agencies using nonsworn officers

Some of
At all times the time At no time
36%
22%
42%
29%
20%
42%
1
1
0
6
2
0
78%
10%
13%
18%
6%
12%
3
1
1
56
3
0

201112.
Overall, 45% of the agencies serving campuses with

enrollments of 5,000 or more used student security patrols.
Half of the agencies serving public campuses (50%) and
about a third of those serving private campuses (32%)
used student patrols (not shown). On most campuses with
student patrols, they were used to provide safety escorts
(89%), special event security (70%), auxiliary patrols during
normal patrol hours (64%), and building lockup or unlock
services (59%) (figure 4).
Most agencies offered free on-demand walking and
vehicle safety escort services
About 9 in 10 campus law enforcement agencies serving
5,000 or more students provided a personal safety escort
service during the 201112 school year (table 8). Typically,
this is a free and confidential on-demand service that
operates at night for students, faculty, staff, and others who
request it. The percentage of agencies that provided a safety
escort service was about the same on public (88%) and
private (90%) campuses.
Most agencies that served public campuses operated a safety
escort service staffed with nonsworn security officers (72%),
sworn police officers (62%), and students (59%). About
5 in 6 private campuses had a safety escort service staffed
by nonsworn security officers (83%). Just under half had a
service staffed by sworn officers (48%) or students (45%).
About 71% of public and private campuses provided both
walking safety escorts and vehicle safety escorts.
Figure 4
Functions performed by student patrols in campus law
enforcement agencies, on 4-year campuses with 5,000 or
Safety escorts
Special event security
Auxiliary patrols
Building lock-up
Residence hall security
Agency recruitment tool
Emergency response
0
20
40
60
Percent of agencies
80
100

Agencies, 201112.
Table 8
Operation of safety escort services by campus law
enforcement agencies serving 5,000 or more students, by
type of 4-year campus, 201112
Total with safety escort service
Type of staff
Sworn officers
Nonsworn officers
Students
Type of escort
Walking
Vehicle
Both
All campuses
88%
Public
88%
Private
90%
60%
76
56
62%
72
59
48%
83
45
87%
82
71
89%
81
71
83%
85
71

201112.
Nearly all agencies participated in a 9-1-1 system or had

a similar on-campus emergency telephone system
In an emergency, campus law enforcement agencies could
be contacted by picking up a blue-light phone on campus
(92%), calling a 3- or 4-digit on-campus emergency phone
number (70%), or calling 9-1-1 (65%) (table 9). Almost all
campuses (94%) either participated in a 9-1-1 system or
provided another emergency number. A higher percentage
of agencies serving public campuses (71%) participated
in a 9-1-1 system than those serving private campuses
(55%). More agencies on private campuses (80%) offered
an on-campus emergency number than on public campuses
(63%). Nearly two-thirds of public campuses (64%) and
about half of private campuses (50%) had both systems
(not shown).
display caller location and identification when available.

About three-quarters (74%) of campus law enforcement
agencies had an emergency telephone system that displayed
the number of a wireless caller (table 10). Fewer agencies
had a system that could display the general (13%) or specific
(4%) location of a wireless caller.
Other advanced features of campus emergency telephone
systems included recorded phone calls available for
immediate playback (65%), phone patch call forwarding
when dispatch was not available (39%), and reverse 9-1-1
call-back (30%). Nearly all sworn (94%) and nonsworn
(92%) agencies were responsible for dispatching calls for
service (not shown).
About half of the agencies serving public campuses (52%)

and about a third of those on private campuses (35%)
participated in an enhanced 9-1-1 system, which could
Table 9
Emergency telephone systems of campus law enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year campus, 201112
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Total using 9-1-1 or

on-campus number
94%
94%
97
93
93
92
94%
88
88
97
95
Any 9-1-1
system
65%
71%
83
68
69
55
55%
52
60
54
55
9-1-1 system
Enhanced 9-1-1
system
45%
52%
65
53
46
34
35%
36
28
42
34
On-campus 3- or
4-digit system
70%
63%
52
63
72
69
80%
76
64
81
83
Blue light
phone system
92%
93%
96
97
93
80*
91%
100
92
93
85*
*Data are from the 2004-05 BJS Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies. These agencies received the short survey questionnaire which did not include the
blue-light phone question. The maximum increase from 200405 to 201112 in any of the larger enrollment categories was 3%.
Table 10
Enhanced features of emergency phone systems used by campus law enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year
campus, 201112

All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Phone patch call

forwarding when
dispatch not
available
39%
35%
28
30
40
46
44%
28
32
41
48
Reverse 9-1-1
call-back
available
30%
36%
49
36
28
22
22%
24
24
23
21
Recorded calls
available for
immediate playback
65%
76%
93
85
70
45
50%
92
68
57
39
Displays phone
number of
wireless caller
74%
73%
77
75
67
74
75%
84
75
70
76
Displays general
location of
wireless caller
13%
18%
30
14
13
5
5%
12
8
7
3
Displays exact
location of
wireless caller
4%
7%
12
4
4
2
2%
4
0
6
0
Nearly all sworn officers were authorized to use a

sidearm, chemical spray, and baton
Nearly all of the agencies that employed sworn police officers
authorized them to use a sidearm (94%), chemical or pepper
spray (94%), and a baton (93%) (table 11). Fewer than half
(40%) of these agencies authorized their sworn officers to
use a conducted energy device (such as a Taser).
Among agencies that employed only nonsworn security
officers, 11% authorized them to carry a sidearm. About half
of agencies authorized nonsworn officers to use chemical
or pepper spray (48%), and about a third authorized them
to use a baton (32%). Few nonsworn agencies authorized
their officers to use a conducted energy device (4%). In
agencies employing both nonsworn and sworn officers, the
nonsworn officers were somewhat less likely to be authorized
to use a sidearm (4%), chemical or pepper spray (44%), or a
baton (21%) than in agencies that employed only nonsworn
officers (not shown).
Figure 5
Nonlethal weapons authorized for use by sworn and
nonsworn officers in campus law enforcement agencies on
4-year campuses with 2,500 or more students, 201112
Sworn
Baton
Nonsworn
Chemical/pepper spray
Conducted energy device

0
20
40
60
Percent of officers
80
100

Agencies, 201112.
Overall, 96% of sworn officers were employed by an agency

that authorized them to use chemical or pepper spray,
compared to 39% of nonsworn officers (figure 5). Two
percent of nonsworn officers were employed by an agency
that authorized them to use a conducted energy device,
compared to 38% of sworn officers.
Table 11
Weapons authorized for use by campus law enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year campus, 201112
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Sidearms
94%
98%
98
100
98
99
82%
94
89
81
77
Sworn officers
Chemical/
Conducted
Batons
pepper spray energy device
93%
94%
40%
95%
95%
45%
97
98
54
94
96
43
93
92
38
93
93
39
86%
89%
23%
93
93
13
93
100
27
86
89
23
83
85
25
Sidearms
11%
0%
0
0
0
0
13%
27
8
23
10
Nonsworn officers
Chemical/
Conducted
Batons
pepper spray energy device
32%
48%
4%
39%
58%
6%
67
83
0
33
67
0
27
45
18
36
55
0
31%
46%
4%
18
45
0
31
38
0
42
45
3
30
47
5
Note: See appendix table 7 for other types of weapons authorized for use.
Patrol officers used in-field computers in about twice as

many agencies during 201112, compared to 200405
Patrol officers were using in-field computers in about half
(52%) of campus law enforcement agencies serving 2,500
or more students during 201112, compared to about a
quarter (27%) of agencies during 200405. Most agencies
serving public campuses with 5,000 or more students and
private campuses with 10,000 or more students used in-field
computers during 201112 (table 12). During 201112,
agencies employing sworn officers (64%) were about three
times as likely to use in-field computers as agencies that
employed only nonsworn officers (20%) (not shown).
Table 12
Use of electronic devices by patrol officers in campus law
enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year campus,
201112
Total using
Type and size of electronic
4-year campus
devices
All campuses
71%
Public
79%
15,000 or more
84
10,00014,999
77
5,0009,999
78
2,5004,999
70
Private
59%
15,000 or more
78
10,00014,999
79
5,0009,999
68
2,5004,999
51
In-field computers/terminals
VehicleTotal mounted Portable
52%
42%
22%
63%
55%
24%
76
66
32
64
59
18
61
52
22
43
33
19
35%
25%
18%
59
44
26
61
50
14
42
34
21
26
16
17
Other
devices
50%
54%
59
54
49
54
45%
56
32
49
43

Agencies, 201112.
Half of campus law enforcement agencies provided patrol

officers with handheld electronic devices (such as smart
phones or personal digital assistants) during the 201112
school year. Overall, patrol officers in 71% of campus law
enforcement agencies used either in-field computers or
handheld devices during 201112.
A majority of agencies on both public (82%) and private
(66%) campuses used computer-aided dispatch (figure 6).
Most agencies serving public campuses also used computers
for inter-agency information sharing (70%) and in-field
reporting (60%). About a third of the agencies serving public
(36%) and private (29%) campuses used computers for crime
mapping.
Agencies that employed sworn officers were about twice as
likely as those that employed only nonsworn officers to use
computers for dispatch (83% sworn versus 47% nonsworn)
information sharing (69% versus 32%), in-field reports
(59% versus 29%), and crime mapping (37% versus 20%)
(not shown).
Figure 6
Selected functions of computers in campus law enforcement
agencies on 4-year campuses with 5,000 or more students,
201112
Public
Dispatch
Private
Inter-agency
information sharing
In-field reporting
Crime mapping
0
20
40
60
Percent of agencies
80
100

Agencies, 201112.
10
Agencies provided security for a wide range of campus

facilities
In addition to the core law enforcement functions of
patrol and response, campus law enforcement agencies
performed numerous functions related to the security of
campus buildings, facilities, and property. For more than
80% of sworn and nonsworn agencies, these responsibilities
included general security functions, such as locking and
unlocking buildings (92% sworn versus 100% nonsworn),
Table 13
Functions performed by sworn and nonsworn campus law
enforcement agencies serving 4-year campuses with 2,500
or more students, 201112
Type of function
Security functions
Access control (including electronic access)
Building lockup/unlock
Central alarm monitoring
Key control
Monitoring surveillance cameras
Executive protection
Arena events
Auditorium events
Daycare facilities
Educational (K-12) facilities
Hazardous biological/chemical materials
Library or cultural facilities
Medical facilities
Nuclear/Radioactive materials
Stadium events
Vehicle-related functions
Parking administration
Parking enforcement
Traffic accident investigation
Traffic direction and control
Traffic law enforcement
Transportation system management
Vehicle registration for on-campus use
Special public safety functions
Animal control
Dispatching calls for service
Emergency fire services
Emergency management
Emergency medical services
Environmental health/safety
Fire inspection
Fire prevention education
Temporary lock-up facility (overnight)
Temporary holding cell (not for overnight)
Specialized functions
Bomb/explosive disposal or detection
Search and rescue
Tactical operations (SWAT)
Task force participation
Underwater recovery
Sworn
Nonsworn
83%
92
85
52
85
93
87
98
35
15
47
85
37
26
79
95%
100
82
71
93
68
81
97
25
13
43
74
27
11
65
63%
91
97
99
94
31
50
88%
95
79
93
47
43
72
51%
94
36
89
56
41
28
40
3
23
52%
93
55
94
67
62
62
74
4
2
22%
32
27
59
1
4%
18
1
20
0
monitoring surveillance cameras (85% versus 93%),

controlling access to facilities (83% versus 95%), and
monitoring central alarm systems (85% versus 82%)
(table 13).
The majority of sworn and nonsworn campus law
enforcement agencies were also responsible for vehiclerelated functions, such as directing and controlling traffic
(99% sworn versus 93% nonsworn), enforcing parking
restrictions (91% versus 95%), and investigating traffic
accidents (97% versus 79%). Nearly all sworn agencies
(94%) also enforced traffic laws, compared to about half
of nonsworn agencies (47%). Nearly three-quarters (72%)
of nonsworn agencies administered vehicle registration
systems, compared to half (50%) of sworn agencies.
Campus law enforcement agencies operated a wide range of
vehicles to support many of the functions they performed
(appendix table 8).
Agencies serving public campuses were more likely to
meet with groups working to prevent domestic and
sexual violence
During the 201112 school year, most agencies met regularly
with campus administrators and officials (97%), other law
enforcement agencies (93%), faculty and staff organizations
(87%), student housing groups (86%), student organizations
(81%), and student government leaders (80%) to discuss
crime-related problems (table 14). A majority also met
regularly with sexual violence prevention groups (69%),
domestic violence prevention groups (60%), and advocacy
groups (55%).
Table 14
Groups that campus law enforcement agencies met with
regularly to discuss crime-related problems on 4-year
Type of group
Campus administrators/officials
Other law enforcement agencies
Faculty/staff organizations
Student housing groups
Student organizations
Student government
Sexual violence prevention groups
Local public officials
Domestic violence prevention groups
Advocacy groups
Fraternity/sorority groups
Neighborhood associations
Business groups
Religious groups
All 4-year
campuses
97%
93
87
86
81
80
69
64
60
55
53
40
33
25
Public
98%
94
89
86
82
81
76
63
69
64
63
39
35
23
Private
97%
91
84
86
79
78
58
67
48
43
39
43
30
27

201112.

201112.
11
The Clery Act and reporting campus crime

The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and
Campus Crime Statistics Act was signed into law in 1990 as
the Campus Security Act, and it has been amended several
times. The act requires institutions of higher education that
participate in federal financial aid programs to keep and
disclose information about crime on and near their campus.
The U.S. Department of Education monitors compliance.
Violations can result in penalties of up to $35,000 per
infraction and suspension from federal student financial aid
programs. The Clery Act requires institutions to fulfill the
following obligations:
Publish an annual campus security report by October 1 that

documents three calendar years of specified campus crime
statistics. This report must be made available to current and
prospective students and employees. The crime statistics
must include incidents occurring on campus, in public areas
adjacent to or running through the campus, and at certain
off-campus buildings, such as Greek housing and remote
classrooms.
Maintain a timely public log of all crimes reported or otherwise

known to campus law enforcement officials. The log must be
accessible to the public during normal business hours.
Give timely warning of crimes that represent a threat to

student or employee safety.
Institutions also must submit an annual report to the U.S.

Department of Education. The report should include statistics
on criminal homicide, sex offenses (forcible and nonforcible),
robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and
arson. The report must identify any of these offenses, as well as
any incidents of larceny or theft; simple assault; intimidation;
and destruction, damage, or vandalism of property that are
believed to be hate crimes. The report must also include arrests
and disciplinary referrals for liquor law violations, drug law
violations, and illegal weapons possession. Clery Act statistics
are available at http://ope.ed.gov/security/.
Campus law enforcement agencies serving 4-year schools with
2,500 or more students handled an average of 5 violent crimes
each in 2011, compared to 180 property crimes (table 15).
During 2011, violent crimes accounted for 3% of the serious
crimes known to campus agencies, compared to 12% of the

serious crimes known to state and local law enforcement
agencies nationwide (not shown).
These campus agencies recorded 45 violent crimes per 100,000
students in 2011, a rate which was 27% lower than in 2004
(figure 7). Although the violent crime rate remained higher on
private campuses (53) than public campuses (42) in 2011, the
difference was much less than in 2004. The overall violent crime
rate on campuses was much lower than the U.S. violent crime
rate of 386 per 100,000 residents.
Campus law enforcement agencies serving schools with
2,500 or more students recorded 1,049 property crimes per
100,000 students during 2011. As with violent crimes, the
overall property crime rate per 100,000 students was higher on
private campuses (1,354) than public campuses (994). Campus
property crime rates were 35% lower in 2011, compared to
2004. Nationwide, the rate for known serious property crimes
was 2,909 per 100,000 residents in 2011, or about three times
the campus rate (not shown).
Figure 7
Serious violent crimes per 100,000 students known to
campus law enforcement agencies on 4-year campuses
with 2,500 or more students, 2004 and 2011
201112
All campuses
200405
Public
Private
0
20
40
60
Rate per 100,000 students
80
100

Agencies, 201112 and 200405; and U.S. Department of Education, Office of
Postsecondary Education, 2011 and 2004.
Table 15
Average number of serious crimes known to campus law enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year campus, 2011
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Total
violent
5
6
10
5
4
3
3
7
7
3
2
Violent crimes
Forcible
Aggravated
Murder sex offense Robbery assault
-3
1
1
-3
1
2
-5
2
3
-3
1
1
-2
1
1
-1
1
1
-2
-1
0
5
1
1
-4
1
2
0
2
-1
0
1
-1
Property crimes
Total
Larceny/ Motor
property Burglary theft
vehicle theft
180
14
163
2
190
17
169
3
303
31
265
6
126
13
110
2
82
10
70
1
91
8
82
1
154
9
144
1
311
22
286
2
239
13
223
2
77
9
67
1
51
8
42
1
Arson
1
1
1
1
1
--1
1
---
--Less than 0.5.

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 201112; U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education,
2011; and FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2011.
Agencies on public campuses were more likely than those

on private campuses to have met regularly with most of
the types of interest groups included in the survey. The
largest differences were observed for advocacy (64% public
versus 43% private), domestic violence prevention
(69% versus 48%), and sexual violence prevention groups
(76% versus 58%).
For all but one of the group types included in both 200405
and 2011012 surveys, there was an increase in the
percentage of the agencies meeting with them (figure 8).
Increases of more than 10% were observed for local public
officials (64% versus 41%), domestic violence groups
(63% versus 45%), and advocacy groups (61% versus 48%)
(figure 8).
About 4 in 5 agencies had personnel designated to
provide alcohol and drug education
Most agencies serving campuses of 5,000 or more students
had personnel specially designated to provide prevention,
education, and assistance programs and services to
the campus community. More than two-thirds of the
agencies had personnel designated to address general
crime prevention (91%), general rape prevention (86%),
date rape prevention (84%), self-defense training (76%),
stalking (75%), victim assistance (72%), and intimate
partner violence (69%) (table 16). In addition, about 4 in 5
agencies had personnel addressing drug (79%) and alcohol
education (78%).
In some cases, the personnel who addressed these issues
were assigned full time to a specialized unit. At least 1 in 10
agencies had specialized units for general crime prevention
(28%), community policing (21%), general rape prevention
(14%), date rape prevention (14%), victim assistance (12%),
self-defense training (11%), alcohol education (10%), drug
education (10%), and bicycle and pedestrian safety (10%).
Figure 8
Groups that campus law enforcement agencies met with
regularly to discuss crime-related problems on 4-year
campuses with 2,500 or more students, 200405 and
201112
201112
200405
Advocacy groups
Business groups
Domestic
violence groups
Faculty/
staff organizations
Fraternity/
sorority groups
Local public officials
Neighborhood
associations
Religious groups
Student
housing groups
Student organizations
0
20
40
60
Percent of students
80
100

Agencies, 201112 and 200405.
Table 16
Use of designated personnel by campus law enforcement
agencies to address crime and safety issues on 4-year
General crime prevention
General rape prevention
Date rape prevention
Drug education
Alcohol education
Self-defense training
Stalking
Community policing
Victim assistance
Bicycle/pedestrian safety
Social network abuse
Intimate partner violence
Identity theft
Cybercrime
Research and planning
Bias/hate crime
White collar crime
Suicide prevention
Total
91%
86
84
79
78
76
75
74
72
71
70
69
68
62
61
58
52
49
Assigned full-time Other designated

to special unit
personnel
28%
63%
14
72
14
70
10
69
10
68
11
65
7
68
21
53
12
60
10
61
8
62
7
62
8
60
8
54
8
53
6
52
5
47
4
45

201112 and 200405.
13
More agencies had personnel designated to address

stalking, alcohol education, and victim assistance in
201112, compared to 200405
For all but one of the interest group types included in both
200405 and 201112 surveys, there was an increase in
the percentage of agencies meeting with them (figure 9).
Increases of 5% were observed for stalking (76% versus
67%), alcohol education (80% versus 74%), and victim
assistance (72% versus 67%).
A majority of the agencies on both public and
private campuses engaged in a range of emergency
preparedness activities
The 200405 BJS Survey of Campus Law Enforcement
Agencies helped assess the impact of the terrorist attacks
of September 11, 2001, on the emergency preparedness
policies and practices of campus law enforcement agencies.
In the years following that survey, the mass shootings at
Virginia Tech in 2007 and Northern Illinois University in
2008 occurred. The 201112 survey provides some measures
of how campus law enforcement agencies have responded
to these and similar incidents by further developing their
emergency preparedness capabilities.
During 201112, more agencies serving public campuses,
compared to private campuses, disseminated information
to increase citizen preparedness (90% public compared to
81% private), had formal intelligence-sharing agreements
with other law enforcement agencies (74% versus 62%),
and designed or revised a preparedness plan for a school
shooting (86% versus 81%) (table 17). A slightly higher
percentage of the agencies on private campuses (85%)
than on public campuses (81%) designed or revised a
preparedness plan for an emergency evacuation. Nearly all
agencies on both public (99%) and private (98%) campuses
participated in campus meetings regarding emergency
preparedness plans.
Figure 9
Campus law enforcement agencies with designated
personnel to address special problems or tasks on 4-year
schools with 5,000 or more students, 200405 and 201112
Special problem or task
201112
200405
Alcohol education
Bias/hate crime
Cybercrime
Date rape
prevention
Drug education
General crime
prevention
General rape
prevention
Self-defense
training
Stalking
Victim assistance
0
20
40
60
Percent of agencies
80
100

Agencies, 201112 and 200405.
Table 17
Emergency preparedness activities of campus law
enforcement agencies on 4-year campuses with 2,500 or
Disseminated information to increase
citizen preparedness
Formal intelligence-sharing agreements
with other law enforcement agencies
Participated in campus meetings regarding
emergency preparedness plans
Designed/revised a preparedness plan
for a school shooting
Designed/revised a preparedness plan
for an emergency campus evacuation
Total
Public
Private
86%
90%
81%
69
74
62
98
99
98
84
86
81
83
81
85

201112.
14
Between the 200405 and 201112 school years, the

percentage of agencies participating in emergency
preparedness activities increased
More agencies on public campuses than on

private campuses had radio systems that were fully
interoperable with other first responders systems
The percentage of agencies that held meetings with campus

administrators and staff regarding emergency preparedness
increased from 91% in 200405 to 99% in 201112
(figure 10). Increases also occurred in the percentage of
agencies that disseminated information to increase citizen
preparedness and maintained formal intelligence-sharing
agreements with other law enforcement agencies.
About half (48%) of campus law enforcement agencies

serving campuses with 2,500 or more students used a radio
system that was fully interoperable with the systems used by
local law enforcement agencies, fire departments, and other
first responders (table 18). Another 30% reported their
system was partially interoperable with other first responder
systems. Agencies serving public campuses (64%) were more
than twice as likely as those on private campuses (26%) to
have a system that was fully interoperable. Nearly all of the
agencies on public campuses (93%) had systems that were
either fully or partially interoperable, compared to just over
half on private campuses (57%).
Almost all (97%) campus law enforcement agencies serving

5,000 or more students reported they were participants in
active shooter training during 201112. This training was
usually in the form of workshops, seminars, and lectures
(95%) and typically involved the use of mock exercises and
scenarios (90%). About a third of agencies participated in
active shooter training that included the use of virtual reality
systems (31%) (not shown).
Figure 10
Emergency preparedness activities of campus law
enforcement agencies on 4-year campuses with 2,500 or
more students, 200405 and 201112

All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Met with campus

administrators and
staff regarding
emergency prepredness
Disseminated information to
increase citizen preparedness
Maintained formal
intelligence-sharing
agreements with other
law enforcement agencies
20042005
20
40
60
Percent of agencies
80
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Full
48%
64%
70
64
58
62
26%
28
32
29
23
Partial
30%
29%
25
25
33
34
31%
44
44
34
26
None
22%
7%
5
11
9
4
43%
28
24
37
50

201112.
20112012
Table 18
Interoperability of radio systems used by campus law
enforcement agencies, by type and size of 4-year campus,
201112
100

Agencies, 201112 and 200405.
15
Most campuses had a mass notification system to alert

and instruct students, faculty, and staff in an emergency
situation
The recognized potential for an emergency to occur on
campus has resulted in the development of sophisticated
mass notification systems that can alert students, faculty, and
staff about a situation and provide critical information and
instructions. Survey questions regarding mass notification
systems were asked for the first time in the 201112 BJS
survey and covered agencies serving campuses with 5,000 or
more students. All but a few of these campuses reported they
had a mass notification system available for students, faculty,
and staff.
Nearly two-thirds (63%) of the campuses had opt-in
systems that allowed first-year students to enroll voluntarily
(table 19). Most of the remainder had opt-out mass
notification systems that required students to enroll, but
allowed them to discontinue their enrollment at some point
if they preferred. For faculty, administrators, and staff, about
70% of campuses had voluntary opt-in mass notification
systems, and 26% used a mandatory opt-out format.
Campus mass notification systems used a wide variety of
methods for alerting the campus community and conveying
emergency information and instructions. The most common
methods used were e-mail (100% of students covered), text
messages (99%), and websites (98%) (figure 11). About
three-quarters of students were enrolled on campuses that
used cell phone calls (77%) and voicemails (73%). About
half of students were enrolled on campuses that used
sirens (56%), outdoor speakers (54%), radio (52%), and
television (46%).
Table 19
Use of mass notification systems on 4-year campuses with
5,000 or more students, 201112
Type of system used
Students
Voluntary, opt-in
Mandatory, opt-out
Other
Not available
Faculty/staff
Voluntary, opt-in
Mandatory, opt-out
Other
Not available
Total
100%
63%
33
3
-100%
70%
26
4
--
Public
100%
66%
31
3
-100%
72%
24
4
0
Private
100%
55%
39
6
1
100%
64%
29
5
2

--Less than 0.5%.
201112.
Figure 11
Percent of students enrolled on campuses using mass
notification methods on 4-year campuses with 5,000 or more
students, 201112
Mass notification method
E-mail alert
Text message alerts
College/unversity website
Cell phone calling
Voicemail alerts
Siren
Outdoor speakers
Radio announcements
TV announcements
LCD billboard announcements
Voice-over fire alarms
CCTV monitor announcements
0
20
40
60
Percent of students
80
100

Agencies, 201112.
16
The hiring process for sworn campus police officers

typically involved more than twice as many screening
methods as nonsworn officers
Figure 12
Methods used by campus law enforcement agencies to
screen applicants for entry-level officer positions on 4-year
To employ the most qualified officers, campus law

enforcement agencies use numerous screening methods.
Typically, sworn officers must undergo a considerably
more rigorous screening process prior to hiring than their
nonsworn counterparts. Of the 20 screening methods
included in the 201112 survey, a majority of sworn officers
worked in agencies that used 12 methods for hiring sworn
officers. Most nonsworn officers worked in agencies that
used five of the screening methods for hiring nonsworn
officers. The five screening methods generally used for both
sworn and nonsworn officers included personal interviews,
criminal record checks, reference checks, background
investigations, and driving record checks (figure 12).
Screening methods used for more than three-quarters
of sworn officers but less than half of nonsworn officers
included medical exams, drug tests, and psychological
evaluations. Screening methods used for more than half
of sworn officers, but less than half of nonsworn officers,
included credit history checks, physical agility tests,
personality inventories, and written aptitude tests. Overall,
none of the screening methods included in the survey was
used for a larger percentage of nonsworn officers than
sworn ones.
On average, sworn campus police officers were required
to complete about 4 times the training as nonsworn
officers prior to employment
There was also a significant difference in the amount
of training required of new sworn officers compared to
nonsworn officers. The average training requirement for
entry-level sworn officers during 201112 was 1,027 hours,
with approximately two-thirds of it in the classroom and
a third in the field (figure 13). Nonsworn officers were
required to complete an average of about 230 hours of
training, which were split almost evenly between classroom
and field training.
.
Percent
of nonsworn security officers
Personal interview
Criminal record check
Reference check
Background investigation
Driving record check
100
75
50
Medical exam
Drug test
25
Problem-solving ability
Understanding of
cultural diversity
Written aptitude test
Conflict management skills
Community service check

-
Credit history check
Personality inventory
Psychological evaluation
Physical agility test
Role-play assessment Polygraph examination

Voice stress analyzer
25
50
75
Percent of sworn police officers
100

Agencies, 201112.
Figure 13
Average training requirements for entry-level officers in
campus law enforcement agencies on 4-year campuses with
Required training hours
Sworn
Total training hours
Nonsworn
Academy hours
Field hours
0
200
400
600
Hours
800
1,000
1,200

Agencies, 201112.
17
About 1 in 5 sworn officers and 1 in 7 nonsworn

officers worked for an agency with a college education
requirement
Most sworn (74%) and nonsworn (76%) campus officers
worked for an agency that required them to have at least a
high school diploma, but did not specify any college-level
education requirement (table 20). About 1 in 5 sworn
officers worked for an agency that had some type of
college requirement for new sworn officers, compared
to about 1 in 7 nonsworn officers. About 3% of sworn
officers were employed by an agency with a 4-year degree
requirement for new sworn officers, and 9% by an agency
with a 2-year degree requirement. Agencies with a 4-year
degree requirement for nonsworn officers employed 3% of
all nonsworn officers, while those with a 2-year degree
requirement for nonsworn officers employed 5% of all
nonsworn officers.
Although data availability was more limited than for other
survey items, agencies provided information on the highest
education attainment of about 9,000 sworn officers (60%
of the total) and about 4,000 nonsworn officers (36% of the
total). Based on these data, sworn officers (57%) were about
twice as likely as nonsworn officers (30%) to have at least
a 2-year degree. About 43% of sworn officers had a 4-year
degree or higher, compared to 21% of nonsworn officers
(not shown).
The average starting salary for entry-level sworn officers
was 34% higher than for nonsworn officers
Consistent with the more rigorous selection process used
for hiring sworn officers compared to nonsworn officers,
significant differences were found in the salaries and benefits
offered to the two types of officers. The average starting
salary for entry-level sworn officers was $36,700 in 201112,
compared to $27,500 for entry-level nonsworn officers
(table 21). For those with 5 years of experience, sworn
officers earned an average base salary of $42,700, compared

to $31,600 for nonsworn officers. Dispatch operators earned
an average starting salary of $28,000 in sworn agencies,
compared to $26,000 in nonsworn agencies (not shown
in table).
On larger public campuses (15,000 or more students), the
average starting salary for entry-level sworn officers was
about $40,000, compared to about $33,000 on the smallest
public campuses (2,500 to 4,999 students). On private
campuses, average starting salaries for sworn officers ranged
from $32,000 on the smallest campuses to $44,000 on the
largest. For nonsworn officers, by enrollment category,
average starting salaries ranged from about $27,000 to
$33,000 on public campuses and from about $26,000 to
$31,000 on private campuses.
Table 20
Minimum education levels required for entry-level officers in
Minimum educational level

Total
4-year degree
2-year degree
Some college*
High school diploma
Other requirement
None stated
Percent of officers employed

by agencies with requirements
Sworn officers
Nonsworn officers
Required Preferred
Required Preferred
100%
100%
100%
100%
3%
31%
3%
16%
9
18
5
17
8
19
6
34
74
16
76
18
2
2
3
1
3
14
7
13

*Non-degree requirements only.
Agencies, 201112.
Table 21
Average base starting salary for selected positions in campus law enforcement agencies, 201112
Type and size of
4-year campus
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Chief/
director
$85,200
$86,800
$103,400
$84,600
$78,200
$69,000
$78,800
$121,000
$108,000
$80,000
$65,400
Sworn officers
Shift
Sworn officer with
supervisor 5 years experience
$48,900
$42,700
$49,900
$43,100
$55,100
$47,300
$49,500
$42,000
$46,900
$41,100
$42,500
$37,400
$45,100
$40,800
$61,900
$52,800
$50,400
$48,800
$46,800
$44,300
$38,100
$34,300
Entry-level
sworn officer
$36,700
$36,900
$40,400
$36,400
$35,100
$32,800
$35,800
$44,000
$39,400
$37,200
$31,700
Chief/
director
$65,600
$65,800
$92,700
$64,300
$63,700
$50,200
$65,600
$94,500
$74,900
$73,700
$60,900
Nonsworn officers
Shift
Nonsworn officer with Entry-level
supervisor 5 years experience
nonsworn officer
$37,400
$31,600
$27,500
$39,600
$32,500
$28,500
$47,800
$35,800
$33,300
$39,200
$32,200
$28,200
$36,600
$31,500
$29,500
$32,100
$31,000
$26,600
$37,100
$31,400
$27,300
$44,300
$36,600
$28,800
$40,100
$33,800
$29,400
$43,000
$36,300
$31,300
$34,600
$29,500
$26,000
Note: Salaries are rounded to the nearest hundred dollars.

18
Among campuses with 5,000 or more students, slightly

more sworn (51%) than nonsworn (43%) officers worked
for an agency that authorized collective bargaining for them
(figure 14). Starting salaries for sworn officers averaged
about $43,000 in the agencies with collective bargaining,
compared to about $34,000 in those without it. Likewise,
average starting salaries were higher for nonsworn officers in
agencies with collective bargaining ($35,000) than in those
without it ($28,000) (not shown).
Nearly all sworn and nonsworn officers (99% each) worked
for agencies that allowed them to earn overtime pay or comp
time. Most sworn (93%) and nonsworn officers (98%) also
had access to tuition assistance from their agency in the
form of a waiver, reimbursement, or discount. Sworn officers
(25%) were five times as likely as nonsworn officers (5%) to
work for an agency that offered educational incentive pay.
Nonsworn officers were more likely than sworn officers to
work for an agency that offered shift differential pay and
merit/performance pay.
A higher percentage of sworn officers (37%) than nonsworn
officers (28%) worked for an agency that offered them
longevity pay. For both types of officers, the most common
service requirement for longevity pay was 10 years (33%)
followed by 5 years (21%). About 13% of sworn officers
worked for an agency that required a written service
agreement that required them to serve a minimum term,
usually 2 or 3 years. One percent of nonsworn officers
worked for an agency that required a service agreement
(not shown).
The percentage of sworn campus police officers who
were women or members of a racial/ethnic minority
increased slightly
During the 201112 school year, about 1 in 6 sworn
campus police officers were women. This was about the
same proportion observed in the 200405 survey. When
campuses that were included in both surveys are compared,
the percentage of female officers increased slightly, from
16.9% in 200405 to 17.5% in 201112 (figure 15). Minority
representation increased slightly as well, from 30.4% in
200405 to 31.5% in 201112. Hispanics recorded the largest
increase during this period, from 6.5% to 7.5%. African
Americans remained the largest minority, accounting for
21% of sworn officers in both surveys.
Figure 14
Special pay and benefits for sworn and nonsworn officers in
Overtime pay/comp time
Tuition waiver/
reimbursement
Shift differential pay
Collective bargaining
Training officer pay
Sworn
Nonsworn
Longevity pay
Merit/performance pay
Educational incentive pay
Health incentive pay
0
20
40
60
Percent of officers
80
100

Agencies, 201112.
Figure 15
Female and minority representation among sworn campus
law enforcement personnel on 4-year campuses with 2,500
or more students, 201112 and 200405
201112
200405
Female
Minority, total
African American
or Black
Hispanic or Latino
Other
0
10
15
20
25
Percent of sworn personnel
30
35

Agencies, 201112 and 200405.
19
Methodology
This report presents data from the Bureau of Justice
Statistics (BJS) 2011-12 Survey of Campus Law Enforcement
Agencies. In preparation for the survey, a universe list
of 4-year and 2-year campuses was compiled using the
U.S. Department of Educations Integrated Postsecondary
Education Data System (IPEDS).
The survey focused primarily on agencies serving 4-year
universities and colleges with a fall headcount enrollment
of 2,500 or more (appendix table 1). In addition, 2-year
institutions with 2,500 or more students and a sample
of 4-year institutions with 1,000 to 2,499 students were
surveyed. These campuses are covered in a separate report.
Schools were classified according to the level of the highest
proportion of degrees awarded.
The survey excluded
U.S. military academies and schools
for-profit institutions
schools operating primarily online.
BJS also conducted surveys of campus law enforcement

agencies covering the 199495 and 200405 school years.
The reports produced from these surveys are available on the
BJS website.
Of the 905 4-year campuses with 2,500 or more students
identified as being potentially eligible for the 201112
survey, 861 reported that they were operating their own
campus law enforcement agency (appendix table 2). These
861 agencies were asked to provide data describing their
personnel, functions, expenditures and pay, operations,
equipment, computers and information systems, community
policing activities, specialized units, and emergency
preparedness activities. ICF International, with the assistance
of BJS, served as the data collection agent.
The 201112 survey was initially conducted as a web-only
data collection. Later follow-up efforts provided respondents
with fax and mail-in response options. The final overall
response rate was 90% for the core survey group of agencies
serving 4-year campuses with 2,500 or more students,
with 776 of 861 potential respondents completing either
the long or short version of the survey questionnaire
(appendix table 9).
short versiona third 23-question critical items version

was added during the nonresponse follow-up phase of the
data collection. The fourth and final response option asked
agencies to provide only some very basic information, the
most important being the number of full-time and part-time
employees in each personnel category. Appendix table 10
provides a list of the items included in each version of the
survey questionnaire.
A total of 537 agencies on campuses with 5,000 or
more students received the long version of the survey
questionnaire. A total of 456 (85%) of these agencies
completed the long version. Agencies that chose not
to complete the long version of the survey form were
subsequently given the option of completing the shorter
36-question version. A total of 31 (6%) of the original longform agencies completed the short form. Agencies that did
not respond to the short-form option received the critical
items version. A total of 17 agencies (3% of the original longform agencies) completed the critical items version. The
remaining 33 agencies (6% of those who initially received
the long form) did not respond to any of the three response
options offered. These agencies were subsequently contacted
for basic information including the number and type of
employees in their agency.
A total of 324 agencies serving 4-year campuses with 2,500
to 4,999 students received the shorter 36-question form. A
total of 289 (89%) of these agencies completed this version.
Agencies that chose not to complete the short version were
given the option of completing the critical items version.
Five (2%) short-form agencies completed the critical
items version. The remaining 30 (9%) short-form agencies
provided the basic information requested on the type and
number of personnel.
The final data set for agencies serving 4-year campuses with
2,500 or more students includes 456 agencies that completed
the long version of the survey questionnaire, 320 agencies
that completed the short version, 22 agencies that completed
the critical items version, and 63 agencies that provided only
the basic personnel counts.
While there were initially only two versions of the survey

questionnairea 64-question long version and a 36-question
20
Appendix table 1
Enrollment at 4-year campuses in the United States,
Fall 2011
Type and size
of campus
All 4-year campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Under 2,500
Private, nonprofit
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Under 2,500
Number of
campuses
2,235
682
173
83
146
99
181
1,553
31
37
96
240
1,149
Total
students
11,935,051
8,047,729
4,711,346
1,035,751
1,053,757
366,258
880,617
3,887,322
690,676
434,748
652,070
832,354
1,277,424
Percent of
students
100%
67.4%
39.5
8.7
8.8
3.1
7.4
32.6%
5.8
3.6
5.5
7.0
10.7
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, based on data from the U.S. Department of
Education, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.
Appendix table 2
Four-year campuses with 2,500 or more students that
operated their own campus law enforcement agency,
201112
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private , nonprofit
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Schools that operated their own

campus law enforcement agency
Total
number
Number
Percent
905
861
95%
501
493
98%
173
172
99
83
82
99
146
144
99
99
95
96
404
368
91%
31
31
100
37
32
86
96
89
93
240
216
90

201112.
Appendix table 3
Number of persons employed by campus law enforcement agencies at 4-year campuses with 2,500 or more students, 201112

All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Total
31,904
20,076
11,490
2,587
3,705
2,294
11,828
3,532
1,989
2,656
3,651
Number of full-time employees

Civilian
Sworn
Nonsworn support Student
officers
officers
staff
employees
14,576
10,906
5,271
1,151
11,248
4,197
3,802
829
6,320
2,442
2,276
452
1,571
330
509
177
2,136
827
614
128
1,221
598
403
72
3,328
6,709
1,469
322
979
2,002
505
46
818
878
271
22
818
1,357
314
167
713
2,472
379
87
Total
12,210
6,214
3,481
1,026
1,202
505
5,996
1,612
803
1,188
2,393
Number of part-time employees

Civilian
Sworn
Nonsworn support Student
officers officers
staff
employees
1,042
2,759
932
7,477
684
959
608
3,963
267
499
357
2,358
186
191
59
590
148
114
153
787
83
155
39
228
358
1,800
324
3,514
50
648
73
841
21
130
31
621
87
257
66
778
200
765
154
1,274
21
Appendix table 4
25 largest campus law enforcement agencies, by number of
full-time employees, 201112
Campus served
Temple University
University of Pennsylvania
New York University
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
University of Southern California
Pennsylvania State University - Main Campus
Drexel University
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Fordham University
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Columbia University in the City of New York
University of Chicago
Duke University
CUNY City College
George Washington University
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Maryland - Baltimore
Georgia State University
Arizona State University
Vanderbilt University
Johns Hopkins University
University of Texas at Austin
University of Maryland - College Park
Virginia Commonwealth University
University of Illinois at Chicago
Full-time
employees
481
478
359
347
259
227
212
207
193
188
188
181
176
173
171
164
158
155
150
146
142
140
139
138
137

201112.
Appendix table 5
25 largest campus law enforcement agencies, by number of
full-time sworn personnel, 201112
Campus served
Temple University
University of Pennsylvania
University of Maryland - College Park
Howard University
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Tulane University
Vanderbilt University
University of Chicago
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Yale University
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
CUNY Brooklyn College
Harvard University
University of Connecticut
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Florida
University of Georgia
Michigan State University
CUNY City College
University of Pittsburgh
Full-time sworn
personnel
133
116
102
99
94
92
90
90
88
86
84
84
82
81
80
80
80
76
76
74
74
73
71
70
70

201112.
22
Appendix table 6
Campus law enforcement agencies serving the 100 largest 4-year campuses in the United States, 201112
4-year campus
University of Central Florida
Ohio State University
Auraria Higher Education Center*
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
University of Texas at Austin
Texas A & M University
University of Florida
Michigan State University
Penn State University
University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign
New York University
Florida International University
University of Washington
Indiana University Bloomington
University of Michigan
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Florida State University
Purdue University
University of South Florida
Rutgers University - New Brunswick
University of Houston
University of Arizona
University of California, Los Angeles
University of Maryland, College Park
University of North Texas
Temple University
California State University, Northridge
California State University, Fullerton
University of California, Berkeley
California State University, Long Beach
University of Georgia
North Carolina State University
Texas State University
Brigham Young University
University of Missouri
University of Texas at Arlington
Utah Valley University
University of Cincinnati
George Mason University
San Jose State University
Boston University
Texas Tech University
University of Colorado Boulder
Georgia State University
University of Utah
University of Alabama
University of California, Davis
Northeastern University
University of Texas at San Antonio
Virginia Tech University
Wayne State University
University of South Carolina
West Virginia University
Fall 2011
Location
enrollment Full-time
Tempe (AZ)
72,254
150
Orlando (FL)
58,587
107
Columbus (OH)
56,867
77
Denver (CO)
54,678
38
Minneapolis (MN)
52,557
61
Austin (TX)
51,112
140
College Station (TX)
49,861
120
Gainesville (FL)
49,589
115
East Lansing (MI)
47,954
106
University Park (PA)
45,233
227
Urbana-Champaign (IL)
44,407
83
New York (NY)
44,228
359
Miami (FL)
43,831
71
Seattle (WA)
43,301
92
Bloomington (IN)
42,731
54
Ann Arbor (MI)
42,265
91
Madison (WI)
42,022
133
Tallahassee (FL)
41,087
107
West Lafayette (IN)
40,849
56
Tampa (FL)
40,771
56
New Brunswick (NJ)
39,950
79
Houston (TX)
39,820
121
Tucson (AZ)
39,236
94
Los Angeles (CA)
39,100
94
Los Angeles (CA)
38,010
259
College Park (MD)
37,631
139
Denton (TX)
37,271
86
Philadelphia (PA)
36,922
481
Northridge (CA)
36,911
89
Fullerton (CA)
36,156
35
Berkeley (CA)
35,852
108
Long Beach (CA)
34,857
45
Athens (GA)
34,816
95
Raleigh (NC)
34,740
52
San Marcos (TX)
34,113
57
Provo (UT)
34,101
42
Columbia (MO)
33,762
53
Arlington (TX)
33,421
94
Orem (UT)
33,395
11
Cincinnati (OH)
33,329
130
Fairfax (VA)
33,310
73
San Jose (CA)
33,187
65
Boston (MA)
32,805
71
Lubbock (TX)
32,327
87
Boulder (CO)
32,252
67
Atlanta (GA)
32,022
155
Salt Lake City (UT)
31,660
106
Tuscaloosa (AL)
31,647
119
Richmond (VA)
31,627
138
Davis (CA)
31,485
74
Boston (MA)
31,021
84
San Antonio (TX)
30,968
115
Blacksburg (VA)
30,936
76
Detroit (MI)
30,765
71
Columbia (SC)
30,671
76
Morgantown (WV)
30,600
65
Total employees
Per 10,000
Part-time students
7
21
18
20
1
14
0
7
127
24
0
27
2
24
39
27
0
22
0
50
46
24
12
83
0
16
9
22
62
20
60
29
19
34
0
26
35
18
2
14
102
33
4
31
10
25
102
37
30
72
120
53
28
27
0
130
0
24
32
14
53
38
22
16
4
28
4
16
28
21
189
40
45
22
10
30
22
7
15
41
39
28
31
24
0
22
0
27
61
30
0
48
12
35
2
38
152
68
0
24
24
31
6
38
18
27
0
23
16
27
19
24
Sworn personnel
Per 10,000
Full-time Part-time students
73
1
10
59
6
11
47
0
8
28
0
5
48
0
9
63
0
12
64
0
13
74
3
15
71
0
15
51
0
11
61
0
14
0
0
0
47
0
11
46
0
11
44
45
16
53
0
13
65
2
16
62
0
15
40
0
10
40
0
10
44
0
11
40
0
10
56
0
14
55
0
14
102
0
27
99
0
26
39
1
11
133
0
36
26
0
7
26
0
7
64
0
18
25
0
7
74
0
21
38
1
11
33
0
10
29
9
10
35
0
10
30
0
9
9
12
4
56
4
17
54
0
16
26
0
8
55
0
17
48
0
15
43
11
15
65
0
20
31
0
10
66
0
21
82
0
26
47
0
15
54
0
17
52
0
17
52
1
17
57
0
19
60
2
20
53
0
17
Continued on next page

23
APPENDIX TABLE 6 (continued)

Campus law enforcement agencies serving the 100 largest 4-year campuses in the United States, 201112
4-year campus
Location
San Diego State University
San Diego (CA)
Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis (IN)
University of Tennessee
Knoxville (TN)
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla (CA)
Iowa State University
Ames (IA)
Colorado State University
Fort Collins (CO)
University of Iowa
Iowa City (IA)
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge (LA)
University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
Milwaukee (WI)
San Francisco State University
San Francisco (CA)
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton (FL)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill (NC)
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh (PA)
University at Buffalo
Buffalo (NY)
Central Michigan University
Mount Pleasant (MI)
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Amherst (MA)
Chicago (IL)
California State University, Sacramento
Sacramento (CA)
University of Kansas
Lawrence (KS)
Kent State University
Kent (OH)
Portland State University
Portland (OR)
University of California, Irvine
Irvine (CA)
Harvard University
Cambridge (MA)
University of Akron
Akron (OH)
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Las Vegas (NV)
Washington State University
Pullman (WA)
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque (NM)
University of Kentucky
Lexington (KY)
University of Oklahoma
Norman (OK)
East Carolina University
Greenville (NC)
Utah State University
Logan (UT)
Troy University
Troy (AL)
Middle Tennessee State University
Murfreesboro (TN)
Columbia University
New York (NY)
University of Connecticut
Storrs (CT)
Auburn University
Auburn (AL)
Ohio University
Athens (OH)
DePaul University
Chicago (IL)
Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff (AZ)
Weber State University
Ogden (UT)
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Charlotte (NC)
Washington (DC)
Western Michigan University
Kalamazoo (MI)
Oregon State University
Corvallis (OR)
Fall 2011
enrollment Full-time
30,541
46
30,530
59
30,220
97
30,070
67
29,887
39
29,854
68
29,818
72
29,718
63
29,683
60
29,541
60
29,290
89
29,137
207
28,766
123
28,601
68
28,194
34
28,084
82
28,065
137
27,988
38
27,939
46
27,855
40
27,646
24
27,606
46
27,576
99
27,470
51
27,378
53
27,329
22
27,270
58
27,238
126
27,034
64
26,911
66
26,672
14
26,572
15
26,442
40
25,922
188
25,868
89
25,469
41
25,461
29
25,398
64
25,364
42
25,301
10
25,277
44
25,260
171
25,086
24
25,080
33
Total employees
Per 10,000
Part-time students
17
18
13
21
0
32
34
28
25
17
0
23
12
26
0
21
28
25
0
20
16
33
126
93
0
43
52
33
51
21
0
29
19
52
26
18
13
19
10
16
2
9
34
23
0
36
10
20
0
19
0
8
0
21
0
46
9
25
31
30
10
7
7
7
20
19
39
80
20
38
30
22
12
14
15
28
0
17
40
12
0
17
0
68
74
24
0
13
Sworn personnel
Per 10,000
Full-time Part-time students
24
0
8
43
7
15
51
0
17
31
3
11
32
0
11
36
0
12
42
0
14
60
0
20
42
2
14
26
0
9
45
0
15
53
12
20
70
0
24
61
0
21
23
0
8
63
0
22
81
0
29
23
0
8
25
0
9
30
0
11
0
0
0
32
0
12
80
0
29
43
0
16
35
0
13
17
0
6
35
0
13
49
0
18
36
1
14
51
6
20
11
5
5
11
2
5
35
0
13
0
0
0
76
0
29
4
0
2
23
1
9
0
0
0
17
0
7
9
35
10
38
0
15
90
0
36
24
0
10
10
0
4
Note: Per-student ratios were calculated using a weight of 0.5 for part-time employees.
*Includes University of Colorado at Denver, Metropolitan State College, and the Community College of Denver.
24
Appendix table 7
Additional types of weapons authorized for use by campus law enforcement agencies on 4-year campuses with 2,500 or more
students, 201112
All campuses
Public
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Private
15,000 or more
10,00014,999
5,0009,999
2,5004,999
Rifle
70%
77%
91
81
65
67
46%
60
71
40
39
Sworn officers
Bean
Rubber
Shotgun bag rifle
bullets
65%
18%
7%
71%
20%
8%
76
36
16
77
13
4
63
11
4
68
9
0
44%
11%
5%
40
27
7
67
14
7
46
3
0
37
10
7
Flash/bang
grenade
9%
9%
16
7
3
6
7%
7
13
3
8
Rifle
1%
0%
0
0
0
0
2%
9
8
0
1
Nonsworn officers
Bean
Rubber
Shotgun
bag rifle
bullets
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2%
0%
0%
9
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
Flash/bang
grenade
0%
0%
0
0
0
0
0%
0
0
0
0
Appendix table 8
Vehicles used by campus law enforcement agencies serving
4-year campuses with 5,000 or more students, 201112
Type of vehicle
Cars
SUVs
Bicycles
Trucks
Golf carts
Vans
Transporter
Motorcycles
Boats
Percent of
agencies using
90%
80
80
45
41
35
25
16
2
Average number
operated*
8
3
7
2
2
2
2
3
1
*Excludes agencies not using that type of vehicle.

201112.
Appendix table 9
Response rates for the 201112 BJS Survey of Campus Law
Enforcement Agencies
Type and size of campus
All 4-year campuses with 2,500
or more students
15,000 or more
10,000-14,999
5,000-9,999
2,500-4,999
Public campuses
15,000 or more
10,000-14,999
5,000-9,999
2,500-4,999
Private campuses
15,000 or more
10,000-14,999
5,000-9,999
2,500-4,999
Surveyed
861
203
114
233
311
493
172
82
144
95
368
31
32
89
216
Responded
776
186
104
210
276
455
160
77
133
85
321
26
27
77
191
Rate
90%
92
91
90
89
92%
93
94
92
89
87%
84
84
87
88

201112.
25
Appendix table 10
Questionnaire items included in the 2011-12 BJS Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 4-year campuses with 2,500 or
more students
Item
Types of agencies providing patrol and response services
Types of agencies providing special event security
Number and category of paid employees
Race/ethnicity of full-time sworn employees
Gender of full-time sworn employees
Number of full-time officers responding to service calls
Types of functions performed
Types of temporary detention facilities operated
Type and frequency of uniformed officers on duty
Type and frequency of sworn uniformed patrol coverage
Type and frequency of nonsworn uniformed patrol coverage
Salary range for selected full-time positions
Special pay and benefits for full-time officers
Service agreement for full-time officers
Collective bargaining for full-time officers
Blue-light emergency phone system
Types of emergency telephone systems
Wireless caller display of emergency telephone system
Use of 800 MHz radios
Interoperability of campus public safety radio system
Communication methods used in mass notification system
Enrollment methods used for mass notification system
Education requirement for entry-level officers
Highest educational degree attained by full-time officers
Community policing training for recruits and officers
Screening methods used for hiring entry-level officers
Training requirements for entry-level officers
Types of active shooter training participated in
Types of weapons authorized for full-time officers
Number and types of vehicles operated
Types of information accessible to patrol officers in the field
Types of in-field computers/devices used by patrol officers
Functions of computers and electronic devices
Regular meetings held to discuss crime-related problems
Community policing activities and activities
Emergency preparedness activities
Use and functions of student patrols
Use of specialized units and designated personnel
Participation of officers in alcohol/drug education
Use of campus safety escort service
Areas of arrest jurisdiction for full-time sworn officers
Areas of patrol jurisdiction for full-time officers
Types of agencies included in written agreements
Total
surveys
861
861
861
798
798
798
798
798
798
798
798
776
456
456
456
456
776
776
776
776
456
456
776
456
456
776
776
456
798
456
456
798
456
776
456
776
456
456
456
456
798
798
798
Percent
completed
100
100
100
94
94
96
98
98
98
98
98
81
99
99
99
99
95
94
94
94
99
99
92
86
88
92
71
99
93
99
99
94
99
94
99
94
99
99
99
99
92
93
93
Long
(n=456)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Form type
Short
Critical
(n=320) (n=22)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Minimum
(n=63)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
26
The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal
agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims
of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the
federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable and valid
statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and
local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international
organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. William J.
Sabol is acting director.
This report was written by Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D. Elizabeth Davis verified the report.
Lynne McConnell and Jill Thomas edited the report. Barbara Quinn and Tina Dorsey produced
the report.
January 2015, NCJ 248028
Office of Justice Programs

Innovation Partnerships Safer Neighborhoods
www.ojp.usdoj.gov

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U.S.

Campus Law Enforcement, 201112

uring the 201112 school year, about two-thirds

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies,

About 75% of the campuses were using armed officers,

About 9 in 10 public campuses used sworn police officers

Most sworn campus police officers were authorized to

Most sworn campus police officers had arrest (86%) and

About 7 in 10 campus law enforcement agencies had a

Most campus law enforcement agencies serving 5,000

Compared to private campuses, a higher percentage of

Nearly all campuses had a mass notification system that

A majority of the campuses with sworn police officers also

exclusions) enrolled 82% of all students attending 4-year

The 905 4-year colleges and universities with 2,500 or

Type and size of 4-year campus

Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.

Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

A majority (83%) of the schools that were within scope for

Agencies serving private campuses had an average of

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

About 9 in 10 sworn campus police officers had arrest

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement

Properties outside the area

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

As with their arrest jurisdiction, most sworn officers had

had incorporated community policing elements into their

All 4-year campuses

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

More campus law enforcement agencies were engaging

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

Conducted a ride-along program

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement

Agencies using nonsworn officers

Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.

Overall, 45% of the agencies serving campuses with

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies,

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

Nearly all agencies participated in a 9-1-1 system or had

display caller location and identification when available.

About half of the agencies serving public campuses (52%)

Total using 9-1-1 or

Type and size of 4-year campus

Phone patch call

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

Nearly all sworn officers were authorized to use a

Conducted energy device

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement

Overall, 96% of sworn officers were employed by an agency

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

Patrol officers used in-field computers in about twice as

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement

Half of campus law enforcement agencies provided patrol

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

Agencies provided security for a wide range of campus

monitoring surveillance cameras (85% versus 93%),

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies,

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies,

CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, 201112 | JANUARY 2015

The Clery Act and reporting campus crime

Publish an annual campus security report by October 1 that