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Frame-Relay
Objectives
Describe the fundamental concepts of Frame Relay technology in
terms of enterprise WAN services, including operation, bandwidth, and
flow control, implementation requirements, maps, and LMI operation.
Configure a basic Frame Relay permanent virtual circuit (PVC),
including configuringand trouble shooting Frame Relay on a router
serial interface and configuring a static Frame Relay map.
Describe advanced concepts of Frame Relay technology in terms of
enterprise WAN services, including subinterfaces
Configure an advanced Frame Relay PVC, including solving
reachability issues, configuring subinterfaces, and verifying and
troubleshooting a Frame Relay configuration.
Frame-Relay Equipment
Virtual Circuits
An SVC between the same two
DTEs may change.
The connection through the Frame Relay network between two DTEs is called a
virtual circuit (VC).
With VC shared the bandwidth among multiple users, any single site can
communicate with many sites without using multiple dedicated physical links
Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) are Virtual circuits may be established
dynamically by sending signaling messages to the network.
However, SVCs are not very common.
Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) are more common.
PVC are VCs that have been preconfigured by the carrier are used.
The switching information for a VC is stored in the memory of the switch.
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Virtual Circuits
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Frame Relay is statistically multiplexed (it transmits only one frame at a time),
but many logical connections can co-exist on a single physical line.
The Frame Relay Access Device (FRAD) or router connected to the Frame
Relay network may have multiple VCs connecting it to various endpoints.
Multiple VCs on a single physical line are distinguished because each VC
has its own DLCI.
Remember that the DLCI has only local significance and may be different at
each end of a VC.
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Local access rate This is the clock speed or port speed of the connection or
local loop to the Frame Relay cloud.
It is the rate at which data travels into or out of the network, regardless of
other settings.
Committed Information Rate (CIR)
The CIR is the amount of data that the network receives from the access
circuit.
The service provider guarantees that the customer can send data at the CIR.
All frames received at or below the CIR are accepted
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Bursting: A great advantage of Frame Relay is that any network capacity that is
being unused is made available or shared with all customers, usually at no extra
charge.
The CBIR is a negotiated rate above the CIR which the customer can use to
transmit for short burst. It allows traffic to burst to higher speeds, as available
network bandwidth permits. However, it cannot exceed the port speed of the link
The BE is the term used to describe the bandwidth available above the CBIR up to
the access rate of the link. Unlike the CBIR, it is not negotiated. Frames may be
transmitted at this level but will most likely be dropped
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Discard Eligibility (DE): identifies less important traffic that can be dropped during periods of
congestion. When the network becomes congested, Frame-Relay switch discard the frames
with the DE bit set to 1.
The following logic rules are applied to each incoming frame based on whether the CIR is
exceeded:
If the incoming frame does not exceed the CIBR, the frame is passed.
If an incoming frame exceeds the CIBR, it is marked DE.
If an incoming frame exceeds the CIBR plus the BE, it is discarded.
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LMI is a signaling standard between the DTE and the Frame Relay switch.
LMI is responsible for managing the connection and maintaining the status
between devices.
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LMI
LMI
There are three types of LMI, none of which is compatible with the others.
Cisco, StrataCom, Northern Telecom, and Digital Equipment Corporation
(Gang of Four) released one type of LMI, while the ANSI and the ITU-T each
released their own versions.
The LMI type must match between the provider Frame Relay switch and the
customer DTE device.
In Cisco IOS releases prior to 11.2, the Frame Relay interface must be
manually configured to use the correct LMI type, which is furnished by the
service provider.
If using Cisco IOS Release 11.2 or later, the router attempts to automatically
detect the type of LMI used by the provider switch.
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LMI
The Frame Relay switch uses LMI to report the status of configured PVCs.
The three possible PVC states are as follows:
Active state Indicates that the connection is active and that routers can
exchange data.
Inactive state Indicates that the local connection to the Frame Relay
switch is working, but the remote router connection to the Frame Relay
switch is not working.
Deleted state Indicates that no LMI is being received from the Frame
Relay switch, or that there is no service between the CPE router and
Frame Relay switch.
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Frame-Relay Star
Star (Hub and Spoke)
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Frame-Relay Mesh
Full Mesh
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Before a Cisco router is able to transmit data over Frame Relay, it needs to
know which local DLCI maps to the Layer 3 address of the remote
destination
This address-to-DLCI mapping can be accomplished either by static or
dynamic mapping
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Manual
Administrators use a frame-relay map command.
Dynamic
Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (I-ARP) provides a given DLCI and
requests next-hop protocol addresses for a specific connection.
On Cisco routers, Inverse ARP is enabled by default for all protocols
enabled on the physical interface
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Configuring Frame-Relay
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Configuration for R1
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VC2
VC3
Split horizon reduces routing loops by not allowing a routing update received on
one physical interface to be sent back out that same interface
As a result, if a remote router sends an update to the headquarters router that is
connecting multiple PVCs over a single physical interface, the headquarters
router cannot advertise that route through the same physical interface to other
remote routers
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10.0.0.2
S0/0.1: 9.0.0.1
9.0.0.2
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S0/0.1: 9.0.0.1
9.0.0.2
S0/0.1: 9.0.0.1
9.0.0.2