Fall Protection Writing Better Reports Inspecting Skewed T-Joints

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THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTION AND TESTING PERSONNEL

July 2011 / Vol. 14 / No. 3
www.aws.org
Fall Protection
Writing Better
Reports
Inspecting
Skewed T-Joints
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Vol. 14 / No. 3
Features
14
Cover photo: Fall protection equipment especially designed for welding applications keeps
workers safe while meeting the challenges of
the harsh welding environment. (Photo courtesy
of Miller Fall Protection, Honeywell Safety
Products, Smithfield, R.I.)
INSPECTION TRENDS (ISSN 1523-7168) is

published quarterly by the American Welding
Society. Editorial and advertising offices are located
at 550 NW LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126;
telephone (305) 443-9353. Printed by R. R.
Donnelley & Sons Co., Senatobia, Miss.
Subscriptions $30.00 per year for noncertified,
nonmembers in the United States and its
possessions; $50.00 per year in foreign countries;
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$7.00 single issue for members. American Welding
Society is located at 550 NW LeJeune Rd., Miami,
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Periodicals postage paid in Miami, Fla., and
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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to
Inspection Trends c/o American Welding Society,
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Readers of Inspection Trends may make copies of
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resale. Permission is granted to quote from articles,
provided customary acknowledgment of authors
and sources is made. Starred (*) items excluded from
copyright.
AWS MISSION STATEMENT

The mission of the American Welding Society
is to advance the science, technology, and
application of welding and allied processes,
including joining, brazing, soldering, cutting,
and thermal spray.
Keeping Safe from Falls

by E. J. Bickrest / The components and proper use of personal fall arrest
protection gear are explained / 14
Writing Inspection Reports
by J. P. Kane / An experienced inspector offers suggestions for writing
better inspection reports / 17
Inspecting Skewed T-Joints
by B. Wiswesser / These tips will help you inspect skewed T-joints, which
are among the more complex joint designs used in fabricated structures
today / 21
*Staying Cool on the Job
Heres advice to help you avoid heat-related injuries /24
Departments
Editors Note................................6
Mark Your Calendar...................27
News Bulletins.............................8
Certification Schedule................28
Mail Bag ....................................10
Just The Facts.............................29
Print and Product Showcase.......11
Classifieds..................................32
The Answer Is ............................25
Advertiser Index ........................32
Inspection Trends / Summer 2011
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Editors Note
By Mary Ruth Johnson

Dear Readers,
My husband Terry is the king of tiny

scraps of paper. They contain work-related
notes none of which are decipherable
and phone numbers for which he hasnt
a clue as to whom they belong. Every time
he cleans off his dresser at home, he sticks
several of these in front of me and says,
Do you know whose phone number this
is? or Do you recognize this name?
And, of course, I dont because they have nothing to do with our
personal life, theyre numbers and names of people he came into contact
with at work. The funny thing about this is that Terrys quite organized
about most of his work stuff, and every time he goes through these bits
of paper he vows it will be the last time, that from then on hell write
down more information so he knows why he made a note in the first
place.
Now, Im not trying to pick on my husband; we all have our quirks
and bad habits. One of mine is forgetting to use the check spelling
function on my computer after Ive written something. Im a fairly good
typist, but sometimes I get distracted or my mind works faster than my
fingers, or I just make a plain old mistake. For the magazines, I have the
luxury of knowing that everything I write will be read four times before
it actually goes into print, but still when I see the errors Ive made that
my colleagues have found, I think to myself, Why didnt I use spell
check? Now spell check wont pick up homonyms like there and their,
weigh and way, or to, too, and two, but it will find most errors caused by
a fumble-fingered typist, so I should use it all the time.
I got to thinking about these things while editing Joe Kanes article
on writing inspection reports, which starts on page 17 of this issue. Kane
gives some examples of reports that no one including the inspector
who wrote them will be able to decipher not too long after they are
first written. Theyre full of abbreviations, symbols, and other shortcuts
that arent well enough known to be recognized immediately. Thats
why in Inspection Trends and Welding Journal, we almost always spell
out an abbreviation the first time its used. Everyone in the United States
should recognize what FBI stands for, but if we referred in an article to a
university as simply UM, how would anyone know whether the initials
stood for University of Maryland, University of Michigan, or University
of Miami if we didnt spell it out?
Kane is an AWS Senior Certified Welding Inspector and a member
of the AWS Certification Committee. He has years of experience doing
inspections and writing reports. In his article, Kane offers tips on how
you can produce better written reports. Some are common-sense notions
such as using spell check and proofreading your own work, but he also
gets into such details as what abbreviations, initials, and symbols you
should and should not use. I think youll find the information useful;
after all, no one wants to produce poorly written reports full of spelling
and grammatical errors that no one will be able to understand five
minutes after they are filed. Mary Ruth Johnsen
Publisher
Andrew Cullison
cullison@aws.org
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Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen
mjohnsen@aws.org
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Miami, FL 33126
(800/305) 443-9353
Copyright
Copyright 2011 by American Welding Society in both
printed and electronic formats. The Society is not
responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed
herein. Data and information developed by the authors of
specific articles are for informational purposes only and
are not intended for use without independent,
substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.
Inspection Trends / July 2011
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News Bulletins
Olympus Launches Instrument Rental Program
Olympus NDT, Waltham, Mass., recently began an
instrument rental program in the United States. The
equipment available for rent includes flaw detectors,
videoscopes, thickness gauges, high-speed video cameras,
and X-ray fluorescence analyzers.
Products can be rented for a day or for months with a rentto-purchase option. According to the company, the benefits of
renting include receiving the latest equipment, customers can
rent the instruments they are familiar with and therefore avoid
the learning curve they might experience with an unknown
instrument, assurance the equipment is in top condition, and
since they are renting direct from the manufacturer, customers
also have technical support and application expertise available.
Additional information is available at (281) 922-9300 or
send an e-mail to _________________
rentals@olympusndt.com.
Envirosight Donates Equipment for

Use in Japan
Envirosight, Randolph, N.J., recently donated equipment to
assist with recovery and rebuilding in Japan following the
devastating earthquake and tsunami. The five QuickView
telescoping zoom inspection cameras, which are designed to
allow remote inspection of confined spaces, is being used by
the Japan Self-Defense Force and its contractors. The
equipment is being used to perform safe remote searches of
debris piles and will also assist with the inspection and
rebuilding of municipal infrastructures such as underground
pipelines, culverts, and bridges.
The donation is being coordinated through the
companys Japan affiliate, Kantool.
NDT Systems Celebrates 40th Anniversary

with Move to New Facility
NDT Systems, Inc., Huntington Beach, Calif., recently
moved to a new, much larger facility just a few blocks away
from its previous location. The move coincides with the
companys fortieth year in business. The new facility expands
office space by 2000 sq ft and more than doubles
manufacturing space.
From its beginning, the company has manufactured
ultrasonic transducers and imaging devices. Ron Botsko
founded the company in 1971. Eighteen years later it was
bought by E.I. DuPont, which sold the business in 1993 to a
private investor involved with medical imaging. Greg Smith, an
engineer, inventor, and long-time company employee, acquired
the company in 2000. Today, the firm manufactures ultrasonic
thickness gauges, bond testers, and portable flaw detectors, as
well as specialized ultrasonic flaw detectors and eddy current
coating thickness measuring devices.
8
Taiwan Chooses Phoenix System for Examining

Welds at Nuclear Power Plants
The MAXI-SAGE ultrasonic scanner was designed to

inspect mixed material transition welds on the primary
circuit of pressurized water reactors. The updated device
has been lightened to make it easier to transport to and
from the inspection site, and features quick-release
systems to help minimize the time operators spend with
radioactive areas assembling and removing the scanner.
Phoenix Inspection Systems recently supplied an
ultrasonic scanning system to Taiwan for testing the integrity
of welds at nuclear power plants. The MAXI-SAGE scanner
was delivered to Taiwan Metal Quality Control through
distributor Almatec and has been used to test primary circuit
outlet nozzles on a reactor pressure vessel in Taiwan.
Taiwan Metal Quality Control has subsequently
commissioned Phoenix to supply additional modules to
extend its use to the inspection of primary circuit inlet
nozzles, as well as inlet and outlet nozzles on the steam
generator. The instrument was designed specifically to
inspect the critical mixed material transition welds on the
primary circuit of pressurized water reactors.
Laboratory Testing Names Two Supervisors
Jason Tucker
Marion Crooks
Laboratory Testing, Inc., Hatfield, Pa., recently

promoted Jason Tucker to X-ray supervisor and Marion
Crooks to chemistry supervisor. Tucker, of Perkasie, Pa., will
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oversee testing, staffing, order processing, and other daily

operations in the X-ray laboratory. He has been with the
company for seven years as a technician in the
Nondestructive Testing Dept. He has performed X-ray
inspection for the past five years and holds Level II
certification in X-ray inspection. Crooks will oversee
staffing, order processing, and other daily operations in the
instrumental and wet chemistry laboratories. The Chemistry
Dept. provides material characterization, element analysis,
wet chemistry, and positive material identification. She holds
a BA degree in chemistry from Delaware Valley College and
has been with the company for nine years.
MISTRAS Receives Several Safety Awards

MISTRAS Group, Inc., Princeton Junction, N.J.,
recently received safety awards from three different
organizations. The companys products and services include
around-the-clock online monitoring of critical assets;
mechanical integrity and nondestructive testing services; and
proprietary warehousing and analysis software.
For the fourteenth consecutive year, MISTRAS Service
employees have gone without a recordable injury while
working at the Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, Calif. The
company has worked at the refinery for 17 years and has
been awarded the Shell Eagle Award for Excellence in
Safety three times.
The Houston, Tex., Business Roundtable (HBR) honored
MISTRAS with the Gold level of recognition for the HBR
Safety Excellence Award. The award was presented for the
companys work at the BP Texas City facility. MISTRAS
became an associate member of HBR in 2009; this is the first
Gold Safety Award earned by the organization. Nominees had
to submit their OSHA-required safety data regarding
fatalities, lost workday cases, recordable injuries and
illnesses, copies of their safety policies and procedures, and
documentation of their best practices, before HBR
implements a thorough field audit.
The company also received the Sunoco Safety Award for
its employees safety performance at the Sunoco Marcus
Hook refinery. The award was based on work performed in
2010 by NDE inspectors from MISTRASs Northeast
regional office in Trainer, Pa. The team obtained an OSHA
recordable rating of less than 0.37 while doing contracted
work within Sunoco Marcus Hook.
OMS Adds Weld Inspectors to Its Team

Optical Metrology Services (OMS) Ltd. recently added
two full-time CSWIP-qualified weld inspectors to its team.
The company specializes in pipe measurement, and offers
advanced video and laser-based measurement tools to enable
visual inspection and measurement of weld features in hardto-reach structures such as pipeline end terminations,
manifolds, and oil and gas pipeline sections.
Having more qualified weld inspectors on our team
means that in addition to our video and laser-based pipe
measurement services, we can support clients by assessing
the significance of any weld defects that we discover using

these tools, said Richard Gooch, the companys director of
technology. We can then make recommendations as to
whether these weld defects should be accepted or rejected
against the specification.
The company is headquartered in Bishops Stortford,
UK, with an office in Houston, Tex.
Oxford Instruments Forms Distributor Alliance

for the Sale of XRF Materials Analyzers
Oxford Instruments, Concord, Mass., recently
established an alliance with Verichek Technical Services,
Jefferson Hills, Pa., to sell X-MET hand-held XRF analyzers
to the scrap metal and positive material identification
markets. Verichek already sells Oxfords line of optical
emission spectroscopy instruments in the United States.
Additional information is available at
service@verichek.net
_______________ or by sending an e-mail to
sales@verichek.net.
_____________
Errata: D1.1/D1.1M:2010
Structural Welding Code Steel
The following errata have been identified and will be
incorporated into the next reprinting of this document.
Page 207, 5.27, Correct 2.20.6.6(3) reference to
20.21.6.6(3).
FILLET WELD GAUGES

FROM 1/8 TO 3
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0$'(,186$
32%2;67(9(169,//(0,&+,*$1
3+21()$;
(PDLOLQIR#JDOJDJHFRP:HEZZZJDOJDJHFRP
___________
____________
For info go to www.aws.org/ad-index
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Mail Bag
Reader Comments on
National Testing Requirements
In the Spring (April) 2011 issue, one
of the questions in The Answer Is
section on page 34 is
Q: Is there any national requirement
to perform both radiography and bend
testing on welder qualification tests?
My comment is that AWS D1.5,
Bridge Welding Code, Clause 12
(12.8.2), requires bend tests and
radiography for initial qualification of
welders and operators performing
fracture-critical complete joint
penetration groove welds.
This may not fall under the national
requirement definition, but it is an AWS
Code requirement for fracture-critical
nonredundant members.
Art Bustos
Quality Assurance Manager
Calumet Testing Services, Griffith, Ind.
Using a Gauge to Measure

Skewed Fillet Welds
I liked the article Tips for Using
Fillet Weld Gauges by Albert Moore
in the Winter (January) 2011
Inspection Trends.
It is always good to get back to the
basics and have a refresher on the
proper ways to perform simple weld
inspection correctly.
I would like to see a similar article
on measuring skewed fillet welds. I
saw Bob Wiswesser, chair of the AWS
Certification Committee, give a
demonstration on proper use of a tool
for performing fillet weld inspection in
skew fillets. His explanation was most
helpful, and I think your readers would
like it as well.
Thanks for submitting the idea. We

asked Bob Wiswesser to write an
article for Inspection Trends on
measuring skewed fillet welds. You can
find the article on page 21 of this issue.
Mary Ruth Johnsen, editor
Dear Readers:
Inspection Trends encourages an
exchange of ideas through
letters to the editor. Please send
your letters to the Welding Journal
Dept., 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,
Miami, FL 33126. You can also
reach us by FAX at (305)
443-7404 or by sending an e-mail to
Mary
Ruth
Johnsen
at
mjohnsen@aws.org.
_____________
Phil Grimm
Modern Welding Co., Owensboro, Ky.
Opportunity Knocks.
AWS agreement with
ASNT offers ACCP to
qualified CWIs & SCWIs.
Do you need visual testing certification
which meets the guidelines for Recommended
Practice No. SNT-TC-1A as required by some
sections of the ASME Code? Through this
agreement, qualified SCWIs and CWIs
can obtain ACCP Level II VT certification
without examination.
Enhance your credentials and satisfy
work requirements with the addition
of an ACCP credential.
To apply and for more details visit

www.asnt.org or call 614.274.6003
or 800.222.2768 US/Canada.
10
Image Longview Inspection
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Print and Product Showcase

Instrument Performs UT
Inspections without Couplant
engines, process lines, and in other

applications behind walls, industrial
piping, HVAC, ducts, and other
difficult-to-reach areas up to a
distance of 10 ft (3.048 m). It features
a choice of three different diameters
and lengths to reach any application;

high-resolution 720 525 pixel
imager; water resistance; flexible
gooseneck shaft; four adjustable LED
lights; and the capability for still
images and video to be recorded on
Your Eye Inside
The temate PowerBox H is a

hand-held, battery-operated ultrasonic
instrument capable of generating up to
1200 V (8 kW of peak power) at speeds
up to 400 Hz and in frequencies from
100 kHz to 6 MHz. When coupled with
the companys EMAT transducers, it can
be used to perform UT inspections
without couplant in factory and field
environments using bulk and guided
waves. Applications include thickness
measurement at temperatures from 50
to 1000C, thickness scanning on rough
and coated materials, weld inspection of
austenitic welds, inspections using
guided waves, corrosion monitoring and
detection, and bolt-load and nodularity
measurement. Embedded in the
instrument is PowerUT software that
lets the user to modify triggering and
receiving patterns, use advanced filters
and algorithms, and present the
information in A, B, C, and line-scan
formats.
Innerspec Technologies, Inc.
(434) 948-1339
www.innerspec.com
Video Borescope Has a 10-ft

Reach
The portable, hand-held
SnakeScope video borescope can
snake through areas as small as 5.5
mm (0.216 in.). It can inspect pipes,
Made in USA
Hawkeye Borescopes quickly identify the quality and

integrity of any weld, even in long tubes or complex parts!
In combination with our Luxxor Video Systems, you can also capture, document,
and e-mail inspection images. Our video systems are compatible with any
Hawkeye Borescope, and most other borescopes as well.
Weld in 3/4 stainless

steel tube using a
Hawkeye Pro Hardy 7
Welded and drawn tube

viewed with a
Hawkeye Pro Slim 7
Defects in medical
arterial stent as seen with
a Hawkeye Pro Slim 12
gradientlens.com
800.536.0790
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the removable SD memory card. It

operates on standard AA batteries of 4
to 6 h of continuous operation.
Advanced Inspection Technologies
(321) 610-8977
www.aitproducts.com
Instrument Performs Impact

Testing on Wide Range of
Materials
pendulum is capable of performing

Charpy, Izod, and tensile impact tests
ranging in energy from 0.5 to 50 J
(0.378 to 36.9 ft-lb). It is used to
determine the mechanical and physical
properties of soft metals, polymers,
composites, and finished products for
both R&D and quality control. With an
uninstrumented hammer, the system
provides the value of absorbed energy;
when fully instrumented, the hammer
allows for more in-depth analysis of
how the material reacts to the impact.
This information is useful for
evaluating the type of failure and the
dynamic response of the material.
AC versions, as well as a batteryoperated version. The bulbs feature a

rated life of 2000 h.
Spectronics, Inc.
(800) 274-8888
www.spectroline.com
Crawler Inspects Farther into

Pipe
Instron Corp.
(800) 564-8378
www.instron.com
Lamps Provide Powerful

Ultraviolet Light
The CEAST 9050 Pendulum

provides accurate, repeatable testing on
a wide range of materials. The
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The MAXIMA ML-3500 Series

lamps offer powerful ultraviolet light
delivery. They utilize Micro Discharge
Light technology, plus a unique filter
and bulb/reflector, to make it possible
for inspectors to see very small surface
defects, hydrocarbon contamination,
and other flaws. The ML-3500S
features a spot reflector and has a
nominal steady-state UV-A intensity of
50,000 W/cm2 at 15 in. The ML3500D has a spot reflector and
diffusing filter, and has a nominal
steady-state UV-A intensity of 14,000
W/cm2 at 15 in. The ML-3500FL
features a flood bulb that delivers a
nominal steady-state intensity of 4500
W/cm2 at 15 in. The lamps are
available in 120, 230, 240, and 100 V
The ROVVER X features an

extended crawl range of 1000 ft with
operations up to 1650 ft. It offers a
portable three-piece layout and a
WinCan-compatible touchscreen
control pendant with digital recording
capability. A bolt-on carriage broadens
the crawlers stance and raises its
height; therefore, it can inspect pipes 6
to 48 in. in diameter with the camera
centered using a single crawler. The
pendant can capture days worth of
MPEG video and JPEG images. Twin
multifunction joysticks make operation
simple and handy macros automate
everyday inspection routines. It
features a detachable remote-operated
camera lift, three illuminated onboard
cameras, and an integrated sensor
package.
Envirosight LLC
(866) 936-8476
www.envirosight.com
Helium Purge Option Aids

Magnesium Analysis
The Niton XL3t GOLDD+ XRF
analyzers feature 50-kV, 200 A X-ray
tubes and tilting, color, touchscreen
display. They provide lab-quality
12
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Light Designed for Corrosive

Environments
analysis on almost any alloy grade. A

helium-purge option is useful for
ultralow magnesium analysis. In
addition, the analyzers allow users to
identify free-machining stainless steels
based on sulfur content. The CamShot
CCD camera comes standard for
accurate sample positioning and image
capture, while the optional WeldSpot
small-spot feature isolates welds.
The companys Magnalight

HALSS-48-2L-LED is a 4-ft-long, 2lamp LED constructed with a stainless
steel housing and acrylic lens. An
optional glass lens is also available. The
light can operate on 120/277 VAC or
12/24 VDC and is suitable for saltwater
or other highly corrosive environments.
The lamp comes with standard surface
mount brackets and connects via a 34-in.
NPT. Low-voltage options for DC
operation are also available.
Thermo Fisher Scientific

(800) 875-1578
www.thermoscientific.com/niton
Larson Electronics LLC

(800) 369-6671
www.magnalight.com
Borescope Designed for High

Temperatures
The companys high-temperature

borescopes are designed for use at
operating temperatures up to 2000C.
They are available in diameters from
10 mm and lengths up to 2000 mm.
They feature adjustable focus, and are
continued on page 31
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By Edward J. Bickrest
Feature
Keeping Safe from Falls

Failure is not an option with regard to fall protection because mistakes can be deadly
work begins will help you to manage
fall hazards and focus attention on
prevention efforts. If personal fallprotection systems are used, particular
attention should be given to identifying
attachment points and to ensuring that
inspectors and other workers know
how to properly don and inspect the
equipment.
Components of Personal FallArrest Systems
Fig. 1 These two photos illustrate properly placed and used personal fall-arrest
systems.
Despite special emphasis programs
from the Occupational Safety & Health
Administration (OSHA) and
increasingly sophisticated fallprotection equipment, falls from heights
remain a serious occupational safety
challenge.
Falls from ladders and roofs still
account for the majority of falls.
Occupational fatalities caused by falls
remain a serious public health problem.
The U.S. Department of Labor lists
falls as one of the leading causes of
traumatic occupational death,
accounting for 8% of all occupational
fatalities from trauma.
Identifying fall hazards and
deciding how best to protect workers is
the first step in reducing or eliminating
fall hazards. OSHA mandates that at
any time a worker is at a height of 4 ft
or more, the worker is at risk and needs
to be protected. Fall protection must be
provided at 4 ft in general industry, 5 ft
in maritime, and 6 ft in construction.
14
Protecting Workers
There are a number of ways to
protect workers from falls, including
guardrail systems, safety net systems,
and personal fall-arrest systems (PFAS)
(fall-arrest systems, positioning
systems, and travel restraint systems)
as well as through the use of safe work
practices and training Fig. 1. OSHA
permits the use of warning lines,
designated areas, control zones, and
similar systems in some situations and
can provide protection by limiting the
number of workers exposed and
instituting safe work methods and
procedures. These alternative systems
may be more appropriate than
conventional fall protection systems
when performing certain activities.
Whether conducting a hazard
assessment or developing a
comprehensive fall-protection plan,
thinking about fall hazards before the
To provide maximum worker

protection, a PFAS must have three key
components in place:
anchorage/anchorage connector, body
wear, and connecting device.
Individually, these components
will not provide protection from a fall.
However, when used properly and in
conjunction with each other, they form
a PFAS that becomes vitally important
for safety on the job site Fig. 2.
Six major recurring errors in fall
protection have been identified. From
the bottom to the top, they are as
follows:
Mistake No. 6: Not Using FallProtection Equipment
The need for consistency in using
fall protection often is ignored. It is
important to have a plan and
implement it, and that means wearing
fall protection equipment every day.
The plan should include identification
and evaluation of fall hazards, and their
elimination, if possible; the use of
appropriate fall-protection systems to
prevent or control falls when hazards
cant be eliminated; ensuring that
employees receive fall-protection
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Fig. 2 The three key components of a

personal fall arrest system
anchorage/achorage connector, body
wear, and connecting device must be
in place and properly used to provide
maximum worker protection.
training; and inspecting and
maintaining equipment.
Mistake No. 5: Which Way Does
This Go?
Although more workers today are
using fall-protection gear, its not
always used correctly Fig. 3. In
many instances, workers wear the
harnesses too loose.
While misusing harnesses is a big
mistake, many contractors also buy
incorrect equipment for specific
applications. One common example is
that many contractors buy shockabsorbing lanyards and use them in
areas with inadequate fall clearance. A
retractable lifeline or a fall limiter
should be used in certain circumstances
instead.
Mistake No. 4: Know When to Say
When
Knowing when a product should
be removed from service is key to safe
working conditions. Equipment must
be inspected regularly and taken out of
service when it shows wear and tear.
Using equipment past its useful life,
especially a lanyard, is a potentially
deadly mistake.
Adopt a smart policy: If in
Fig. 3 Examples of how a harness should and should not be fitted.
doubt, throw it out. The benefit of an

extra week or month of service isnt
worth the risk.
A few of the things to be on the
lookout for include fraying, cuts, and
deformed metal hardware. Also,
exposure to heat and chemicals can
cause additional damage. Signs of
deployment mean safety equipment no
longer can be used.
Mistake No. 3: Lack of Communication/Training
Lack of instructions in the
appropriate language is a key reason
equipment is misused or not used at all.
Safety directors need to check the
instructions provided with equipment,
and ensure proper training is provided.
As an employer, you can
determine the training format. Whats
important is that, through training, your
employees can recognize fall hazards
and know procedures to minimize the
hazards.
Its important that the trainer
knows the hazards at the work site,
knows how to eliminate or control the
hazards, and knows how to teach
workers to protect themselves. Thats
why the trainer must be a competent
person. (A competent person is one
who can identify work-site hazards and
who has management authority to
control them.) The trainer must know
and be able to explain the following:
The nature of fall hazards at the work

site.
Procedures for erecting, maintaining,
and disassembling fall-protection
systems and personal fall arrest
systems.
How to use and operate fallprotection systems and personal
fall-arrest systems.
The role of each employee who may
be affected by a safety-monitoring
system.
The restrictions that apply to
mechanical equipment used during
roofing work.
The procedure for handling and
storing materials and for erecting
protection from falling objects.
The OSHA fall-protection standards.
Mistake No. 2: Anchorages that Miss
the Mark
Selecting inadequate anchorages is
a major problem. The best harness with
the best lanyard or lifeline cannot arrest
a fall if unsuitable anchorages are
selected.
An anchorage must support 5000
lb for a single tie-off point for one
individual. In all cases, the free fall
should be limited to 6 ft or less.
An anchorage should be
positioned directly overhead whenever
possible to avoid a swing fall injury,
and anchorages should be selected
based on how a rescue would be
performed.
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Mistake No. 1: Waiting for the Free

Fall
Dont wait for a fall to occur before
taking action to update your fallprotection plan. When identifying a fall
hazard, analyze the likelihood of fatal or
serious injury, as well as the amount of
time inspectors and other workers will
be exposed to the hazard. Basically, you
want to eliminate the fall by changing
the work process or environment.
Conclusion
If you remember these three steps
for proper fall protection eliminate a
fall hazard entirely, prevent a fall from
happening, and provide personal fall
arrest equipment you will save lives
and prevent serious injuries.

! $ #% %

! %" ! !%

__________________
EDWARD J. BICKREST
(ebickrest@sperian.com)
______________ is global brand
manager, Miller Fall Protection/Honeywell Safety Products, Smithfield, R.I.
____________
_______
___________________
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By Joseph P. Kane
Feature
Writing Inspection Reports

Some guidelines are offered that will help you write more comprehensive and more easily
understood inspection reports
The scope and content of welding
inspection reports varies widely across
U.S. industrial welding sectors.
Fabrication and construction
companies as well as customers and
government regulators often specify
the detail, depth, and scope of the
inspection activity to be performed. In
addition, they often dictate exactly
what shall be reported on the
inspection report document.
When an AWS Certified Welding
Inspector (CWI) or Senior Certified
Welding Inspector (SCWI) is involved
in company quality control (QC)
operations, the depth of written
reporting varies from company to
company and from project to project.
In many companies, QC reporting by
the CWI amounts to little more than a
note that breaks down the days activity
and lists the pieces inspected.
Typically, these reports are for internal
company use, and little importance is
given to penmanship, sentence
structure, punctuation, and
capitalization. Internal quality
assurance inspection reports are usually
even less comprehensive, except when
discontinuities, discrepancies, and nonconformances are involved. There are,
however, some industrial sectors where
regulators or customers require more
detailed documentation, such as the
aircraft, military, and nuclear sectors.
Third-party inspection (TPI)
activity is usually the most
comprehensive and is usually well
documented. The owner or his/her
designated engineer will most likely
specify what is the scope of the
inspection, and sometimes specify the
actual detail to be included in the
inspection report. The owner, to whom

the third-party inspector is contracted
to, often requires the TPI to do any or
all of the following:
Witness procedure and personnel
qualification testing.
Witness mechanical testing, including
the machining, of coupons at testing
labs.
Witness the extraction and shipping
of base metal stocks from steel
suppliers.
Reconcile the material test report to
the base metal markings.
Review and monitor machinery and
tooling calibration.
Review the qualifications of thirdparty NDE personnel, monitor their
activity for compliance to the
contract specifications, and review
their reports.
Review drawings, material test
reports, and cut sheets.
Perform full QC-type, in-process
inspection and monitoring.
Perform final visual inspection of
every inch of weld.
Fully categorize, document, and
reconcile material control
documentation for both base material
and consumables.
Maintain cross-reference
documentation on the material usage
connected with each part.
Report the days weather conditions,
both inside and outside the shop.
Report which pieces of machinery are
used on the project.
Report which personnel worked on
the project, and for how many hours.
Issue job completion reports and
estimates.
Issue final clearance or shipping
reports so that the fabricator can be

paid.
Sometimes the TPI is also responsible
for an audit of the fabricator before
the project begins. The audit might
follow a checklist, but often personal
opinion is required as well. If you
are asked to do such an audit, be sure
you know what you are talking
about.
Some Examples of Inspection

Reporting Duties
At one fabrication company, where
I was the third-party inspector of
record, the company QC inspector was
also in charge of time-keeping reports
(a task that made sure welders hours
would be apportioned and billed to the
right job). While this is an important
detail in a company where multiple
customers and several different
contracts are being fabricated
simultaneously, I felt that,
unfortunately, it took too much time
away from the routine QC inspection
duties. The company inspector actually
did some inspection, but his written
inspection reports were essentially
limited to initialing a job traveler
form. Since this was a very large
bridge fabrication company, he had to
prepare many Welding Procedure
Specification forms, conduct Welding
Procedure Qualification Testing,
Welder Performance Qualification
testing, and maintain and update the
Qualification Records. He also had to
supply a constant stream of quality
documents to the TPIs, which was a
full-time job in itself at a company this
large. For this company, the TPI always
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wound up doing more inspection than

the company QC ninspector.
At a nearby public power utility,
the company QC inspectors reports
were usually limited to a dear-diarytype list of the joints they inspected
and the welders they supervised. They
also made entries on the job traveler
form. The daily inspection narrative
report was seldom more than one-half
page long. When there was a problem
on the job, and it was necessary to
write up an underperforming company
welder, or a nonconforming outside
contractor, the company QA
supervisors (who were also CWIs)
would get called in. The company
engineers and contract administrator
perhaps would also be called in.
Inspection reports in the event of such
a discrepancy could sometimes turn
into protracted narratives with wording
coached by a legal advisor.
This utility also had an operating
nuclear power station. In that plant,
QC-level reports were much more
extensive, and the daily narrative
reports had many items that were noted
in the inspectors daily report and that
were also signed off on the traveler
sheets. In many cases, there would also
be more layers of inspection, such as
engineering inspection, mechanical
safety inspection, health physics
inspection, rigging and fitter
inspection, physical security
surveillance, NDE monitoring, etc. In
reports associated with this type of
work, the QC welding inspector might
note several things in the daily reports.
Many times, the detail and scope of an
inspection is specified on a checklist.
These checklists can be quite
extensive and list many items.
Following are some of the items the
checklist might contain:
Verification of the location of the
work and applicable work order.
Review of the work order, the hot
work permit, and radiological
exposure time limits.
The welder qualification records, and
their legal eligibility to perform the
weld (i.e., recency of experience).
The WPS applicability, the welding
equipment to be used, associated
calibrations, and traceability of
consumables.
18
Hold-point reviews and intermediate

NDE coverage.
Pre-start, intermediate, and final
dimensional checks.
Root pass and intermediate pass
inspections, including parameter
limits verification, and travel speed
requirements.
The TPI may also witness final
NDE, and submit and review the final
report.
Importance of Good
Reporting
Third-party inspectors have a great
responsibility, and are often exposed to
great liability. It is important to
remember that the TPIs reports will
often become legal exhibits in
contemporary product acceptability
negotiations (i.e., Certificate of
Occupancy Review or operational
readiness review) and especially in the
event of future litigation. Good TPI
organizations will have a supervisory
group that monitors the field
inspectors activities and reviews their
paperwork submittals.
Be sure to review your own
reports before signing and sending
them. I have reviewed many inspection
reports including my own and
found myself cringing at the spelling,
sentence structure, punctuation,
handwriting, and general lack of
comprehensive information. I often
wonder why the inspector didnt use a
dictionary or the spell check capability
on his or her computer. Even with spell
check, words like from and form or
whole and hole will not be corrected.
Thats because they arent misspelled,
just used incorrectly. Why give an
attorney the chance to belittle you on
the stand, intimidate you, or put you on
the defensive over spelling and basic
English language sentence structure? If
the attorney can fluster you, it reduces
your credibility as a professional.
Remember, if you are on the stand,
even just to testify to what you wrote
or what you inspected, you are most
likely already in some sort of trouble.
And even if you are not in court, and
the reviewer is the Department of
Transportation engineer (who may be
the customer you are ultimately
working for), dont you think that

person will notice grammatical and
spelling errors?
Be careful about using initials
and abbreviations. Often inspectors
use initials or abbreviations to describe
an activity, the product being
inspected, or the location of the
inspection. They do not seem to realize
that the future examiner of the report
may not know what the abbreviations
or initials mean. The future examiner
may not have read all the reports
preceding the document in question,
and thus may not be able to make sense
of a narrative that does not fully or
comprehensively describe the event,
activity, location, and product in the
report. Even commonly used initials
such as NS (near side) or FS (far side)
might not mean anything to a person
who is not in the business.
The body of an inspectors
narrative report might read like this:
PANYNJ WTC Job #1001-16. VI
on LECA + RECA 1/4 FW welds FB
103A1 103A2 103A3 103A4 FS & NS
all OK, LOAOK. NP, ready to ship to
painter.
9/11 Mem. PK. Job. Insp. Cols.
A-1 through A-5. All OK. MT-OK. OK
to Ship. Insp. Col A-6, Rej. US FW Sh
Tab.
When an Engineer of Record, a
lawyer, or even another inspector tries
to read these reports sometime down
the road, these lines might as well be
written in Klingon or ancient
hieroglyphics. Two years from now, in
a court deposition, the inspector who
wrote the report might not know what
that report meant. If the inspector did
remember what it meant, he or she still
might not have enough written
information to answer specific
information about column A-6. The
report doesnt say which drawing and
which revision of the drawing the
inspection was done to. If a shear plate
had been moved in Revision #5, but the
latest approved drawing available at
the point of final inspection was
Revision #4, the inspector would be
hard pressed to explain why the
mislocated shear plate wasnt caught.
The rejection of Column A-6 for an
undersized fillet weld does not identify
the part or say which side of the shear
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plate, nor where the shear plate was

located or attached to (i.e., SP-2, Face
A, Elevation 24 ft 6 in.). That
information could be doubly important
if there were more than one shear plate.
Note that the lack of commas
between the floor beam numbers could
also add confusion. On its face this
report also appears to lack other
required inspection activity.
The following is what the
inspector might have said in the first
few paragraphs of the report.
PANYNJ project #WTC 08-213
FT
I performed visual inspection of
the fillet welds attaching the right-hand
and left-hand end connection angles to
the near side and far side on floor
beams 103A1, 103A2, 103A3, and
103A4, found on Drawing 103, Rev. 4,
Dated 10-21-10, and found them to be
acceptable per AWS D 1.1:2006,
Figure 5.4 and Table 6.1, and as
specified on the drawing.
Observed that all end connection
angles were located as per drawing,
and all bolt holes were properly located
and of the correct size.
Verified that the overall lengths
of each piece listed above were correct.
I witnessed as QC Inspector (Mr.
XYZ) checked the warp and tilt of
flanges and verified that they were
within the limits per ASTM A 6/A6M
02, Table 16, and that the camber was
as required on the drawings, or
otherwise within the tolerance limits of
Table 24.
Note that these pieces are ready
for shipment to the painting contractor
but are not released for shipment to the
job site.
In the second paragraph of the
example, where the project is a 9/11
Memorial Park at the same site, there is
a completely different contract number
and other players involved. What the
inspector should have said in the
second paragraph was as follows:
PANYNJ project #WTC 05-13,
MEMPK
Visually inspected the attachment
welds on columns A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4,
and A-5 per Drawing COL-1, Rev. 4,
Dated 2008-10-22 and found them to
be acceptable per the Acceptance
Criteria of AWS D 1.1:2006, Figure 5.4
and Table 6.1, and as specified on the

drawing.
I observed as QC Inspector Mr.
XYZ checked the warp and tilt of
flanges and found them to be within
the limits per ASTM ASTM A 6/A6M
02, Table 16, and the straightness of the
column was within the tolerance limits
of Table 24.
Milled column ends at the base
plate attachment, required by the
General Structural Notes, were
previously verified and checked.
All attachments were located as
per the drawing, and all holes were at
the correct locations and of the correct
size.
Column A-6 was not accepted
because the 38-in. fillet weld joining the
Shear Plate (SP-2) to face A @ Elev. 24
ft 6 in. was undersized on the west side
of the plate. This was reported to the
Shop Supervisor Mr. ABC, who agreed
that it was undersized and said he
would have it repaired. (Note that
repairs were not started before close of
shift.)
Columns A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, and
A-5 are deemed acceptable and may be
shipped to the job site.
PANYNJ Report of Shipment
attached.
Now, in the above example, I have
only listed four beams in the first
paragraph. In real life, I might have
inspected 40 beams (from 10 different
drawings) that day. In real life, some of
those beams would also have
intermediate shear connectors attached
by fillet welds and possibly
intermediate stiffeners. Some might
have cut outs, reinforcement plates, top
or bottom flange attachments, skewed
shear plates, etc.
Writing out all the details of your
inspection is time consuming and may
take more time than it did to actually
perform the inspection. With a
computer, the inspection report on 40
simple floor beams might be better
detailed using a table with enough
columns to cover and identify all the
attachment welds. Standard phrases
can be cut and pasted to save time
when repetitive inspection activities are
to be reported. The contract documents
may also require additional inspection
activities that must be reported, such as
Manufacturers Test Report

Reconciliation with the base material,
witnessing NDT, or even destructive
testing.
Guidelines for Report Writing

Following are some tips that will
help you write better, more
comprehensive, more readable reports.
1. Always use complete sentences
or tables whenever possible.
2. As mentioned previously, as
much as possible, spell out words
instead of using initials, symbols, or
abbreviations. However, some initials,
abbreviations, and/or symbols such as
ASME; AWS; AISC; ASTM; ASNT;
DOT; QC; QA; NDT; NDE; in.; ft.;
mm; deg; DWG; OK; WPS #; Rev.;
(multiplication symbol); @; ' and "
(feet and inches, i.e., 26'10"); W14
730 (Wide Flange shape 14-inch
nominal group, 730 pounds per foot);
NPS; ; &; ; #; %; and = may be used
to shorten the document and speed up
the reporting time. These initials are
frequently used by detailers, engineers,
and architects, and are most likely to be
understood by all technical people
involved.
Try not to use initials,
abbreviations, and/or symbols like
I/A/W (in accordance with), Appd.
(Approved), NS (near side, which is
sometimes confused with Not Shown);
FS (far side); BS (both sides); T & B
(top and bottom); WQR (Welder
Qualification Record); WPQR
(Welding Procedure Qualification
Record); FW (fillet weld); CJP
(complete joint penetration); PJP
(partial joint penetration); MT
(magnetic particle testing); ELEV
(elevation); < (less than); > (greater
than); Sch. (schedule); or CKed or CKOK. I have found that these initials,
abbreviations, and symbols are often
misunderstood.
3. Keep in mind that the glossary
of terms and symbols may not be
available when the report is read in
the future. Although the drawings
usually have a glossary of initials and
symbols in the general notes section,
and all kinds of initials and symbols
may be used by the detailer, you are
not writing your report for the detailer.
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You may be writing a report that will

be used in a future court case, where
the glossary of terms and symbols
for those drawings may not be
available.
4. Always be sure to properly
identify the following:
Who, as in who welded it or who
inspected it;
What, as in what part was
welded and what repairs were made;
When, as in what time the job
was started and finished, what date and
day of the week;
Where, as in joint number, grid
location, elevation, what drawing was
used, what dimension from the left
hand end, what face of the piece.
How, as in what WPS was used,
what process was used, what filler
metal was used.
5. Be sure the date of the report,
contract information, and
customers required information are
on each page of the report. This is
important because pages sometimes get
lost or separated.
List the pages of your report as
Page ____ of _____ , at the top or
bottom of the narrative block.
Always try to refer back to other
reports when completing inspection on
products that were started and partially
inspected previously (i.e., Completed
visual inspection of the stiffener to web
fillet welds on the far side of fabricated
girder 403B2. The near side inspection
was reported in the Daily Narrative
Report dated, Page 2 of 4, Item #5).
6. Select your wording carefully.
When you use words like I witnessed, I
saw, I observed, I checked, I
monitored, and I verified, you are
telling the reader that you actually did
witness, see, verify, check, or observe
something, but as a QA inspector, you
may not be able to actually witness,
see, or observe all parts of an activity
that you are inspecting. You probably
have office duties, meetings, other
workstations to observe, reports to
write, drawings and manufacturers test
reports to review, NDE operations to
witness, and your own hands-on
inspections to perform.
In actuality, a lot of your
inspection will actually be performed
by routine observation or
20
When you use words like

I witnessed, I saw, I observed,
I checked, I monitored, and
I verified, you are telling the
reader that you actually did
witness, see, verify, check, or
observe something. Use these
phrases in proper context.
monitoring, so use the wording

routine observation or monitored
to describe the intermittent surveillance
that you perform when you see part of
the work being performed and do
checks and verifications from time to
time as your duties permit. For
example, write I monitored welding
parameters from time to time by
routine observation during production
welding.
Therefore, use phrases like I
observed, I saw, I witnessed, I verified,
I checked, I noted in proper context.
(For example, use I observed, such
as when you observe the company QC
inspector verifying the parameter
settings of the welding machine, but
did not actually verify the settings
yourself. You verified that the
electrode holding oven was operating
at the proper temperature. You
noted that Welder Mr. EFG caused
numerous arc strikes while welding on
circumferential pipe weld #18. You
witnessed NDT being performed by
Mr. HIJ, ASNT SNT-TC-1-A Level 2,
of XYZ Testing Labs, etc.
Use the word noted, as in I
noted that welder Mr. KLM was
welding below the amperage range and
faster than the travel speed specified on
WPS 2009-FCAW-1G. I notified Mr.
NOP that he was welding out of
parameters and told the shop QC
Inspector Mr. XYZ.
Unless prohibited by policy,
always use the full proper name and
title of persons listed in your narrative
because in the future, clock numbers,
nicknames, and names attached to
initials may not be available. Be sure to
use the gender identifiers, Mr., Mrs.,
MS., or Miss, as appropriate.
Use I witnessed only for acts

or events that you actually saw.
(Example, I witnessed and recorded
the lot numbers on the cans as the
electrode oven was loaded from freshly
opened cans of (brand name) electrode
and the oven was set to 500 degrees for
initial conditioning baking at 0700
hours.)
Use I verified or I checked
(such as when you observe the QC
inspector verifying the parameter
setting of the welding machine, and
you do actually verify the settings
yourself, or when you note that you
verified conformance to the WPS
parameters during production welding).
Use the good weasel word
deemed for statements where you
made reasonable assumptions, but did
not fully observe or witness an activity
(i.e., The Traveler Sheet has initials in
the NDT block that shows magnetic
particle testing was performed on
another shift). You would not
normally observe this activity, but it is
now time for you to sign off the piece
for shipment and payment, so again,
select your words carefully. Therefore,
you could note that the magnetic
particle block was initialed on the
Traveler Sheet and that the part is now
finally deemed to be acceptable.
7. Do not use the words in my
opinion in your report narrative.
8. Do not use sarcasm in your
report narrative.
9. Quote from the specification
or code exactly. In other words, cite
chapter and verse whenever
possible.
10. Proofread your report before
submitting it.
JOSEPH P. KANE
(joseph.kane11@verizon.net)
_________________ is with Pennoni Associates, King of Prussia, Pa. He
is a member of the AWS Certification
Committee and is chair of its Subcommittee on Certification of Structural Inspectors and the Subcommittee on CWI of the
Year. He is also an AWS Senior Certified
Welding Inspector.
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By Bob Wiswesser
Feature
Inspecting Skewed T-Joints

The need to inspect these complex joints is occurring more often because of their use in
seismic-related designs
Among the more complex joint
designs used in fabricated structures
are skewed T-joints. According to AWS
D1.1: 2010, Structural Welding Code
Steel, a T-joint is skewed when the
stem of the T has a dihedral angle
greater than 100 deg (obtuse angle) or
less than 80 deg (acute angle) between
the two members. They are an
important factor in seismic design and
CWIs are encountering more welded
diagonal bracing in structures than they
have in the past.
Unfortunately, fabricators and
welding inspectors often are at a loss
when faced with design and shop
drawings because they do not contain
the necessary information to proceed
with welding these connections. So
lets analyze what we need to fabricate
and inspect this type of welded joint.
To do this, we need to be familiar with
the paragraphs, figures, and tables in
AWS D1.1 that address skewed Tjoints. Therefore, I encourage you to
have your AWS D1.1: 2010 Code by
your side so you can read the code
references as we cover these topics.
This article references some of these
requirements, but only discusses
prequalified uses of these joints. If you
need to fabricate outside the prequalified
rules, you will need to demonstrate the
variations through procedure
qualifications testing. Also, tubular
connections with T, K, and Y joints,
although similar in some respects, are
not addressed in this article.
As inspectors, our first introduction
to skewed T-joints is usually when we
review contract document drawings for a
designed structure that contains diagonal
bracing comprised of various angled
plates and shape connections. As we
look for direction on how to weld these
connections, we are often disappointed
with the lack of detail. However, in some
cases, we may be fortunate to find the
required Code design criteria for the
Fig. 1 Prequalified skewed T-joint details (nontubular). (From AWS D1.1

Figure 3.11).
skewed T-joint welds listed as the
minimum required throat dimension of
these welds (see AWS D1.1 paragraph
2.4.3.2). If not there, we may have to go
to the shop drawings to find the details
regarding placement of the welds and
the required weld leg dimensions
necessary to produce the required
effective throat (see AWS D1.1
paragraph 2.4.2.3). This may be in the
form of a weld symbol on the drawings.
At this point fabricators and CWIs
should be cautioned to verify if the fillet
weld symbol leg size shown on the
drawings has been calculated to conform
with AWS D1.1 Annex B (effective
throats of fillet welds in skewed Tjoints). Most detailers simply express the
weld symbol size based on D1.1 Table
5.8 (minimum fillet weld sizes), which
applies only to 90-deg T-joints without
consideration of the skewed dihedral
angle of the joint. This weld symbol leg

size will not be the actual size required
on your skewed T-Joint, so a check on
these details may save time and prevent
you from receiving a noncompliant
inspection report from a third-party
inspector for undersized skewed fillet
welds found during verification
inspection.
As a side note to this topic, lets
review AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols
for Welding, Brazing, and
Nondestructive Testing, and how it
handles skewed T fillet weld symbols.
In that document, paragraph 6.13 on
skewed joints states, when the angle
between the fusion faces is such that
the identification of the weld type and,
hence, proper weld symbol is in
question, the detail of the desired joint
and weld configuration shall be shown
on the drawing with all necessary
Inspection Trends /Summer 2011
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Fig. 2 Using the gauge to measure

the angle of the skewed member. (An
Illustrations courtesy of G.A.L. Gage
Co., Stevensville, Mich.)
Fig. 3 Using the gauge to measure

the W dimension of a fillet weld in a
skewed T joint from the obtuse side of
the member.
Fig. 4 The gauge is shown being

used to measure the W dimension of a
fillet weld in a skewed T joint from the
acute side of the member.
seen in Fig. 1B or no edge prep as seen
in Fig. 1A. The final decision is often
based on whether the edge prep can be
done more efficiently under controlled
shop welding conditions, which will
then allow for a smaller required weld
dimension and save arc time because of
the minimum root opening as seen Fig.
1B, or, if the welding has to be done in
the field where edge prep control is more
difficult, and the elimination of edge
prep as seen in Fig. 1A might be more
desirable. Where no edge prep is used a
larger required weld will be needed to
compensate for the larger irregular root
opening. Even under these conditions,
the root opening in Fig. 1A cannot
exceed 316 in. (see AWS D1.1 paragraph
5.22) on steel thicknesses up to 3 in.
Fig. 5 The skew-T fillet weld calculator.
Calculating the Weld Size

dimensions (see Fig. 31).
This implies that there is no
standard fillet weld symbol for skewed
fillet weld size. And a standard fillet
weld symbol on a drawing with the
arrow pointing to a skewed T-joint with
the leg size to the left of the fillet weld
symbol on the reference line indicates
the 90-deg size of the weld, not the
required skewed T-joint fillet weld leg
size. We will see later in this article that
we will have to adjust this leg size to the
skewed angle of the joint using the
method outlined in AWS D1.1 Annex B.
A Closer Look
As outlined previously, a T-joint is
skewed when the stem of the T has a
dihedral angle greater than 100 deg
(obtuse angle) or less than 80 deg (acute
angle) between the two members.
Therefore, a dihedral angle between 80
and 100 deg would not be considered
skewed and would follow the design and
sizing criteria of a 90-deg T-joint (see
22
AWS D1.1 paragraph 2.4.3.1.)

The Code further characterizes the
design and use of a skewed T-joint with
a dihedral angle of less than 80 to 30
deg (acute) and greater than 100 to 135
deg (obtuse), as prequalified, when the
design details of AWS D1.1 Fig. 3.11
detail A, B, C, or D are followed (see
AWS D1.1 para 2.4.3.2 and 2.4.3.3)
Fig. 1.
When the fabricator has to fit up
and weld skewed T-joints, the selection
of the joint details found in Fig. 1AD
has to be made. This may involve using
either welds located on the obtuse (Fig.
1C) or the acute sides of the joint (Fig.
1D), or both sides of the skewed T-Joint
(Fig. 1A, B). The engineer must make
this decision, which will depend on the
service conditions and engineering
design criteria required for the effects of
eccentricity in the connection. However,
the selection of joint edge prep and fit-up
methods will have to be made by the
fabricator or erectors, who must decide
between preparing parallel edge preps as
After joint design and fit-up

selection, the weld size must be
calculated. Normally, fillet weld size is
determined by the base metal thickness
as found in D1.1 Table 5.8. This table,
which shows minimum fillet weld
sizes, is used for 90-deg T-joints not
skewed T-joints. We then have to
calculate the effective fillet weld leg
size (W), which will be determined by
the dihedral angle of the joint to be
welded, using the procedure outlined in
AWS D1.1 Annex B and Table B.1.
Following is an example of a 38in.-thick plate skewed T-joint with a
60-deg dihedral angle and a 116-in. root
opening. By using the information
from Annex B, it can be calculated as
follows:
1. Factor for 60-deg angle skewed
T-joint from Table B.1 = 0.71
2. Leg size of 38-in.-thick material
from Table 5.8 = 316 in. (0.187 in.)
3. Multiply leg size factor (0.187
in. 0.71) = 0.133-in. effective leg size
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4. Add root opening (0.133 in. +

0.063 in.) = 0.196-in. required leg size
5. Round up the required leg size =
0.250 in. (W)
Note: If the dihedral angle is less
than 60 deg, then an additional Z loss
dimension found in AWS D1.1 Table
2.2 would have to be added to the
required leg size of the skewed joint.
When welding begins for a
skewed T-joint, we have to be able to
measure the weld size to make sure
that it meets the design skewed angle
and the required effective fillet weld
leg size (W).
Skewed T-joint fillet welds can be
easily measured with a commercially
available skew-T gauge from G.A.L.
Gage Co., Stevensville, Mich. This
gauge is designed to verify the skew Tjoint angle between the welded joint
members (Fig. 2) and measure the
required skewed T-joint leg size (W)
(Figs. 3, 4), which is referred to as the
inspection dimension on the
companys skew-T fillet weld
calculator (Fig. 5).
The measuring gauge is designed to
be used with the calculator. After the
measuring gauge has been used to
determine the weld leg size inspection

dimension (W), the slide in the
calculator is then adjusted to line up the
measured skew T-joint angle and the leg
size inspection dimension. This is read
through the bottom window of the
calculator. With the slide left in that
position, the calculator can be used to
determine the equivalent fillet weld leg
size for a 90-deg T-joint, which is found
in the calculators middle window. This
may be necessary information if the
drawing requirements to be met included
a welding symbol that only detailed a
fillet weld leg size as a 90-deg T-joint.
A third window in the top of the
calculator can show the theoretical
throat (t e) of the weld if the contract
information is given in this manner for
the size requirements needed to meet
contract drawings. So whichever sizing
criteria are given in the drawings, i.e.,
fillet weld symbols or throat
dimensions, the skew T-fillet calculator
can calculate from the measured (W)
the other required weld dimensions,
verifying that they have been met. Use
of the calculator in this way can
substitute for using AWS D1.1 Annex
B to determine (W).
Conclusion
The mentioned previously, the skills
necessary to verify sizing in skewed Tjoint fillet welds are becoming important
in structural weld inspection due to the
increased use of seismic design criteria.
As a result, CWIs are encountering more
welded diagonal bracing in structures
than ever before. Many of our CWIs
have not been qualified on their CWI
hands-on exam to demonstrate their
ability to measure and verify skewed Tjoint fillet welds. This will be changing
in the near future as an updated Part B
hands-on exam is being developed to
keep up with the changing skill
requirements of CWIs.
BOB WISWESSER
(bob@wtti.com)
_________ is operations chief,
Welder Training & Testing Institute, Allentown, Pa. He is chair of the AWS Certification Committee. He is also an AWS
Senior Certified Welding Inspector, a
Certified Radiographic Interpreter, and
has earned endorsements to AWS D1.5
and D1.2, API 1104, ASME Sections VIII
and IX, and for bolting inspection.
______________
___________________________________
________________________________
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Feature
Staying Cool on the Job

These tips will help you avoid heat-related injuries
These five quick tips can help you stay
cooler this summer.
1. Drink water moderately, but often.
Whether you are outside or in a facility
with no air conditioning, drink small
amounts of water every 15 minutes, even if
youre not thirsty. Avoid drinking large
quantities of water all at one time to avoid
sodium depletion, which can cause fainting,
fatigue, and cramping, among other
negative symptoms.
2. Choose a sunscreen that offers full
spectrum protection. A sunscreens SPF
rating is not always the best way to verify the
best product. Some sunscreens with a high
SPF rating protect from UVB rays only, so
look for one that offers UVA protection as
well. If you are in an outdoor work
environment where you risk bug bites, put on
sunscreen first, followed by insect repellent.
Also, be sure to check out the U.S. Food and
Drug Administrations new regulations on
sunscreen products for more information on
this topic. That information is available at
www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpda
tes/ucm258416.htm.
___________
3. Wear safety glasses with UV
protection. It is not just your skin that needs
protection while out in the sun. Eyes can

easily suffer from too much sun exposure, so
when selecting safety glasses for a job site,
select a pair that offers UV protection. Many
clear polycarbonate lenses offer as much UV
protection as tinted lenses, so research with
your safety equipment supplier to learn
which glasses provide protection and work
for your functional needs.
4. Choose lightweight clothing. If
appropriate for your work environment,
wear clothing that is nonconfining and
made of a light, breathable fabric, like
cotton. When choosing safety accessories,
such as a reflective vest, select one that is
lightweight to avoid excessive sweating and
warmth.
5. Know the difference between heat
exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat
exhaustion occurs when youve been
exposed to high temperatures and you
become dehydrated. If ignored, heat
exhaustion can result in heat stroke, which
is when the bodys core temperature
exceeds 105F and the person starts to lose
consciousness. When in doubt, call 911 if
you or a coworker becomes ill in the
summer heat.
Providing a healthy and safe working

environment for your employees is important
in managing a successful organization, said
Kirsten Elms-Kelleher, safety services &
solutions development manager, Grainger.
Education and prevention are critical to
keeping workers safe on the job this summer
and all year round.
For more information about how to
prevent heat-related injuries, review the
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Campaign to
Prevent Heat Illness in Outdoor Workers
(www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatillness/index.html).
Based on information from W. W.

Grainger, Inc., Lake Forest, Ill.
(www.grainger.com).
___________ The company offers
more than 50,000 safety products in categories such as workplace safety, employee
and guest safety, first aid and public
safety, and environmental safety, as well
as a variety of services including safety
training and first aid replenishment.
Errata: AWS D3.6M:2010, Underwater Welding Code

The following errata have been identified and will be incorporated into the next reprinting of this document.
Page 62, Table 7.3. Replace Table 7.3 with the table shown below.
24
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By K. Erickson and C. Mankenberg
The Answer Is
The Society is not responsible for any statements made or opinion expressed herein. Data and information developed by the authors are for specific
informational purposes only and are not intended for use without independent, substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.
Q: We are doing a structural steel

project to AWS D1.1:2008, Structural
Welding Code Steel. From the
beginning, the NDE company has
been doing scans for transverse
reflectors using scanning pattern E
from Fig. 6.21. This has been going on
for a couple of months. Until now,
there have been no issues. We just had
a case where one of the welds was
ground because it had too much
reinforcement. Because the weld was
ground, the ultrasonic testing (UT)
technician used scanning pattern D,
and he found some transverse cracks
(they were confirmed as cracks by
magnetic particle testing (MT) during
excavation). The Engineer is now
saying we have to start grinding some
of the previously accepted welds and
perform scan D on them to verify
there is no cracking. Weve already
done scan E on them. If we do this,
well have to scaffold up to some of

the welds, do the grinding and UT,
etc., and it will possibly delay the
project. Is this necessary?
A: The Code states the Engineer is

responsible for specifying in the
contract documents such things as the
extent of NDE other than visual, weld
acceptance criteria, etc. The Code also
provides requirements for determining
the nature of planar reflectors, and it
includes things such as the actions you
seem to have already taken. For
example, 6.13.1 for statically loaded
nontubular structures states: When
indications exhibiting these planar
characteristics are present at scanning
sensitivity, a more detailed evaluation
of the discontinuity by other means
shall be required (e.g., alternate UT
techniques, radiography, grinding or
gouging for visual inspection, etc.).
In this case, the Engineers

reasoning for wanting scan D performed
on welds previously accepted using scan
E seems sound when considering only
the ultrasonic examination factors and
ignoring any other potential factors such
as weld criticality. Cracks are essentially
planar discontinuities, though they have
facets and so may sometimes be detected
with the sound beam at angles other than
perpendicular to the major axis of the
crack. This is not always the case,
however, and because scanning pattern E
is performed more or less at 10 to 15 deg
from the axis of the weld, a transverse
weld crack that is roughly perpendicular
to the axis of the weld may often be
missed when using scanning pattern E.
Simply put, scanning pattern D is far
more reliable for finding transverse
discontinuities.
A request from the Engineer to
grind welds to permit the use of
________
_____________________
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Welding Procedure Specification

(WPS)?
A written stand-alone document

proven by qualification and testing to a
known governing standard to encompass
all the applicable materials, and physical,
welding, electrical, and mechanical
variables that would apply to a single or
combination classification of weld joint
details. This document shall be specific
in all referencing applications to contain
all the pertinent information as
permitted, allowed, and required per the
governing standard.
A: In my research for this question, I
Q: Is there any welding specification
found that many of my referencing

manuals and information sources did not
totally encompass the entire definition of
a WPS as it is understood in the industry
today. However, Section IX, Article II,
of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code provides a fairly complete
description of a WPS and the contents of
a WPS. What is also important to
remember is that various industry
standards will require different
information to be contained within a
WPS, thus rendering the definition of a
WPS to have slight variations. My
personal interpretation and definition of
a WPS that would encompass todays
welding industries would be as follows:
that addresses how many times a

weld joint can be repaired?
scanning pattern E if there is no prior

evidence of cracking would probably be
unreasonable. Based on the info youve
provided, however, you already have a
proven crack problem and the request to
grind and rescan welds using scanning
pattern D may be prudent if you consider
the limitations of scanning pattern E.
Q: Where can I find a definition of a
A: A WPS may or may not address the

number of times that a weld joint can be
repaired. This is generally not a basis of
information that is entered into a WPS or
required to be entered. Welding
engineers may require and enter this
information on a WPS when working
with base materials and filler material
combinations that are higher in
percentage of chrome content, exotictype alloys, materials that require
preheat and/or postweld heat treatment,
etc. The repair information may also be
contained in a company-provided
general welding procedure that is

applicable to certain materials, weld
joints, or critical structures/assemblies
only. Generally, after the second
rejection of a weld repair location, the
responsible welding or materials
engineer would be notified prior to any
further action taking place. It is critically
important that these repair areas be
documented accurately and completely
as the same repair location may be
repeatedly identified over time such as
with cyclically loaded configurations or
high-stress areas.
Inspection Trends encourages question and answer submissions. Please mail to

the editor (mjohnsen@aws.org).
___________
KENNETH ERICKSON is manager of quality at
National Inspection & Consultants, Inc., Ft.
Myers, Fla. He is an AWS Senior Certified Welding Inspector, an ASNT National NDT Level III
Inspector in four methods, and provides expert
witness review and analysis for legal
considerations.
CLIFFORD (KIP) MANKENBERG is a construction supervisor for Shell International Exploration & Production, Houston, Tex. He is an
AWS Senior Certified Welding Inspector and an
ASNT National NDT Level III Inspector in five
methods.
_____________
26
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Mark Your Calendar

AWS Conference on Corrosion-Resistant Alloys, the New
Chrome-Moly Steels. Aug. 16, 17, Charlotte, N.C. Contact
American Welding Society (800/305) 443-9353; www.aws.org.
Materials Testing. Sept. 1315, International Centre,
Telford, UK. Sponsored by The British Institute of NonDestructive Testing. Contact Karen Cambridge,
44-1604-89-3811 or e-mail ___________________
karen.cambridge@bindt.org;
www.materialstesting.org.
AWS 14th Annual Aluminum Welding Conference. Sept.
20, 21, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. Contact American Welding
Society (800/305) 443-9353 or www.aws.org.
ASNT Fall Conf. and Quality Testing Show. Oct. 2428,
Palm Springs Convention Center, Palm Springs, Calif.
Contact American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (800)
222-2768 or www.asnt.org.
VISION 2011, International Trade Fair for Machine
Vision. Nov. 810, Stuttgart Trade Fair Center, Stuttgart,
Germany. Contact Landesmesse Stuttgart GmbH, 49-71118560-0; or visit www.messe-stuttgart.de/vision.
FABTECH. Nov. 1417, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill.
Contact American Welding Society, (800/305) 443-9353, ext.
264; or visit www.fabtechexpo.com or www.aws.org. The
AWS conference schedule during FABTECH is as follows:
National Welding Education Conference, Nov. 15,
contact Monica Pfarr at (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 461, or
mpfarr@aws.org.
___________
Welding Technology to the Rescue, Nov. 14
8th Conference on Weld Cracking, Nov. 15
Whats New in Power Sources, Nov. 16
Thermal Spray Technology: High-Performance
Surfaces, Nov. 16
For more information, contact Zoey Oliva at (800/305)
443-9353, ext. 264, or ___________
zoliva@aws.org.
Educational Opportunities
NDE Classes. Moraine Valley Community College, Palos
Hills, Ill., offers NDE classes in PT, MT, UT, RT, Radiation
Safety, and Eddy Current, as well as API 510 exam prep and
weld inspection. For more information, contact (708) 9745735; _________________
wdcs@morainevalley.edu; ________________
morainevalley.edu/NDE.
CWI Prep Course and AWS CWI Seminar and Exam. The
Prep Courses prepares candidates for the AWS Certified
Welding Inspector (CWI) seminar and examination. Offered
July 1822 and Oct. 1721. The CWI seminar covers how to
reference AWS codes, examine welds, and prepare for the CWI
exam on that following Saturday (proctored by AWS). Offered
July 2430, Oct. 2329. Contact Lincoln Electrics Welding
School at (216) 383-8325 or visit www.lincolnelectric.com.
EPRI NDE Training Seminars. EPRI offers NDE technical

skills training in visual examination, ultrasonic examination,
ASME Section XI, UT operator training, etc. Contact Sherryl
Stogner, (704) 547-6174, e-mail: _____________
sstogner@epri.com.
Nondestructive Examination Courses. A course schedule is
available from Hellier, 277 W. Main St., Ste. 2, Niantic, CT
06357, (860) 739-8950, FAX (860) 739-6732.
NDE Training Courses. GE Inspection Technologies offers
training on topics such as eddy current, digital radiography,
and remote visual inspection. For the complete schedule,
contact (866) 243-2638; www.geit-info@ge.com;
____________
www.ge.com/inspectiontechnologies.
Positive Material Identification Seminars. Topics covered
will include basics of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis,
APRI RP 578, and recommended PMI procedures. For more
information or to register, contact Thermo Fisher Scientific,
Inc., at www.niton.com/News-and-Events.
Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses. Oneand two-week courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss.,
Houston, Tex., and Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real
Educational Services, Inc., (800) 489-2890;
info@realeducational.com.
__________________
CWI/CWE Course and Exam. A ten-day program presented
in Troy, Ohio. Contact Hobart Institute of Welding Technology
(800) 332-9448; www.welding.org; ____________
hiwt@welding.org.
T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc., Courses. CWI preparation, NDE
courses, including ultrasonic thickness testing and advanced
phased array. On-site training available. T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc.,
193 Viking Ave., Brea, CA 92821; (714) 255-1500; FAX
(714) 255-1580; ____________
ndtguru@aol.com; www.testndt.com.
NDE Training. NDE training at the companys St. Louis-area
facility or on-site. Level III services available. For a schedule
of upcoming courses, contact Quality Testing Services, Inc.,
2305 Millpark Dr., Maryland Heights, MO 63043; (888) 7700103; __________________
training@qualitytesting.net; www.qualitytesting.net.
CWI/CWE Prep Course and Exam and NDT Inspector
Training Courses. An AWS Accredited Testing Facility.
Courses held year-round in Allentown, Pa., and at customers
facilities. Contact: Welder Training & Testing Institute (WTTI),
(800) 223-9884, _________
info@wtti.edu, or www.wtti.edu.
Welding Inspection, INTEG, Welding Health and Safety,
and Welding Supervisor Courses. Contact the Canadian
Welding Bureau for schedule at (800) 844-6790, or visit
www.cwbgroup.org.
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Certification Schedule
Seminars, Code Clinics, and Examinations
Application deadlines are six weeks before the scheduled seminar or exam. Late applications will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee.
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)

Location
Rochester, NY
Portland, ME
Salt Lake City, UT
Pittsburgh, PA
Seattle, WA
Houston, TX
Minneapolis, MN
St. Louis, MO
Miami, FL
New Orleans, LA
Tulsa, OK
Long Beach, CA
Newark, NJ
Nashville, TN
Portland, OR
Roanoke, VA
Cleveland, OH
Detroit, MI
Miami, FL
Atlanta, GA
Dallas, TX
Sacramento, CA
Spokane, WA
Chicago, IL
Syracuse, NY
Miami, FL
Houston, TX
Reno, NV
Los Angeles, CA
St. Louis, MO
Corpus Christi, TX
Seminar Dates
Exam only
Aug. 2126
Aug. 2126
Aug. 2126
Aug. 2126
Sept. 1116
Sept. 1116
Sept. 1823
Sept. 1823
Sept. 1823
Oct. 1621
Oct. 1621
Oct. 1621
Oct. 1621
Oct. 2328
Oct. 2328
Oct. 2328
Oct. 2328
Oct. 2328
Oct. 30Nov. 4
Nov. 611
Nov. 611
Nov. 611
Exam only
Dec. 49
Dec. 49
Dec. 49
Dec. 49
Dec. 49
Exam only
Exam only
CWS exams are also given at all CWI exam sites.

Exam Date
Aug. 20
Aug. 27
Aug. 27
Aug. 27
Aug. 27
Sept. 17
Sept. 17
Sept. 24
Sept. 24
Sept. 24
Oct. 22
Oct. 22
Oct. 22
Oct. 22
Oct. 29
Oct. 29
Oct. 29
Oct. 29
Oct. 29
Nov. 5
Nov. 12
Nov. 12
Nov. 12
Nov. 17
Dec. 10
Dec. 10
Dec. 10
Dec. 10
Dec. 10
Dec. 10
Dec. 31
9Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI

For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education
requirements without taking the exam. The exam can be taken
at any site listed under Certified Welding Inspector.
SEMINAR DATES
EXAM DATE
LOCATION
Orlando, FL
Aug. 2227
No exam
Denver, CO
Sept. 1924
No exam
Dallas, TX
Oct. 1722
No exam
New Orleans, LA
Nov. 712
No exam
Miami, FL
Dec. 1117
No exam
Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)

LOCATION
Miami, FL
Norfolk, VA
SEMINAR DATES
Sept. 1216
Oct. 1721
EXAM DATE
Sept. 17
Oct. 22
Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)

LOCATION
Chicago, IL
Pittsburgh, PA
Allentown, PA
SEMINAR DATES
Sept. 1216
Oct. 1721
Nov. 711
EXAM DATE
Sept. 17
Oct. 22
Nov. 12
The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can

exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)

LOCATION
Miami, FL
Indianapolis, IN
SEMINAR DATES
Aug. 2426
Sept. 2123
EXAM DATE
Aug. 26
Sept. 23
CWSR exams will also be given at CWI exam sites.
Certified Welding Educator (CWE)

Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified
Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the Code
Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two days).
Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)

WEEK OF
Sept. 19
Sept. 19
Oct. 24
Oct. 31
Nov. 7
Dec. 12
On request:
LOCATION
OTC Daihen, Inc., Tipp City, OH

Wolf Robotics, Ft. Collins, CO
Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH
ABB, Inc., Auburn Hills, MI
MATC, Milwaukee, WI
CONTACT
(937) 667-0800
(970) 225-7736
(216) 383-8542
(937) 667-0800
(248) 391-8421
(937) 667-0800
(414) 297-6996
Certified Welding Engineer (CWEng)

Exam can be taken at any site listed under Certified Welding
Inspector. No preparatory seminar is offered.
Senior Certified Welding Inspector (SCWI)

Exam can be taken at any site listed under Certified Welding
Inspector. No preparatory seminar is offered.
International CWI Courses and Exams

Please visit www.aws.org/certification/inter_contact.html.
Important: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Please verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. and confirm your course
status before making your travel plans. For information, visit www.aws.org/certification,
________________ or call (800/305) 4439353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars. Apply early to avoid paying the $250 Fast Track fee.
28
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Just the Facts
By Lyndsey Deckard
Do You Need a Backing Weld or Back Weld?
Fig. 1 Parts of a weld showing a back weld.
I work in the rail transit industry

and recently encountered a situation
where proper AWS terminology was
critical to the investigation. In the
world of rail vehicles, the trucks are the
swiveling frame with wheel brakes
and, sometimes, motors upon which
the rail car rides. While investigating
the failure of a critical weld on a truck
that occurred during the two-millioncycle fatigue test required to prove that
the truck design is adequate to last for
the 30-year design life, I encountered a
misunderstanding with regard to
welding.
This misunderstanding of terms
resulted in confusion and made even
more difficult the already challenging
communication between the owner and
the foreign car builder. The confusion
was the question of whether there is a
difference between backgouging and
back welding a J-groove weld vs. having
a backing weld with backgouging.
A back weld is defined as a weld
made at the back of a single groove
weld (Fig. 1), while a backing weld is
defined as backing in the form of a
weld (Fig. 2).
The difference between these two
requirements is further muddied by the
fact that the welding symbol for both is
Fig. 2 Parts of a weld showing a backing weld.
Fig. 3 Application of back or backing weld symbol.

the same.
Following is an excerpt from AWS
A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination, that discusses the

differences between the two terms.
6.7 Back and Backing Welds
6.7.1 General. The back and
Excerpted from A2.4:2007, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, and A3.0:2010, Standard
Welding Terms and Definitions.
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backing weld symbols are identical.

The sequence of welding determines
which designation applies. The back
weld is made after the groove weld,
and the backing weld is made before
the groove weld (see 6.7.2 and 6.7.3).
6.7.2 Back Weld Symbol. The
back weld symbol is placed on the side
of the reference line opposite a groove
weld symbol. When a single reference
is used, back weld shall be specified
in the tail of the welding symbol.
Alternately, if multiple reference lines
are used, the back weld symbol shall be
placed on a reference line subsequent
to the reference line specifying the
groove weld (see Fig. 3A).
welding symbol. Alternately, if

multiple reference lines are used, the
backing weld symbol shall be placed
on a reference line prior to the
reference line specifying the groove
weld (see Fig. 3B and C).
6.7.4 Contour and Finishing of

Back or Backing Welds
6.7.4.1 Contours Obtained by
Welding. Back or backing welds that
are to be welded with approximately
flush or convex faces without postweld
finishing shall be specified by adding
the flush or convex contour symbol to
the welding symbol.
6.7.3 Backing Weld Symbol.

The backing weld symbol is placed on
the side of the reference line opposite a
groove weld symbol. When a single
reference line is used, backing weld
shall be specified in the tail of the
6.7.4.2 Contours Obtained by

Postweld Finishing. Back or backing
welds that are to be finished
approximately flush or convex by
postweld finishing shall be specified by
adding the appropriate contour symbol
and finishing designator to the welding
symbol. Welds that require a flat but
not flush surface require an
explanatory note in the tail of the
welding symbol.
Lyndsey Deckard (Deckard@

______
pbworld.com) is quality manager of the
Vehicle Division of Parsons Brinckerhoff
Transit & Rail Systems, Inc. He is an AWS
Senior Certified Welding Inspector, an
ASQ Certified Quality Auditor, and a
member of the AWS Certification
Committee, Examination Question Bank
Subcommittee, and Ethics Subcommittee.
Errata AWS BRH:2007, Brazing Handbook

The following errata have been
identified and will be incorporated
into the next reprinting of this
document.
Page 61, under Inspection, 3rd, 4th,
and 5th paragraphs.
Replace the following:
Class A joints are those joints subjected to high stresses, cyclic stresses,
or both, the failure of which could result in significant risk to persons or
property or significant operational
failure.
Class B joints are those joints subjected to low or moderate stresses,
30
cyclic stresses, or both, the failure of

which could result in significant risk to
persons or property significant operational failure.
Class C joints are those joints subjected to low or moderate stresses,
cyclic stresses, or both, the failure of
which could result in significant risk to
persons or property, or significant operational failure.
With the following:
Class A is typically chosen for
joints subjected to high stresses, cyclic
stresses, or both, the failure of which
could result in significant risk to per-
sons or property, or in significant operational failure.

Class B is frequently chosen for
joints subjected to low or moderate
stresses, cyclic stresses, or both, the failure of which could result in significant
risk to persons or property, or in significant operational failure.
Class C is frequently chosen for
joints subjected to low or moderate
stresses, cyclic stresses, or both, the failure of which would have no significant
detrimental effect.
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Print and Product Showcase

continued from page 13
offered with optional illumination and

cleaning systems to eliminate
particulate building on external optical
surfaces. They can be equipped with
custom mounting flanges, are easily
adapted for video and image archiving
technologies, and can be designed FDA
compliant. Applications include
metallurgy, glassmaking, cement
plants, refuse incineration, power
plants, automotive research, and
chemical and food production.
Schoelly Imaging, Inc.
(508) 926-8855
www.schoellyimaging.com
Detector Offers Splitscreen

View of Flaw Trace
The Raptor portable flaw detector
offers a SplitView of the main and
secondary flaw trace, and employs a

SplitScan screen to simultaneously
display the A-trace along with a B-scan
and C-scan. Imaging options include
A-scan, B-scan, time-encoded B-scan,
encoded B-scan, C-scan, spreadsheet
view, pan and zoom, 3-D, and
histogram. The 5.6-lb scanner features
a 640 480 VGA display screen that
can be fully viewed in bright sunlight.
The instrument may be used with a
freehand ultrasonic transducer, or
connected to manual or semiautomatic
scanners. It will also function with
fully automatic stepper or servooperated scanners by using the
companys external DriveBox
interface.
NDT Systems, Inc.
(714) 893-2438
www.ndtsystems.com
Interpretations: D1.6 Structural

Welding Code Stainless Steel
Subject: Prequalified Tubular PJPs
Code Edition:
D1.6:2007
Code Provision:
Figure 3.6
AWS Log:
D1.6-07-I04
Inquiry: In AWS D1.6:2007, is a typical
PJP flare-bevel groove weld joint (similar to
BTC-P10-GF in D1.1: 2008) considered prequalified in tubular connections?
Response: Yes, see Clause 3.17,
Table 3.4, Figure 3.6, as well as Clause
3.26, although there are no groove details and tolerances.
Subject: Performance Qualification
Thickness Limits and Test Specimens.
Code Edition:
D1.6:2007
Code Provision:
Table 4.3
AWS Log:
D1.6-07-I02
Inquiry: Can you please clarify the
meaning of the term maximum to be
welded as it pertains to Table 4.3 of AWS
D1.6?
Response: In Table 4.3, the term
maximum to be welded means
unlimited.
CAN WE TALK?
The Inspection Trends staff encourages an exchange of ideas with you, our readers. If youd like to ask a question, share an idea
or voice an opinion, you can call, write, e-mail or fax. Staff e-mail addresses are listed below, along with a guide to help you interact with the right person.
Publisher
Andrew Cullison
cullison@aws.org, Extension 249
___________
General Management,
Reprint Permission,
Copyright Issues
Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen
mjohnsen@aws.org, Extension 238
____________
Feature Articles
Advertising Production Manager

Frank Wilson
fwilson@aws.org; Extension 465
___________
Advertising Production
Advertising Sales &
Promotion Coordinator
Lea Garrigan Badwy
garrigan@aws.org, Extension 220
___________
Production and Promotion
Production Editor
Zaida Chavez
zaida@aws.org, Extension 265
_________
Design and Production
Advertising Sales Director
Rob Saltzstein
salty@aws.org, Extension 243
_________
Advertising Sales
Welding Journal Dept.

550 N.W. LeJeune Rd.
Miami, FL 33126
(800) 443-9353; FAX (305) 443-7404
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Advertiser Index
American Society of Nondestructive Testing . . . .10, 13
www.asnt.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-222-2768
AWS Certification Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-443-9353
Business Products
AWS Member Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 25, 26

www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-443-9353
AWS Technical Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-443-9353
FABTECH 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OBC
www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-443-9353
G.A.L. Gage Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
www.galgage.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269-465-5750
Gradient Lens Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
www.gradientlens.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-536-0790
Iris Inspection Services, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
www.iris-inspection.com . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-940-1471
________
_____________
______________________
NDT Seals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

www.ndtseals.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-261-6261
Olympus NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IFC
www.olympusNDT.com . . . . . . . . . . . . .781-419-3900
Business Cards
Thermo Fisher Scientific/Niton Analyzers . . . . . . .IBC

www.thermo.com/niton . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978-670-7460
World Spec Online NDT Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
www.worldspec.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877-506-7773
______________
IFC = Inside Front Cover

IBC = Inside Back Cover
OBC = Outside Back Cover
___________________
Visit Our Interactive Ad Index: www.aws.org/ad-index
32
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SPECIAL OFFER FOR NEW AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS TWO YEARS FOR $135 (a $25 savings)
PLUS... Get a popular welding publication for only $25 ($192 value)
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4 Easy Ways to Join or Renew:
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Join or renew on our website <www.aws.org/membership>
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